Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
article
Free access

Transfinite nesting in array-theoretic figures, changes, rigs, and arms. Part I

Published: 01 September 1993 Publication History

Abstract

Nesting and stemming (infinite successive singling) of arrays of nestings and stemmings result in forms. Forms of 0th-, 1st-, 2nd-, or 3rd-order, array-theoretic, totally defined functions are again such functions, called, respectively, figures, changes, rigs, and arms. One arms a rig before rigging a change before changing a figure. Part I lays the foundation for a new approach to a theory of arrays. This Part considers the analogy between array-theoretic and Euclidean figures, analyzes form separately from substance, introduces Nth-order functions, presents the beginnings of a syntax for the theory, and constructs a formal system to deduce the first few consequences of the first two primitive operations.

References

[1]
Falkoff, A. D., and Iverson, K. E. APLt360. IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, New York, Aug. 1966.
[2]
Hassitt, A., and Lyon, L. E. "Array theory in an APL environment," APL Quote Quad 9, 4 - Part 1 (June 1979) 110-115.
[3]
Bemecky, R., and Iverson, K. E. "Operators and enclosed arrays," 1980APL Users Meeting, sponsored by I. P. Sharp Associates Ltd., Toronto (Oct. 6-8, 1980) 319-331.
[4]
Smith, R. A. "Nested arrays, operators, and functions," APL Quote Quad 12, 1 (Sept. 1981) 286-290.
[5]
Cheney, C. M. APL *PL USTM Nested Array Systems Reference Manual. Scientific Time Sharing Corp., Bethesd~i, Maryland, 1981.
[6]
Jenkins, M. A. "A development system for testing array theory concepts," APL Quote Quad 12, i (Sept. 1981) 152-159.
[7]
jenkins, M. A. The Q'NialTM Reference Manual - Release 1.0, (Q'Nial is a registered trademark of Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario), Dec. 6, 1983. (Based on Version VII of array theory.)
[8]
Brown, J. A. "Understanding arrays," APL Quote Quad 13, 1 (Sept. 1982)67-71.
[9]
Brown, J. A. "The principles of APL2," IBM Santa Teresa Lab. Tech. Report TR03.247, March, 1984.
[10]
Hui, R. K. W., Iverson, ICE., McDonnell, E. E., and Whitney, A. T., "APL\?," APL Quote Quad 20, 4 (July 1990) 192-200.
[11]
Hestenes, D., and Sobczyk, G. CliffordAlgebra to Geometric Calculus - A Unified Language for Mathematics and Physics. D. Reidel Publishing Co. (a member of the Kluwer Academic Publishers Group), Boston, 1984.
[12]
Hovis, R. C., and Kragh, H. "P. A. M. Dirac and the beauty of Physics," Scientific American (May 1993) 104-109.
[13]
Brower, K. The Starship and the Canoe. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1978.
[14]
Weinberg, S. Dreams of a Final Theory. Pantheon Books, New York, 1992.
[15]
In discussing some of the background on the nesting of arrays, Part II of this paper places the evolution of the theory in the context of related work by referring to some of the papers in a chronological list.
[16]
Franksen, O. I. "Are data-structures geometrical objects? I: Invoking the Erlanger Program. II: Invariant forms in APL and beyond. III: Appendix A: Linear differential operators. IV: Appendix B: Logic invariants by finite truth-tables." Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Simulation in Systems Analysis I (1984), no. 2,113-130; no. 2, 131-150; no. 3, 251-260; no. 4, 339-350.
[17]
Franksen, O. I. Mr. Babbage's Secret. The tale of a cypher - and APL. Strandbergs Forlag, BirkerCd, Denmark, 1984; also Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1985.
[18]
Einstein, A. "Physics and Reality," in Ideas and Opinions. Crown Publishers, New York, 1954, pp. 290-323. Reprinted in The World ofPhysics. Ed. J. H. Weaver, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1987, Vol. III, 122-150.
[19]
More, T. "Notes on the development of a theory of arrays," IBM Philadelphia Scientific Center Tech. Report 320-3016, .M@ 1973. (Versions i and II, a collection of seven internal memoranda - Nov. 1968 to April 1971.)
[20]
More, T. "Notes on the axioms for a theory of arrays," IBM Philadelphia Scientific Center Tech. Report 320-3017, May 1973. (Partial axiomatizations of Versions I and II, taught at Yale University, spring 2970.)
[21]
More, T. "Axioms and theorems for a theory of arrays," 1BM J. Res. Develop. 17, 2 (March 1973) 135-175. (Version Iii.)
[22]
The Oxford English Dictionary. Vols. I-XIII. Edited by J. A. H. Murray, H. Bradley, W. A. Craigie~ and C. T. Onions. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1933.
[23]
The American Heritage Dictionary ofthe English Language (1969). Edited by W. Morris. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1 + 1550. Indo-European Roots, 1505-1550.
[24]
Hallett, M. Cantorian Set Theory and Limitation of Size. Oxford Logic Guides: 10. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1984, paperback 1986.
[25]
Quine, W. V. Set Theory and its Logic. Revised ed., The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1969.
[26]
Heath, T. L. The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements. Vols. I and II, 2nd ed., revised, Dover, New York, 1956.
[27]
More, T. "Types and prototypes in a theory of arrays," IBM Cambridge Scientific Center Tech. Report G320-2112, May 1976. (Version IV.)
[28]
Burge, W. H. Recursive Programming Techniques. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass, 1975.
[29]
Steele, G. L. Common LISP: The Language. Digital Press, Digital Equipment Corp., 1984.
[30]
Quine, W. V. Mathematical Logic. Revised ed., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1951.
[31]
Iverson, K. E., "A dictionary of APL,"APL Quote Quad 18, 1 (Sept. 1987) 5-40.
[32]
Iverson, K. E.Dictionary ofJ. Iverson Software Inc., Toronto, 1992.
[33]
Church, A. Introduction to Mathematical Logic, Vol. L Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1956.
[34]
McCarthy, J. "Recursive functions of symbolic expressions and their computation by machine, Part I," Comm. ACM 3 (April 1960) 184-195.
[35]
Whitehead, A. N., and Russell, B. Principia Mathematica. 1913. Paperback ed. Principia Mathematica to *56. Cambridge, at the University Press, 1962.
[36]
Manna, Z., and Waldinger, R. The Logical Basis for Computer Programming, Vol. 1Deductive Reasoning. Addison- Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1985.
[37]
Curry, H. B., and Feys, R. Combinatory Logic, Vol. L North- Holland, Amsterdam, 1958.
[38]
Smullyan, R. M. Theory of Formal Systems. Revised ed., Annals of Mathematics Studies No. 47, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1961.
[39]
Clifford, A. H., and Preston, G. B. The Algebraic Theory of Semi groups, Vol. L Mathematical Surveys No. 7, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1961.
[40]
Feynman, R. R, Leighton, R. B., and Sands, M. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. 11. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1964.
[41]
Crowe, M. J., A History of Vector Analysis - The Evolution of the Idea of a VectoriaI System. University of Notre Dame Press, 1967. Dover edition, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1985.
[42]
Wilson, E. B. Vector AnaIysis - Founded upon the Lectures of J. Willard Gibbs. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1901.
[43]
Hamilton, W. R. "On Quaternions," Proceedings oftheRoyal Irish Academy, 3 (1847) 273-292.

Cited By

View all
  • (1996)Invariance under Nesting — An Aspect of Array-Based Logic with Relation to Grassmann and PeirceHermann Günther Graßmann (1809–1877): Visionary Mathematician, Scientist and Neohumanist Scholar10.1007/978-94-015-8753-2_26(303-335)Online publication date: 1996

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad
ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad  Volume 24, Issue 1
Aug. 1993
316 pages
ISSN:0163-6006
DOI:10.1145/166198
Issue’s Table of Contents
  • cover image ACM Conferences
    APL '93: Proceedings of the international conference on APL
    September 1993
    325 pages
    ISBN:0897916123
    DOI:10.1145/166197

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 01 September 1993
Published in SIGAPL Volume 24, Issue 1

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. APL2
  2. Nial
  3. array theory
  4. formal systems
  5. function arrays
  6. nested arrays

Qualifiers

  • Article

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)71
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)8
Reflects downloads up to 28 Dec 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (1996)Invariance under Nesting — An Aspect of Array-Based Logic with Relation to Grassmann and PeirceHermann Günther Graßmann (1809–1877): Visionary Mathematician, Scientist and Neohumanist Scholar10.1007/978-94-015-8753-2_26(303-335)Online publication date: 1996

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Login options

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media