Abstract
The transport sector of the European Union is the only sector of the economy that has been increasing its emissions since 2014. To reduce the use of fossil fuels and achieve the greenhouse gas emissions mitigation target, many countries are focusing on the deployment of electric vehicles. This paper aims at analysing recent literature on the deployment of electric vehicles (EV) and typifying objectives, methods and indicators generally exploited, to better understand the state of the art on this topic. The Web of Science database was used and the results showed that the interest in the topic of electric vehicles has been increasing exponentially since 2010. The main significant indicators and the assessment methodologies were analysed. The indicators identified were aggregated in four main clusters: environmental, economic, social and technical indicators. Although the factors that contribute to EV deployment can vary depending on the regions specific characteristics, most of the research studies pointed out that the main contributors are the high density of recharging points, the existence of government monetary incentives and the lower operational cost of EV.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hou, F., et al.: Comprehensive analysis method of determining global long-term GHG mitigation potential of passenger battery electric vehicles. J. Cleaner Prod. 289, 125137 (2021)
European Environment Agency. Transport: increasing oil consumption and greenhouse gas emissions hamper EU progress towards environment and climate objectives. https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/transport/term/increasing-oil-consumption-and-ghg. Accessed 22 Mar 2021
Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2018.156.01.0026.01.ENG. Accessed 16 Apr 2021
Eurostat: Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector. https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=env_air_gge&lang=en. Accessed 16 Apr 2021
Climate & energy framework. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030_en. Accessed 21 Apr 2021
European Environment Agency. Electric vehicles and the energy sector - impacts on Europe’s future emissions. https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/transport/electric-vehicles/electric-vehicles-and-energy. Accessed 21 Mar 2021
European Commission: EU Transport in figures. Statistical pocketbook 2020. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (2020). https://doi.org/10.2832/491038
Mathieu, L., Poliscanova, J.: Transport & Environment 2020: Mission (almost) accomplished (2020)
Feckova Skrabulakova, E., Ivanova, M., Rosova, A., Gresova, E., Sofranko, M., Ferencz, V.: On electromobility development and the calculation of the infrastructural country electromobility coefficient. Processes 9(2), 222 (2021)
European Environment Agency. Share of transport greenhouse gas emissions. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/daviz/share-of-transport-ghg-emissions-2#tab-dashboard-01. Accessed 23 Mar 2021
European Commission: White Paper on Transport: Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area: Towards a Competitive and Resource-efficient Transport System. Publications Office of the European Union (2011)
European Automobile Manufacturers Association. Economic and Market Report - EU Automotive Industry: Full-year (2020). https://www.acea.be/uploads/statistic_documents/Economic_and_Market_Report_full-year_2020.pdf. Accessed 12 Apr 2021
EV-Volumes. The electric vehicles world sales database. https://www.ev-volumes.com/. Accessed 27 Mar 2021
Niestadt, M., Bjørnåvold, A.: Electric road vehicles in the European Union: Trends, impact and policies. European Parliamentary Research Service (2019)
Pielecha, J., Skobiej, K., Kurtyka, K.: Exhaust emissions and energy consumption analysis of conventional, hybrid, and electric vehicles in real driving cycles. Energies 13(23), 6423 (2020)
Egbue, O., Long, S., Samaranayake, V.A.: Mass deployment of sustainable transportation: evaluation of factors that influence electric vehicle adoption. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 19(7), 1927–1939 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1375-4
Tanç, B., Arat, H.T., Baltacıoğlu, E., Aydın, K.: Overview of the next quarter century vision of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 44(20), 10120–10128 (2019)
Das, H.S., Tan, C.W., Yatim, A.H.M.: Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: a review on power conditioning units and topologies. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 76, 268–291 (2017)
Alternative Fuels Data Center. https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-fuel-cell-electric-cars-work. Accessed 1 Apr 2021
Pollák, F., et al.: Promotion of electric mobility in the European union-overview of project PROMETEUS from the perspective of cohesion through synergistic cooperation on the example of the catching-up region. Sustainability 13(3), 1545 (2021)
Spöttle, M., et al.: Research for TRAN Committee – Charging infrastructure for electric road vehicles, European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Brussels (2018)
The Driven. The ICE age is over: Why battery cars will beat hybrids and fuel cells. https://thedriven.io/2018/11/14/the-ice-age-is-over-why-battery-cars-will-beat-hybrids-and-fuel-cells/. Accessed 28 Mar 2021
Fluchs, S.: The diffusion of electric mobility in the European Union and beyond. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 86, 102462 (2020)
European Automobile Manufacturer Association. Overview - Electric vehicles: Tax benefits & purchase incentives in the European Union. https://www.acea.be/publications/article/overview-of-incentives-for-buying-electric-vehicles. Accessed 2 Apr 2021
ERTRAC, EPoSS and ETIP SNET: European Roadmap: Electrification of Road Transport. 3rd Edition, Version: 10 (2017)
European Commission. Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European parliament and of the council, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L2001&from=EN. Accessed 23 Mar 2021
European Alternative Fuels Observatory. https://www.eafo.eu/ Accessed 29 Mar 2021
International Energy Agency. Global EV Outlook 2019: Scaling up the transition to electric mobility, https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2807?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2019.pdf. Accessed 22 Mar 2021
VOSviewer. https://www.vosviewer.com/. Accessed 25 Apr 2021
Onat, N.C., Noori, M., Kucukvar, M., Zhao, Y., Tatari, O., Chester, M.: Exploring the suitability of electric vehicles in the United States. Energy 121, 631–642 (2017)
Neves, S.A., Marques, A.C., Moutinho, V.: Two-stage DEA model to evaluate technical efficiency on deployment of battery electric vehicles in the EU countries. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 86, 102489 (2020)
Bonabeau, E.: Agent-based modeling: methods and techniques for simulating human systems. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 99(suppl 3), 7280–7287 (2002)
Wang, N., Liu, Y.: City readiness system assessment of electric vehicle adoption in China. SAE Int. J. Mater. Manufact. 8(3), 678–684 (2015)
Thiel, C., et al.: Assessing the impacts of electric vehicle recharging infrastructure deployment efforts in the European Union. Energies 12(12), 2409 (2019)
Harrison, G., Krause, J., Thiel, C.: Transitions and impacts of passenger car powertrain technologies in European member states. Transp. Res. Procedia 14, 2620–2629 (2016)
Thiel, C., Drossinos, Y., Krause, J., Harrison, G., Gkatzoflias, D., Donati, A.V.: Modelling electro-mobility: an integrated modelling platform for assessing European policies. Transp. Res. Procedia 14, 2544–2553 (2016)
Thunis, P., Degraeuwe, B., Pisoni, E., Ferrari, F., Clappier, A.: On the design and assessment of regional air quality plans: the SHERPA approach. J. Environ. Manag. 183, 952–958 (2016)
Neves, S.A., Marques, A.C., Fuinhas, J.A.: Technological progress and other factors behind the adoption of electric vehicles: Empirical evidence for EU countries. Res. Transp. Econ. 74, 28–39 (2019)
Bailey, D., Katz, J.N.: Implementing panel corrected standard errors in R: the PCSE package. J. Stat. Softw. 42(CS1), 1–11 (2011)
Wang, N., Tang, L., Pan, H.: A global comparison and assessment of incentive policy on electric vehicle promotion. Sustain. Cities Soc. 44, 597–603 (2019)
Javid, R.J., Nejat, A.: A comprehensive model of regional electric vehicle adoption and penetration. Transp. Policy 54, 30–42 (2017)
Papke, L.E., Wooldridge, J.M.: Econometric methods for fractional response variables with an application to 401 (k) plan participation rates. J. Appl. Econometrics 11(6), 619–632 (1996)
Ramalho, E.A., Ramalho, J.J., Henriques, P.D.: Fractional regression models for second stage DEA efficiency analyses. J. Prod. Anal. 34(3), 239–255 (2010)
Yong, T., Park, C.: A qualitative comparative analysis on factors affecting the deployment of electric vehicles. Energy Procedia 128, 497–503 (2017)
Acknowledgments
This work has been supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the Project Scope: UIDB/05757/2020.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Gruetzmacher, S.B., Vaz, C.B., Ferreira, Â.P. (2021). Assessing the Deployment of Electric Mobility: A Review. In: Gervasi, O., et al. Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2021. ICCSA 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12953. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86976-2_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86976-2_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-86975-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-86976-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)