research-article

DaaC: device-reserved memory as an eviction-based file cache

Authors:

Seungryoul MaengAuthors Info & Claims

CASES '12: Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Compilers, architectures and synthesis for embedded systems

Pages 191 - 200

https://doi.org/10.1145/2380403.2380439

Published: 07 October 2012 Publication History

Abstract

Most embedded systems require contiguous memory space to be reserved for each device, which may lead to memory under-utilization. Although several approaches have been proposed to address this issue, they have limitations of either inefficient memory usage or long latency for switching the reserved memory space between a device and general-purpose uses.

Our scheme utilizes the reserved memory as an eviction-based file cache. It guarantees contiguous memory allocation to devices while providing idle device memory as an additional file cache called eCache for general-purpose usage. Since the eCache stores only evicted data from in-kernel page cache, memory efficiency is preserved and allocation time for devices is minimized. Cost-based region selection also alleviates additional read I/Os by carefully discarding cached data from the eCache. The prototype is implemented on the Nexus S smartphone and is evaluated with popular Android applications. The evaluation results show that 50%-85% of flash read I/Os are reduced and application launch performance is improved by 8%-16% while the reallocation time is limited to a few milliseconds.

References

[1]

D. Abramson, J. Jackson, S. Muthrasanallur, G. Neiger, G. Regnier, R. Sankaran, I. Schoinas, R. Uhlig, B. Vembu, and J. W. and. Intel virtualization technology for directed I/O. Intel Technology Journal, 10(3)(3), August 2006.

[2]

G. Almási, C. Caşcaval, and D. A. Padua. Calculating stack distances efficiently. SIGPLAN Not., 38(2 supplement):37--43, June 2002.

Digital Library

[3]

AMD. IOMMU architectural specification. http:// support.amd.com/us/ProcessorTechDocs/48882.pdf, March 2011.

[4]

N. Amit, M. Ben-Yehuda, and B.-A. Yassour. IOMMU: Strategies for mitigating the IOTLB bottleneck. In Proc. of WIOSCA'10, 2010.

Digital Library

[5]

M. Ben-Yehuda, J. Xenidis, M. Ostrowski, K. Rister, A. Bruemmer, and L. Van Doorn. The price of safety: Evaluating IOMMU performance. In Proc. of OLS '07, pages 71--86, July 2007.

[6]

Z. Chen, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhou, H. Scott, and B. Schiefer. Empirical evaluation of multi-level buffer cache collaboration for storage systems. In Proc. of SIGMETRICS '05, pages 145--156, 2005.

Digital Library

[7]

Z. Chen, Y. Zhou, and K. Li. Eviction-based cache placement for storage caches. In Proc. of USENIX ATC'03, pages 269--282, Jun 2003.

[8]

J. Corbet. Contiguous memory allocation for drivers. http://lwn.net/Articles/396702/, July 2010.

[9]

W. Enck, P. Gilbert, B.-G. Chun, L. P. Cox, J. Jung, P. McDaniel, and A. N. Sheth. Taintdroid: an information-flow tracking system for realtime privacy monitoring on smartphones. In Proc. of OSDI'10, pages 1--6, 2010.

Digital Library

[10]

H. Falaki, R. Mahajan, S. Kandula, D. Lymberopoulos, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin. Diversity in smartphone usage. In Proc. of MobiSys'10, pages 179--194, 2010.

Digital Library

[11]

Gartner. Gartner highlights key predictions for it organizations and users in 2010 and beyond. http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1278413, January 2010.

[12]

Google. Android open source project. http://source.android.com/, 2012.

[13]

Google. Nexus s. http://www.android.com/devices /detail/nexus-s, 2012.

[14]

A. Gutierrez, R. Dreslinski, T. Wenisch, T. Mudge, A. Saidi, C. Emmons, and N. Paver. Full-system analysis and characterization of interactive smartphone applications. In Proc. of IISWC'11, pages 81 --90, nov. 2011.

Digital Library

[15]

D. Hansen, M. Kravetz, and B. Christiansen. Hotplug memory and the Linux VM. In Proc. of OLS '04, 2004.

[16]

IDC. Worldwide smartphone market expected to grow 55% in 2011 and approach shipments of one billion in 2015, according to idc. http://www.idc.com/getdoc .jsp?containerId=prUS 22871611, June 2011.

[17]

J. Jeong, H. Kim, J. Hwang, J. Lee, and S. Maeng. Device-reserved memory as an eviction-based file cache. Technical Report CS-TR-2012--360, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, July 2012.

[18]

J. Jeong, H. Kim, J. Hwang, J. Lee, and S. Maeng. Rigorous rental memory management for embedded systems. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst., accepted.

Digital Library

[19]

G. S. Joachim. Memory efficiency. J. ACM, 6(2):172--175, Apr. 1959.

Digital Library

[20]

D. Magenheimer, C. Mason, D. McCracken, and K. Hackel. Transcendent memory and linux. In Proc. of OLS'09, pages 191--200, 2009.

[21]

R. Mattson, J. Gecsei, D. Slutz, and I. Traiger. Evaluation techniques for storage hierarchies. IBM Systems Journal, 9(2):78--117, 1970.

Digital Library

[22]

R. Mijat and A. Nightingale. Virtualization is coming to a platform near you. http://www.arm.com/files /pdf/System-MMU-Whitepaper-v8.0.pdf, 2011.

[23]

D. Morrill. Inside the Android application framework. In Google I/O, 2008.

[24]

M. Nazarewicz. Contiguous memory allocator version 6. http://lwn.net/Articles/419639/, December 2010.

[25]

Nielsen. The state of mobile apps. http://blog. nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online\_mobile/the- state-of-mobile-apps/, June 2010.

[26]

J. H. Schopp, D. Hansen, M. Kravetz, H. Takahashi, I. Toshihiro, Y. Goto, K. Hiroyuki, M. Tolentino, and B. Picco. Hotplug memory redux. In Proc. of OLS '05, 2005.

[27]

M. Szyprowski and K. Park. Arm DMA-mapping framework redesign and IOMMU integration. In Proc. of Embedded Linux Conference Europe, 2011.

[28]

T. M. Wong and J. Wilkes. My cache or yours? making storage more exclusive. In Proc. of USENIX ATC'02, pages 161--175, June 2002.

Digital Library

Cited By

Park SKim MYeom H(2019)GCMAIEEE Transactions on Computers10.1109/TC.2018.286916968:3(390-401)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TC.2018.2869169
Park SKim MYeom H(2016)GCMAACM SIGBED Review10.1145/2907972.290797613:1(29-34)Online publication date: 25-Mar-2016
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2907972.2907976
Kim SJeong JKim JMaeng S(2016)SmartLMKACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems10.1145/289475515:3(1-25)Online publication date: 11-May-2016
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2894755
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

DaaC: device-reserved memory as an eviction-based file cache
1. Software and its engineering
  1. Software organization and properties
    1. Contextual software domains
      1. Operating systems
        Memory management
        Allocation / deallocation strategies
        Main memory

Recommendations

Rigorous rental memory management for embedded systems
Special section on ESTIMedia'12, LCTES'11, rigorous embedded systems design, and multiprocessor system-on-chip for cyber-physical systems

Memory reservation in embedded systems is a prevalent approach to provide a physically contiguous memory region to its integrated devices, such as a camera device and a video decoder. Inefficiency of the memory reservation becomes a more significant ...
Enabling Hybrid PCM Memory System with Inherent Memory Management
RACS '16: Proceedings of the International Conference on Research in Adaptive and Convergent Systems

Replacing the traditional volatile main memory, e.g., DRAM, with a non-volatile phase change memory (PCM) has become a possible solution to reduce the energy consumption of computing systems. To further reduce the bit cost of PCM, the development trend ...
NVM duet: unified working memory and persistent store architecture
ASPLOS '14: Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems

Emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies have gained a lot of attention recently. The byte-addressability and high density of NVM enable computer architects to build large-scale main memory systems. NVM has also been shown to be a promising ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

CASES '12: Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Compilers, architectures and synthesis for embedded systems

October 2012

230 pages

ISBN:9781450314244

DOI:10.1145/2380403

General Chairs:
Ahmed Jerraya
CEA
,
Luca Carloni
Columbia University
,
Program Chairs:
Vincent Mooney
Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
,
Rodric Rabbah
IBM, USA

Copyright © 2012 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 07 October 2012

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Conference

ESWEEK'12

Sponsor:

ESWEEK'12: Eighth Embedded System Week

October 7 - 12, 2012

Tampere, Finland

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 52 of 230 submissions, 23%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

10
Total Citations
View Citations
199
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)2
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0

Reflects downloads up to 06 Oct 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Park SKim MYeom H(2019)GCMAIEEE Transactions on Computers10.1109/TC.2018.286916968:3(390-401)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TC.2018.2869169
Park SKim MYeom H(2016)GCMAACM SIGBED Review10.1145/2907972.290797613:1(29-34)Online publication date: 25-Mar-2016
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2907972.2907976
Kim SJeong JKim JMaeng S(2016)SmartLMKACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems10.1145/289475515:3(1-25)Online publication date: 11-May-2016
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2894755
Jeong JKim HLee J(2016)Transparently Exploiting Device-Reserved Memory for Application Performance in Mobile SystemsIEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing10.1109/TMC.2015.250493415:11(2878-2891)Online publication date: 1-Nov-2016
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TMC.2015.2504934
Kim SKwon SKim JJeong J(2015)Controlling physical memory fragmentation in mobile systemsACM SIGPLAN Notices10.1145/2887746.275417950:11(1-14)Online publication date: 14-Jun-2015
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2887746.2754179
Kim MKoo JLee HGeraci J(2015)Memory Management Scheme to Improve Utilization Efficiency and Provide Fast Contiguous Allocation without a Statically Reserved AreaACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems10.1145/277087121:1(1-23)Online publication date: 2-Dec-2015
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2770871
Kim SKwon SKim JJeong JHosking ABond M(2015)Controlling physical memory fragmentation in mobile systemsProceedings of the 2015 International Symposium on Memory Management10.1145/2754169.2754179(1-14)Online publication date: 14-Jun-2015
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2754169.2754179
Kim JLee JJeong J(2015)Exploiting asymmetric CPU performance for fast startup of subsystem in mobile smart devicesIEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics10.1109/TCE.2015.706411761:1(103-111)Online publication date: Feb-2015
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2015.7064117
Kim SJeong JLee J(2014)Selective memory deduplication for cost efficiency in mobile smart devicesIEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics10.1109/TCE.2014.685200460:2(276-284)Online publication date: May-2014
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2014.6852004
Kim SJeong JLee J(2014)Efficient memory deduplicati on for mobile smart devices2014 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE)10.1109/ICCE.2014.6775893(25-26)Online publication date: Jan-2014
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCE.2014.6775893

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents