tutorial

Cartesian genetic programming

Authors:

Julian F. Miller,

Simon L. HardingAuthors Info & Claims

GECCO '10: Proceedings of the 12th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation

Pages 2927 - 2948

https://doi.org/10.1145/1830761.1830924

Published: 07 July 2010 Publication History

Abstract

Cartesian Genetic Programming is a form of genetic programming. It is increasing in popularity. It was developed by Julian Miller with Peter Thomson in 1997. In its classic form it uses a very simple integer based genetic representation of a program in the form of a directed graph. In a number of studies, it has been shown to be efficient in comparison with other GP techniques.

Since then, the classical form of CGP has been enhanced in various ways by including automatically defined functions.

Most recently, it has been developed by Julian Miller. Wolfgang Banzhaf and Simon Harding to include self-modification operators. This again has increased its efficiency.

The tutorial will cover the basic technique, advanced developments and applications to a variety of problem domains.

References

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Ashmore L. An investigation into cartesian genetic programming within the field of evolutionary art. http://www.emoware.org/evolutionary_art.asp, Department of Computer Science, University of Birmingham (2000.

[2]

Clegg J., Walker J. A., Miller J. F. A New Crossover Technique for Cartesian Genetic Programming. Proceedings of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, ACM Press (2007) 1580--1587.

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Garmendia-Doval, B., Miller, J.F., Morley, S.D. Post Docking Filtering using Cartesian Genetic Programming. Genetic Programming Theory and Practice II. O'Reilly, U-M., Yu, T., Riolo, R., Worzel, B. (Eds.). University of Michigan Illinois USA. Springer (2004).

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Glette, K., Torresen, J., Paul Kaufmann, P., Platzner., M. A Comparison of Evolvable Hardware Architectures for Classification Tasks. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware, Springer LNCS 5216 (2008) 22--33.

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Harding, S. L., Miller, J. F. Banzhaf, W. Developments in Cartesian Genetic Programming: Self-modifying CGP. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, Vol. 11 (2010.

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Harding, S. L., Miller, J. F. Banzhaf, W. Self Modifying Cartesian Genetic Programming: Finding algorithms that calculate pi and e to arbitrary precision, Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, 2010.

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Harding, S. L., Miller, J. F., Banzhaf, W. A Survey of Self-Modifying CGP. Genetic Programming Theory and Practice, Riolo R., (Eds.). University of Michigan Illinois USA. Springer. 201.

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Harding, S. L., Miller, J. F. Banzhaf, W. Self Modifying Cartesian Genetic Programming: Parity. Proceedings of Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Press (2009) 285--29.

Digital Library

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Harding, S. L., Miller, J. F. Banzhaf, W. Self Modifying Cartesian Genetic Programming: Fibonacci, Squares, Regression and Summing, Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Genetic Programming, Springer LNCS (2009) 133--14.

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Harding, S. L., Miller, J. F., Banzhaf, W. Self-Modifying Cartesian Genetic Programming, Proceedings of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, ACM Press, (2007) 1021--1028.

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Harding, S., Banzhaf, W. Fast Genetic Programming on GPUs. Proceedings of 10th European Conference on Genetic Programming, Springer LNCS 4445 (2007) 90--10.

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Harding, S. L., Miller, J. F. Evolution of Robot Controller Using Cartesian Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Genetic Programming, Springer LNCS 3447 (2005) 62--72.

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Hirayama, Y., Clarke, T, Miller, J. F. Fault Tolerant Control Using Cartesian Genetic Programming, Proceedings of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, ACM Press, (2008) 1523--1530.

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Kalganova, T., Miller, J. F., Evolving More Efficient Digital Circuits by Allowing Circuit Layout Evolution and Multi-Objective Fitness. Proceedings of the First NASA/DOD Workshop on Evolvable Hardware, IEEE Computer Society (1999) 54--63.

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Kalganova, T., Miller, J. F., Fogarty, T. C. Some Aspects of an Evolvable Hardware Approach for Multiple-Valued Combinational Circuit Design Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware. Springer LNCS 1478 (1998) 78--89.

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Kaufmann, P., Platzner, M. Advanced Techniques for the Creation and Propagation of Modules in Cartesian Genetic Programming. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, ACM Press, (2008) 1219--1226.

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2Kaufmann, P., Platzner, M. Toward Self-adaptive Embedded Systems: Multiobjective Hardware Evolution. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems, Springer, LNCS 4415 (2007) 119--208.

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[23]

Khan, G. M., Halliday, D. M., Miller, J. F., Intelligent agents capable of developing memory of their environment, Angelo Loula A., Queiroz, J. (Eds.) Advances in Modelling Adaptive and Cognitive Systems, Editora UEFS (2010.

[24]

Khan, G. M., Hallida, D. M., Miller, J. F. In Search of Intelligent Genes: The Cartesian Genetic Programming Neuron. Proceedings of Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Press (2009.

Digital Library

[25]

Khan, G. M., Halliday, D. M., Miller, J. F. Breaking the synaptic dogma: evolving a neuro-inspired developmental network. Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Simulated Evolution and Learning, LNCS, 5361 (2008) 11--2.

Digital Library

[26]

Khan, G. M., Halliday, D. M., Miller, J. F. Coevolution of neuro-developmental programs that play checkers. Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware. Springer LNCS 5216 (2008) 352 - 361.

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Khan, G. M., Halliday, D. M., Miller, J. F. Coevolution of Intelligent Agents using Cartesian Genetic Programming. Proceedings of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, ACM Press, (2007) 269--276.

Digital Library

[28]

Kuyucu, T., Trefzer, M. A., Miller, J. F., Tyrrell, A. M. On the Properties of Artificial Development and Its Use in Evolvable Hardware. Proceedings of Symposium on Artificial Life, Part of IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence, IEEE Press (2009).

[29]

Liu, H., Miller, J. F., Tyrrell, A. M., Intrinsic evolvable hardware implementation of a robust biological development model for digital systems, Proceedings of the NASA/DOD Evolvable Hardware Conference, IEEE Computer Society (2005) 87--92.

Digital Library

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Liu, H., Miller, J. F., Tyrrell, A. M. A Biological Development Model for the Design of Robust Multiplier. Applications of Evolutionary Computing: EvoHot 2005, Springer LNCS 3449 (2005) 195--20.

Digital Library

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Liu, H., Miller, J. F., Tyrrell, A. M. An Intrinsic Robust Transient Fault-Tolerant Developmental Model for Digital Systems. Workshop on Regeneration and Learning in Developmental Systems, Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (2004).

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Sekanina, L, Vaaíek Z. On the Practical Limits of the Evolutionary Digital Filter Design at the Gate Level, Proceedings of EvoHOT, Springer, LNCS 3907 (2006) 344--355.

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Miller, J.F., Smith, S.L. Redundancy and Computational Efficiency in Cartesian Genetic Programming. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 10 (2006) 167--174.

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Miller, J. F., Thomson, P. Beyond the Complexity Ceiling: Evolution, Emergence and Regeneration. Workshop on Regeneration and Learning in Developmental Systems, Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (2004).

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Miller, J.F., Banzhaf, W., Evolving the Program for a Cell From French Flags to Boolean Circuits. Kumar, S., Bentley, P. On Growth, Form and Computers. Elsevier Academic Press (2003).

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Miller, J. F. What bloat? Cartesian Genetic Programming on Boolean problems. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Late breaking paper (2001) 295 - 302.

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Miller, J. F., Hartmann, M. Evolving messy gates for fault tolerance: some preliminary findings. Proceedings of the 3rd NASA/DOD Workshop on Evolvable Hardware. IEEE Computer Society (2001) 116--123.

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Miller, J. F., Hartmann, M. Untidy evolution: Evolving messy gates for fault tolerance. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware. Springer LNCS 2210 (2001) 14--25.

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Miller, J.F., Kalganova, T., Lipnitskaya, N., Job, D. The Genetic Algorithm as a Discovery Engine: Strange Circuits and New Principles. Creative Evolutionary Systems. Morgan Kaufmann (2001).

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Miller, J.F., Job, D., Vassilev, V.K. Principles in the Evolutionary Design of Digital Circuits - Part I. Journal of Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 1 (2000) 8--35.

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Miller, J.F., Job, D., Vassilev, V.K. Principles in the Evolutionary Design of Digital Circuits - Part II. Journal of Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 3 (2000) 259--288.

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Miller, J. F., Thomson, P. Cartesian Genetic Programming. Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Genetic Programming. Springer LNCS 1802 (2000) 121--132.

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Miller, J. F. An empirical study of the efficiency of learning boolean functions using a Cartesian Genetic Programming Approach. Proceedings of the 1st Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. Morgan Kaufmann (1999) 1135--1142.

[51]

Miller, J. F. Evolution of Digital Filters using a Gate Array Model. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Image Analysis and Signal Processing. Springer LNCS 1596 (1999) 17--30.

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Miller, J. F., Kalganova, T., Lipnitskaya, N., Job, D. The Genetic Algorithm as a Discovery Engine: Strange Circuits and New Principles. Proceedings of the workshop on the AISB Symposium on Creative Evolutionary Systems. AISB (1999) 65--74.

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Miller, J. F., Thomson, P. Aspects of Digital Evolution: Geometry and Learning. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware. Springer LNCS 1478 (1998) 25--25.

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Miller, J. F., Thomson, P. Evolving Digital Electronic Circuits for Real-Valued Function Generation using a Genetic Algorithm . Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Genetic Programming. Morgan Kaufmann (1998) 863--868.

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Miller, J.F., Thomson, P., Fogarty, T.C. Designing Electronic Circuits Using Evolutionary Algorithms: Arithmetic Circuits: A Case Study. Genetic Algorithms and Evolution Strategies in Engineering and Computer Science: Recent Advancements and Industrial Applications. Quagliarella, D., Periaux, J., Poloni, C., Winter, G. (Eds.). Wiley (1997.

[57]

Payne, A. J., Stepney, S. Representation and Structural biases in CGP, Proceedings of Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Press (2009.

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Rothermich, J., Wang, F., Miller, J. F. Adaptivity in Cell Based Optimization for Information Ecosystems. Proceedings of the Congress on Evolutionary Computation. IEEE Press (2003) 490--497.

[59]

Rothermich, J., Miller, J. F. Studying the Emergence of Multicellularity with Cartesian Genetic Programming in Artificial Life. Proceedings of the 2002 U.K. Workshop on Computational Intelligence (2002).

[60]

Seaton, T., Brown, G., Miller, J. F., Analytic Solutions to Differential Equations under Graph-based Genetic Programming. Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Genetic Programming. Springer LNCS 6021 (2010) 232--24.

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[61]

Vaaíek, Z, Sekanina, L. Hardware Accelerators for Cartesian Genetic Programming, In: Eleventh European Conference on Genetic Programming, Springer (2008) 230--24.

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Vassilev, V. K., Miller, J. F. Scalability Problems of Digital Circuit Evolution. Proceedings of the 2nd NASA/DOD Workshop on Evolvable Hardware. IEEE Computer Society (2000) 55--64.

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[63]

Vassilev, V. K., Miller, J. F. The Advantages of Landscape Neutrality in Digital Circuit Evolution. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware. Springer LNCS 1801 (2000) 252--263.

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Vassilev, V. K., Miller, J. F. Towards the Automatic Design of More Efficient Digital Circuits. Proceedings of the 2nd NASA/DOD Workshop on Evolvable Hardware. IEEE Computer Society (2000) 151--160.

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[65]

Vassilev, V. K., Miller, J. F., Fogarty, T. C. Digital Circuit Evolution and Fitness Landscapes. Proceedings of the Congress on Evolutionary Computation. IEEE Press (1999) 1299--1306.

[66]

Vassilev, V. K., Miller, J. F., Fogarty, T. C. On the Nature of Two-Bit Multiplier Landscapes. Proceedings of the First NASA/DOD Workshop on Evolvable Hardware. IEEE Computer Society (1999) 36--45.

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[67]

Voss, M. S. Social programming using functional swarm optimization. In Proceedings of IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium (2003.

[68]

Voss, M. S., Howland, J. C. III.Financial modelling using social programming. Financial Engineering and Applications (2003.

[69]

Völk, K., Miller, J. F., Smith, S. L. Multiple Networks CGP for the Classification of Mammograms. Proceedings of the 11th European Workshop on Image Analysis and Signal Processing (EvoIASP), Springer LNCS (2009).

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[70]

Walker, J.A., Völk, K., Smith, S. L., Miller, J. F. Parallel evolution using multi-chromosome cartesian genetic programming, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 10 (4), (2009) pp 417--44.

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[71]

Walker, J. A., Hilder, J. A., Tyrrell, A. M. Towards Evolving Industry-feasible Intrinsic Variability Tolerant CMOS Designs, Proceedings of Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Press (2009.

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[72]

Walker, J.A., Miller, J.F. The Automatic Acquisition, Evolution and Re-use of Modules in Cartesian Genetic Programming. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 12 (2008) pp 397--417.

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[73]

Walker, J. A. Modular Cartesian Genetic Programming. PhD thesis, University of York, 2008.

[74]

Walker, J. A., Miller, J. F. Solving Real-valued Optimisation Problems using Cartesian Genetic Programming. Proceedings of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, ACM Press (2007) 1724--1730.

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[75]

Walker, J. A., Miller, J. F. Changing the Genospace: Solving GA Problems using Cartesian Genetic Programming, Proceedings of 10th European Conference on Genetic Programming, Springer LNCS 4445 (2007) 261--270.

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[76]

Walker, J. A., Miller, J. F. Predicting Prime Numbers using Cartesian Genetic Programming, Proceedings of 10th European Conference on Genetic Programming. Springer LNCS 4445, (2007) 205--21.

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[77]

Walker, J. A., Miller, J. F., Cavill, R. A Multi-chromosome Approach to Standard and Embedded Cartesian Genetic Programming, Proceedings of the 2006 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. ACM Press, (2006) 903--910.

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[78]

Walker, J. A., Miller, J. F. Embedded Cartesian Genetic Programming and the Lawnmower and Hierarchical-if-and-only-if Problems, Proceedings of the 2006 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. ACM Press, (2006) 911--918.

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[79]

Walker, J. A., Miller, J. F. Improving the Evolvability of Digital Multipliers Using Embedded Cartesian Genetic Programming and Product Reduction. Proceedings of 6th International Conference in Evolvable Systems. Springer, LNCS 3637 (2005) 131--142.

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[80]

Walker, J. A., Miller, J. F. Investigating the performance of module acquisition in Cartesian Genetic Programming, Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation. ACM Press (2005) 1649--1656.

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[81]

Walker, J. A., Miller, J. F. Evolution and Acquisition of Modules in Cartesian Genetic Programming. Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Genetic Programming. Springer LNCS 3003 (2004) 187--197.

[82]

Yu, T., Miller, J.F., Through the Interaction of Neutral and Adaptive Mutations Evolutionary Search Finds a Way. Artificial Life, 12 (2006) 525--551.

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[83]

Yu, T., Miller, J. F. Finding Needles in Haystacks Is Not Hard with Neutrality. Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic Programming. Springer LNCS 2278 (2002) 13--25.

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[84]

Yu, T., Miller, J. F. Neutrality and Evolvability of a Boolean Function Landscape, Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Genetic Programming. Springer LNCS, 2038, (2001) 204--217.

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[85]

Zhan, S., J.F. Miller, A. M., Tyrrell. An evolutionary system using development and artificial Genetic Regulatory Networks for electronic circuit design, Biosystems, 96 (3) (2009) pp 176--19.

[86]

Zhan, S., Miller, J. F., Tyrrell, A. M. Obtaining System Robustness by Mimicking Natural Mechanisms. Proceedings of Congress on Evolutionary Computation. IEEE Press (2009.

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[87]

Zhan, S., Miller, J. F., Tyrrell, A. M. A Development Gene Regulation Network For Constructing Electronic Circuits . Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware. LNCS 5216 (2008) 177 -- 18.

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Zhan, S., Miller, J. F., Tyrrell, A. M. An Evolutionary System using Development and Artificial Genetic Regulatory Networks Proceedings of 9th IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence. Congress on Evolutionary Computation. IEEE Press (2008) 815--822.

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Cited By

Bai LLi X(2014)A Matching Outputs Approach to Evolutionary Design of Polymorphic Self-Checking CircuitsApplied Mechanics and Materials10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.556-562.4309556-562(4309-4312)Online publication date: May-2014
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.556-562.4309
Lim SBentley PLanzi P(2011)Evolving relationships between social networks and stakeholder involvement in software projectsProceedings of the 13th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation10.1145/2001576.2001831(1899-1906)Online publication date: 12-Jul-2011
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2001576.2001831

Cartesian genetic programming
1. Computing methodologies
  1. Artificial intelligence
    1. Search methodologies

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Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

GECCO '10: Proceedings of the 12th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation

July 2010

1496 pages

ISBN:9781450300735

DOI:10.1145/1830761

General Chair:
Martin Pelikan
University of Missouri, USA
,
Program Chair:
Jürgen Branke
University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

Copyright © 2010 Copyright is held by the author/owner(s).

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SIGEVO: ACM Special Interest Group on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation

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Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

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Published: 07 July 2010

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genetic programming

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GECCO '10: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference

July 7 - 11, 2010

Oregon, Portland, USA

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Overall Acceptance Rate 1,669 of 4,410 submissions, 38%

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Cited By

Bai LLi X(2014)A Matching Outputs Approach to Evolutionary Design of Polymorphic Self-Checking CircuitsApplied Mechanics and Materials10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.556-562.4309556-562(4309-4312)Online publication date: May-2014
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.556-562.4309
Lim SBentley PLanzi P(2011)Evolving relationships between social networks and stakeholder involvement in software projectsProceedings of the 13th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation10.1145/2001576.2001831(1899-1906)Online publication date: 12-Jul-2011
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2001576.2001831

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