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A data model and query language for spatio-temporal decision support

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Abstract

In recent years, applications aimed at exploring and analyzing spatial data have emerged, powered by the increasing need of software that integrates Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP). These applications have been called SOLAP (Spatial OLAP). In previous work, the authors have introduced Piet, a system based on a formal data model that integrates in a single framework GIS, OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing), and Moving Object data. Real-world problems are inherently spatio-temporal. Thus, in this paper we present a data model that extends Piet, allowing tracking the history of spatial data in the GIS layers. We present a formal study of the two typical ways of introducing time into Piet: timestamping the thematic layers in the GIS, and timestamping the spatial objects in each layer. We denote these strategies snapshot-based and timestamp-based representations, respectively, following well-known terminology borrowed from temporal databases. We present and discuss the formal model for both alternatives. Based on the timestamp-based representation, we introduce a formal First-Order spatio-temporal query language, which we denote \(\mathcal{L}_t,\) able to express spatio-temporal queries over GIS, OLAP, and trajectory data. Finally, we discuss implementation issues, the update operators that must be supported by the model, and sketch a temporal extension to Piet-QL, the SQL-like query language that supports Piet.

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Notes

  1. http://www.opengeospatial.org

  2. http://www.esri.com

  3. See Microstrategy and MapInfo integration in http://www.microstrategy.com/, http://www.mapinfo.com/solutions/capabilities/business-intelligence.

  4. A description and demo of Piet can be found at http://piet.exp.dc.uba.ar/piet

  5. JMAP was developed by the Centre for Research in Geomatics and KHEOPS, http://www.kheops-tech.com/en/jmap/solap.jsp.

  6. MDX is a query language initially proposed by Microsoft as part of the OLEDB for OLAP specification, and later adopted as a standard by most OLAP vendors. See http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms145506.aspx.

  7. A more complete definition of summable queries can be found in [19].

  8. For simplicity, we do not quantify over layers, although the language could be extended to support this.

  9. Egenhofer and Herring defined the 9-intersection model for binary topological relations [16], where every set of 9-intersections, represented as a 3 × 3 matrix, describes a binary topological relation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires, Av. Madero 399, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Leticia Gómez

  2. Hasselt University and Transnational University of Limburg, Gebouw D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium

    Bart Kuijpers

  3. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon I, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina

    Alejandro Vaisman

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  1. Leticia Gómez
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  2. Bart Kuijpers
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  3. Alejandro Vaisman
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Correspondence to Alejandro Vaisman.

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Gómez, L., Kuijpers, B. & Vaisman, A. A data model and query language for spatio-temporal decision support. Geoinformatica 15, 455–496 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10707-010-0110-7

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