This study compares the educational attainment of Muslim and Christian White boys and girls at th... more This study compares the educational attainment of Muslim and Christian White boys and girls at the following junctions: KS2, KS3, GCSE, getting into universities and achieving a place at a Russell Group university. It utilises the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England LSYPE waves 1-6 with linked data from the National Pupil Database. The analysis shows that once we take the previous school performance into account, Muslim students seem to be performing as well as the majority group, even in attending Russell group universities. Muslim girls seem to now be outperforming Muslim boys, especially in relation to their school performance. Furthermore, parental expectations and students' own expectations play an important role in determining the attainment of students. The study concludes that the higher achievement of young Muslims may be strongly correlated with their own unusually high expectations of going to university; but a primary source of the latter is likely to be the parents' unusually high expectations, the messages they receive and the discipline in place in relation to school-work at home and their relationship with their parents and their parents' norms.
Arab women's NEET behavior should be understood in the context of the transition of Arab society ... more Arab women's NEET behavior should be understood in the context of the transition of Arab society from a patriarchal to a modern one. The study is based on intensive open interviews with 40 young women aged 18–30 concerning their struggle for self-fulfilment as women in Arab society. The study's novel aspect is its focus on women's perspective on their situation and on the strategies used by them in consolidating their status in the family and society. The fact that more than half of the women between the ages of 18 and 22 are defined as NEET is explained by a gender struggle between women who have adopted modern expectations for self-fulfillment and their male chauvinist milieus. The study has identified five strategies adopted by Arab women: identification with the patriarchy; surrender; constraint; compromise; and career oriented. The vast majority of women engage in a bitter struggle and most of them feel that they were forced to give up their teenage dreams.
ABSTRACT An empirical study of the aspirations of Israeli Arab high school students shows that in... more ABSTRACT An empirical study of the aspirations of Israeli Arab high school students shows that in comparison with the low educational and occupational attainments of their predecessors, Israeli Arab high school students hold unrealistic, highly optimistic views regarding their future educational and occupational destinations, irrespective of their social origins.
Maintains that, during the intifada (the revolt of Palestinians against Israeli occupation), the ... more Maintains that, during the intifada (the revolt of Palestinians against Israeli occupation), the social order and power bases in Arab schools in East Jerusalem were transformed by significant social change. Discusses the rapid decline in teachers' authority and students' abuse of teachers and their property.
This paper examines the employment prospects and distribution differentials at the upper end of m... more This paper examines the employment prospects and distribution differentials at the upper end of managerial and professional occupations (salariat) among different ethnic and religious groups in the UK. Using pooled Labour Force Survey (LFS) data for the period of 2002-2010, which also permits an examination of the possible effects of the recent economic recession in the UK, the findings suggest that in relation to avoiding unemployment and reaching the salariat class, there is still a clear ethnic penalty, in spite of improvements in ...
An empirical study of the aspirations of Israeli Arab high school students shows that in comparis... more An empirical study of the aspirations of Israeli Arab high school students shows that in comparison with the low educational and occupational attainments of their predecessors, Israeli Arab high school students hold unrealistic, highly optimistic views regarding their future educational and occupational destinations, irrespective of their social origins. These findings contradict extant sociological perspectives, which view the gap between aspirations and destinations as improbable, and to the extent that this gap exists, ...
Women Principals in a Multicultural Society: New Insights into Feminist Educational Leadership, 2006
Palestinian women, compared to their male counterparts, are under-represented in leadership posit... more Palestinian women, compared to their male counterparts, are under-represented in leadership positions in education as well as in other segments of the labor market in Israel. Their current position in the labor market in general, and in the educational system in particular, cannot be sufficiently addressed or understood using the conventional explanations of human capital, competition with men, the glass ceiling phenomenon, and other types of discrimination practiced against them within a male-dominated society, as ...
This study compares the educational attainment of Muslim and Christian White boys and girls at th... more This study compares the educational attainment of Muslim and Christian White boys and girls at the following junctions: KS2, KS3, GCSE, getting into universities and achieving a place at a Russell Group university. It utilises the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England LSYPE waves 1-6 with linked data from the National Pupil Database. The analysis shows that once we take the previous school performance into account, Muslim students seem to be performing as well as the majority group, even in attending Russell group universities. Muslim girls seem to now be outperforming Muslim boys, especially in relation to their school performance. Furthermore, parental expectations and students' own expectations play an important role in determining the attainment of students. The study concludes that the higher achievement of young Muslims may be strongly correlated with their own unusually high expectations of going to university; but a primary source of the latter is likely to be the parents' unusually high expectations, the messages they receive and the discipline in place in relation to school-work at home and their relationship with their parents and their parents' norms.
Arab women's NEET behavior should be understood in the context of the transition of Arab society ... more Arab women's NEET behavior should be understood in the context of the transition of Arab society from a patriarchal to a modern one. The study is based on intensive open interviews with 40 young women aged 18–30 concerning their struggle for self-fulfilment as women in Arab society. The study's novel aspect is its focus on women's perspective on their situation and on the strategies used by them in consolidating their status in the family and society. The fact that more than half of the women between the ages of 18 and 22 are defined as NEET is explained by a gender struggle between women who have adopted modern expectations for self-fulfillment and their male chauvinist milieus. The study has identified five strategies adopted by Arab women: identification with the patriarchy; surrender; constraint; compromise; and career oriented. The vast majority of women engage in a bitter struggle and most of them feel that they were forced to give up their teenage dreams.
ABSTRACT An empirical study of the aspirations of Israeli Arab high school students shows that in... more ABSTRACT An empirical study of the aspirations of Israeli Arab high school students shows that in comparison with the low educational and occupational attainments of their predecessors, Israeli Arab high school students hold unrealistic, highly optimistic views regarding their future educational and occupational destinations, irrespective of their social origins.
Maintains that, during the intifada (the revolt of Palestinians against Israeli occupation), the ... more Maintains that, during the intifada (the revolt of Palestinians against Israeli occupation), the social order and power bases in Arab schools in East Jerusalem were transformed by significant social change. Discusses the rapid decline in teachers' authority and students' abuse of teachers and their property.
This paper examines the employment prospects and distribution differentials at the upper end of m... more This paper examines the employment prospects and distribution differentials at the upper end of managerial and professional occupations (salariat) among different ethnic and religious groups in the UK. Using pooled Labour Force Survey (LFS) data for the period of 2002-2010, which also permits an examination of the possible effects of the recent economic recession in the UK, the findings suggest that in relation to avoiding unemployment and reaching the salariat class, there is still a clear ethnic penalty, in spite of improvements in ...
An empirical study of the aspirations of Israeli Arab high school students shows that in comparis... more An empirical study of the aspirations of Israeli Arab high school students shows that in comparison with the low educational and occupational attainments of their predecessors, Israeli Arab high school students hold unrealistic, highly optimistic views regarding their future educational and occupational destinations, irrespective of their social origins. These findings contradict extant sociological perspectives, which view the gap between aspirations and destinations as improbable, and to the extent that this gap exists, ...
Women Principals in a Multicultural Society: New Insights into Feminist Educational Leadership, 2006
Palestinian women, compared to their male counterparts, are under-represented in leadership posit... more Palestinian women, compared to their male counterparts, are under-represented in leadership positions in education as well as in other segments of the labor market in Israel. Their current position in the labor market in general, and in the educational system in particular, cannot be sufficiently addressed or understood using the conventional explanations of human capital, competition with men, the glass ceiling phenomenon, and other types of discrimination practiced against them within a male-dominated society, as ...
Economic activity among Muslim women in the UK remains considerably lower and their unemployment ... more Economic activity among Muslim women in the UK remains considerably lower and their unemployment rate significantly higher than among the majority group even after controlling for qualifications and other individual characteristics. This study utilises two data sets to explore possible factors underlying these differences, such as overseas qualifications, language skills and religiosity. It reveals that while religiosity is negatively associated with labour market participation among British Christian-White women, economic activity among Muslim women are not negatively affected by high religiosity. Furthermore, family structure and the presence of dependent children were among the most important factors explaining the latter’s labour market participation, although these relationships were moderated by qualifications. More women with higher qualifications were economically active even if married and with children, although some of them experienced greater unemployment, probably due to discrimination in recruiting practices and choices and preferences on religious grounds.
This article uses the case of the probability of being in employment among different ethno-religi... more This article uses the case of the probability of being in employment among different ethno-religious groups in Britain over a period of 12 years (2002–2013) to illustrate how different degrees of labor market penalty in the United Kingdom are highly associated with the different processes of racialization they undergo in the United Kingdom. It is argued that what matters in producing the observed inequalities in the United Kingdom is the inescapable centrality of “color” (mainly blackness) and “culture” (particularly being Muslim) and the way different Muslim and black groups have been racialized. The findings of this study leave little doubt that there is a black and a Muslim penalty in the labor market, but at the same time it suggest that these penalties are not fixed but tend to vary in extent and nature.
T. Modood and J. Salt (eds.) (2011) Global Migration, Ethnicity and Britishness, Palgrave Macmillan, pp.153-176 (ISBN: 978-0-230-29687-9). (with N. Khattab, R. Johnston, and T. Modood), 2011
Abstract This paper expands the existing literature on ethnicity and economic activity in Britain... more Abstract This paper expands the existing literature on ethnicity and economic activity in Britain by studying the impact of religion and class. It argues that while the class location of the different South-Asian groups is important in determining their labour market outcomes, it does not operate independently from ethnicity; rather it is highly influenced by ethnicity in the process of determining the labour market participation of these groups.
Studies of ethnic residential segregation and its impacts on labour market performance have repor... more Studies of ethnic residential segregation and its impacts on labour market performance have reported both negative and positive outcomes for different groups in different geographies. We revisit the issue with a particular focus on the Bangladeshi minority in England and Wales using both quantitative and qualitative data to explore the impact of living in segregated areas upon their labour market outcomes. We analyse the 2001 UK Census Controlled Access Microdata Sample (CAMS) and a subset (34 Bangladeshis) of qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews with 73 men and women from Indian, Bangladeshi and Black Caribbean backgrounds in 2005. Our quantitative analysis does show a clear negative impact of living in segregated areas (i.e. Bangladeshi ethnic enclaves) on unemployment, economic inactivity and on the occupational returns on education. Qualitative material suggests that cultural and practical reasons very often lead Bangladeshis, including highly qualified persons, to live in enclaves or nearby. Also, ethnic businesses in enclaves appear to offer jobs to many Bangladeshi men and women, but these jobs are normally low-paid that does not require high qualifications increasing the risk of lower occupational returns further.
This article aims to explain the labour market penalties among Muslim women in Britain. It draws ... more This article aims to explain the labour market penalties among Muslim women in Britain. It draws on theories of intersectionality and colour/cultural racism to argue that the labour market experience of British-Muslim women is multiply determined via criteria of ascription such as ethnicity, migration status, race and religion rather than criteria of achievement. The study uses data from the Labour Force Survey (2002-2013) with a large sample (N=245,391) of women aged 19-65. The overarching finding suggests that most Muslim women, regardless of their multiple ascriptive identities, generation and levels of qualifications, still face significant penalties compared with their White-British Christian counterparts. The penalties for some groups such as Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Black-Muslim women are harsher than for Indian and White Muslim women demonstrating how different social markers and multiple identities have contingent relationships to multiple determinants and outcomes.
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Papers by Nabil Khattab
Britain over a period of 12 years (2002–2013) to illustrate how different degrees of labor market penalty in the
United Kingdom are highly associated with the different processes of racialization they undergo in the United
Kingdom. It is argued that what matters in producing the observed inequalities in the United Kingdom is the
inescapable centrality of “color” (mainly blackness) and “culture” (particularly being Muslim) and the way
different Muslim and black groups have been racialized. The findings of this study leave little doubt that there is a
black and a Muslim penalty in the labor market, but at the same time it suggest that these penalties are not fixed
but tend to vary in extent and nature.