research-article

Geography and Routing in the Internet

Authors:

Abdullah Yasin Nur,

Mehmet Engin TozalAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems (TSAS), Volume 4, Issue 4

Article No.: 11, Pages 1 - 16

https://doi.org/10.1145/3239162

Published: 10 September 2018 Publication History

Abstract

The Internet is a network of networks consisting of tens of thousands of Autonomous Systems (ASes). These ASes connect to each other in different forms to enable the “global” Internet communication. In this study, we investigate the geographical characteristics of the visible Internet as well as examine the relation between geography and intra-AS and inter-AS routing policies. We show that the ingress-to-egress subpaths have lower circuitousness compared to the end-to-end paths. Our findings not only demonstrate the efficient backbone infrastructures and routing schemes deployed by ASes but also show the consequences of economical incentives on the adoption of inter-AS paths. We present and examine the existence of a strong correlation between the geographical distance and round trip delay time as well as the lack of a correlation between the geographical distance and hop length in the Internet. We investigate the relation between the geographical distance and intra-AS routing policies by employing cross-AS (X-AS) Internet topology maps. Our results show that more than two thirds of the intra-AS subpaths are congruent with the shortest geographical distance whether or not geographical distance is employed as a custom parameter in routing decisions. Our results provide new insights into the relations between geography and Internet routing, which allow the network researchers and practitioners to improve their networking infrastructures, reevaluate their routing policies, deploy geography-aware network overlays, and develop more realistic network simulation processes.

References

[1]

Abdullah Yasin Nur and Mehmet Engin Tozal. 2018. Cross-AS (X-AS) internet topology mapping. Elsevier, Computer Networks 132 (2018), 53--67.

[2]

Lakshminarayanan Subramanian, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, and Randy H. Katz. 2002. Geographic properties of internet routing. In USENIX.

Digital Library

[3]

Shiva Prasad Kasiviswanathan, Stephan Eidenbenz, and Guanhua Yan. 2011. Geography-based analysis of the internet infrastructure. In INFOCOM. IEEE.

[4]

Péter Mátray, Péter Hága, Sándor Laki, István Csabai, and Gábor Vattay. 2011. On the network geography of the internet. In INFOCOM. IEEE.

[5]

Jian Wu, Ying Zhang, Z. Morley Mao, and Kang G. Shin. 2007. Internet routing resilience to failures: Analysis and implications. In ACM CoNEXT. 25.

Digital Library

[6]

Ricardo Oliveira, Mohit Lad, Beichuan Zhang, and Lixia Zhang. 2007. Geographically informed inter-domain routing. In International Conference on Network Protocols. IEEE, 103--112.

[7]

Ahmed Elmokashfi, Eugene Myakotnykh, Jan Marius Evang, Amund Kvalbein, and Tarik Cicic. 2013. Geography matters: Building an efficient transport network for a better video conferencing experience. In ACM Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies. ACM, 369--380.

Digital Library

[8]

Harsha V. Madhyastha, Thomas Anderson, Arvind Krishnamurthy, Neil Spring, and Arun Venkataramani. 2006. A structural approach to latency prediction. In IMC. ACM, 99--104.

Digital Library

[9]

Bruno Quoitin, Virginie Van den Schrieck, Pierre François, and Olivier Bonaventure. 2009. IGen: Generation of router-level internet topologies through network design heuristics. In International Teletraffic Congress (ITC). IEEE.

[10]

Lixin Gao. 2001. On inferring autonomous system relationships in the internet. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 9, 6 (Dec 2001), 733--745.

Digital Library

[11]

Mehmet Engin Tozal. 2016. Enumerating single destination, policy-preferred paths in AS-level internet topology maps. In IEEE Sarnoff Symposium.

[12]

Mehmet Engin Tozal. 2018. Policy-preferred paths in AS-level internet internet topology graphs. Theory and Applications of Graphs 5, 1 (Mar 2018), 32.

[13]

CiscoPress. 2001. Dynamic Routing Protocols. Retrieved June 28, 2018 from http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=24090&seqNum===4.

[14]

Renata Teixeira, Aman Shaikh, Tim Griffin, and Jennifer Rexford. 2004. Dynamics of hot-potato routing in IP networks. In ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, Vol. 32. ACM, 307--319.

Digital Library

[15]

Yuval Shavitt and Noa Zilberman. 2010. A structural approach for PoP geo-location. In INFOCOM Conference on Computer Communications Workshops. IEEE.

[16]

N. Spring, R. Mahajan, D. Wetherall, and T. Anderson. 2004. Measuring ISP topologies with Rocketfuel. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 12, 1 (Feb 2004), 2--16.

Digital Library

[17]

iPlane. 2016. Traceroute Dataset. Retrieved August 16, 2016 from http://iplane.cs.washington.edu/.

[18]

Caida. 2016. Traceroute Dataset. Retrieved August 16, 2016 from http://www.caida.org/data/active/ipv4_routed_24_topology_dataset.xml.

[19]

Routeviews. 2016. Prefix to AS Dataset. Retrieved August 16, 2016 from http://www.caida.org/data/routing/routeviews-prefix2as.xml.

[20]

DB-IP. 2016. Geolocation Database. Retrieved August 2016 from https://www.db-ip.com/.

[21]

Maxmind. 2016. Geolocation Database. Retrieved August 2016 from http://www.maxmind.com/.

[22]

IP2Location. 2016. Lite Geolocation Database. Retrieved August 2016 from http://lite.ip2location.com/.

[23]

N. Spring, R. Mahajan, and T. Anderson. 2003. The causes of path inflation. In SIGCOMM.

Digital Library

[24]

Mehmet Engin Tozal. 2016. The internet: A system of interconnected autonomous systems. In IEEE Systems Conference.

[25]

Bradley Huffaker, Marina Fomenkov, David Moore, and Evi Nemeth. 2000. Measurements of the internet topology in the Asia-Pacific region. In Proceedings of INET.

[26]

Feng Wang, Zhuoqing Morley Mao, Jia Wang, Lixin Gao, and Randy Bush. 2006. A measurement study on the impact of routing events on end-to-end internet path performance. In ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Vol. 36. 375--386.

Digital Library

[27]

Hongsuda Tangmunarunkit, Ramesh Govindan, Scott Shenker, and Deborah Estrin. 2001. The impact of routing policy on internet paths. In INFOCOM, Vol. 2. IEEE, 736--742.

[28]

Dongyu Qiu and Rayadurgam Srikant. 2004. Modeling and performance analysis of BitTorrent-like peer-to-peer networks. In ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Vol. 34. 367--378.

Digital Library

[29]

Craig Labovitz, Abha Ahuja, Abhijit Bose, and Farnam Jahanian. 2001. Delayed internet routing convergence. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON) 9, 3 (2001), 293--306.

Digital Library

[30]

Richard Barnes, James Winterbottom, and Martin Dawson. 2011. Internet geolocation and location-based services. IEEE Communications Magazine 49, 4 (2011), 102–108.

[31]

Ethan Katz-Bassett, John P. John, Arvind Krishnamurthy, David Wetherall, Thomas Anderson, and Yatin Chawathe. 2006. Towards IP geolocation using delay and topology measurements. In ACM IMC.

Digital Library

[32]

Yong Wang, Daniel Burgener, Marcel Flores, Aleksandar Kuzmanovic, and Cheng Huang. 2011. Towards street-level client-independent IP geolocation. In NSDI, Vol. 11. 27--27.

Digital Library

[33]

Raúl Landa, Joao Taveira Araújo, Richard G. Clegg, Eleni Mykoniati, David Griffin, and Miguel Rio. 2013. The large-scale geography of internet round trip times. In IFIP Networking Conference. IEEE, Brooklyn, NY.

Cited By

Nur AEngin Tozal M(2024)Inferring Internet Topology at Point of Presence Level2024 IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon)10.1109/SysCon61195.2024.10553435(1-7)Online publication date: 15-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/SysCon61195.2024.10553435
Rahmatov NBaek H(2024)Exploring scale-free networks: Survey on autonomous system dynamics and connectivity analysisComputer Networks10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110454248(110454)Online publication date: Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110454
Nur A(2023)Accuracy and Coverage Analysis of IP Geolocation Databases2023 International Balkan Conference on Communications and Networking (BalkanCom)10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167899(1-6)Online publication date: 5-Jun-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167899
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Geography and Routing in the Internet
1. Networks
  1. Network performance evaluation
    1. Network performance analysis

Recommendations

Investigating Characteristics of Internet Paths

Interactive and multimedia applications depend on the stability of end-to-end paths for predictable performance and good quality of service. On the other hand, network providers depend on multiple paths to ensure fault tolerance and use load balancing ...
On compact routing for the internet

The Internet's routing system is facing stresses due to its poor fundamental scaling properties. Compact routing is a research field that studies fundamental limits of routing scalability and designs algorithms that try to meet these limits. In ...
Securing the Internet's Routing Infrastructure

Experts have been concerned about the security of the Internet's routing infrastructure, which was designed many years ago. Now, organizations are developing proposals to secure the infrastructure.

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems

ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems Volume 4, Issue 4

December 2018

73 pages

ISSN:2374-0353

EISSN:2374-0361

DOI:10.1145/3276978

Editor:
Hanan Samet
University of Maryland, College Park

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2018 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 10 September 2018

Accepted: 01 June 2018

Revised: 01 June 2018

Received: 01 February 2018

Published in TSAS Volume 4, Issue 4

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

11
Total Citations
View Citations
291
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)31
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1

Reflects downloads up to 11 Aug 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Nur AEngin Tozal M(2024)Inferring Internet Topology at Point of Presence Level2024 IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon)10.1109/SysCon61195.2024.10553435(1-7)Online publication date: 15-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/SysCon61195.2024.10553435
Rahmatov NBaek H(2024)Exploring scale-free networks: Survey on autonomous system dynamics and connectivity analysisComputer Networks10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110454248(110454)Online publication date: Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110454
Nur A(2023)Accuracy and Coverage Analysis of IP Geolocation Databases2023 International Balkan Conference on Communications and Networking (BalkanCom)10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167899(1-6)Online publication date: 5-Jun-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/BalkanCom58402.2023.10167899
Lebre ANédelec BVan Kempen A(2022)AS-cast: Lock Down the Traffic of Decentralized Content Indexing at the EdgeAlgorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing10.1007/978-3-031-22677-9_23(433-454)Online publication date: 10-Oct-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-031-22677-9_23
Sdravopoulou KMuñoz González JHidalgo-Ariza M(2021)Educating Adults with a Location-Based Augmented Reality Game: A Content Analysis ApproachMathematics10.3390/math91720719:17(2071)Online publication date: 27-Aug-2021
https://doi.org/10.3390/math9172071
Luckie MHuffaker BMarder ABischof ZFletcher MClaffy KCarle GOtt J(2021)Learning to extract geographic information from internet router hostnamesProceedings of the 17th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies10.1145/3485983.3494869(440-453)Online publication date: 2-Dec-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3485983.3494869
Dan OParikh VDavison B(2021)IP Geolocation through Reverse DNSACM Transactions on Internet Technology10.1145/345761122:1(1-29)Online publication date: 15-Oct-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3457611
Candela MLuconi VVecchio A(2021)A worldwide study on the geographic locality of Internet routesComputer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108555201:COnline publication date: 24-Dec-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108555
Adhinugraha KRahayu WHara TTaniar D(2021)Backup gateways for IoT mesh network using order-k hops Voronoi diagramWorld Wide Web10.1007/s11280-020-00852-524:3(955-970)Online publication date: 1-May-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s11280-020-00852-5
Candela MGregori ELuconi VVecchio A(2019)Dissecting the Speed-of-Internet of Middle EastIEEE INFOCOM 2019 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS)10.1109/INFCOMW.2019.8845104(720-725)Online publication date: Apr-2019
https://doi.org/10.1109/INFCOMW.2019.8845104
Show More Cited By

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents