article

Optimizing RAID/SSD controllers with lifetime extension for flash-based SSD array

Authors:

Tao LiAuthors Info & Claims

ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Volume 53, Issue 6

Pages 44 - 54

https://doi.org/10.1145/3299710.3211338

Published: 19 June 2018 Publication History

Abstract

Flash-based SSD RAID arrays are increasingly being deployed in data centers. Compared with HDD arrays, SSD arrays drastically enhance storage density and I/O performance, and reduce power and rack space. Nevertheless, SSDs suffer aging issues. Though prior studies have been conducted to address this disadvantage, effective techniques of RAID/SSD controllers are urgently needed to extend the lifetime of SSD arrays.

In this paper, we for the first time apply approximate storage via the interplay of RAID and SSD controllers to optimize the lifespan of SSD arrays. Our basic idea is to reuse faulty blocks (those contain pages with uncorrectable errors) to store approximate data (which can tolerate more errors). By relaxing the integrity of flash blocks, we observed that the endurance of NAND flash memory can be significantly boosted, thereby providing huge potentials to significantly extend the lifetime of SSDs. Based on this observation, we propose the use of an efficient space management scheme for data allocation and FTL strategies by coordinating the interplay of RAID and SSD controllers to optimize the lifetime of SSD arrays. We implemented a prototype, called FreeRAID, based on an SSD array simulator. Our experiments show that we can significantly increase the lifetime by up to 2.17× compared with conventional SSD-based RAID arrays.

References

[1]

Rodolfo Azevedo, John D Davis, Karin Strauss, Parikshit Gopalan, Mark Manasse, and Sergey Yekhanin. 2013. Zombie memory: Extending memory lifetime by reviving dead blocks. In ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News. ACM, 452-463.

Digital Library

[2]

Mahesh Balakrishnan, Asim Kadav, Vijayan Prabhakaran, and Dahlia Malkhi. 2010. Differential raid: Rethinking raid for ssd reliability. ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS) 6, 2 (2010), 4.

Digital Library

[3]

Matias Bjørling. 2011. Extended FlashSim. (2011). https://github.com/MatiasBjorling/flashsim

[4]

Ching-Che Chung and Hao-Hsiang Hsu. 2014. Partial parity cache and data cache management method to improve the performance of an SSD-based RAID. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 22, 7 (2014), 1470- 1480.

[5]

Jinhua Cui, Youtao Zhang, Liang Shi, Chun Jason Xue, Weiguo Wu, and Jun Yang. 2017. ApproxFTL: On the Performance and Lifetime Improvement of 3D NAND Flash based SSDs. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (2017).

[6]

EMC. 2015. Introduction to the EMC XtremIO Storage Array. https://www.emc.com/collateral/white-papers/h11752-intro-to-XtremIO-array-wp.pdf

[7]

Amherst Laboratory for Advanced System Software. 2012. Umass trace repository. http://traces.cs.umass.edu/

[8]

Jie Guo, Zhijie Chen, Danghui Wang, Zili Shao, and Yiran Chen. [n. d.]. DPA: A data pattern aware error prevention technique for NAND flash lifetime extension. In 2014 19th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference.

[9]

Qing Guo, Karin Strauss, Luis Ceze, and Henrique S Malvar. 2016. High-density image storage using approximate memory cells. In ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 51. ACM, 413-426.

Digital Library

[10]

Aayush Gupta, Youngjae Kim, and Bhuvan Urgaonkar. 2009. DFTL: a flash translation layer employing demand-based selective caching of page-level address mappings. Vol. 44. ACM.

Digital Library

[11]

Djordje Jevdjic, Karin Strauss, Luis Ceze, and Henrique S Malvar. 2017. Approximate Storage of Compressed and Encrypted Videos. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems. ACM, 361-373.

Digital Library

[12]

Xavier Jimenez, David Novo, and Paolo Ienne. 2014. Wear unleveling: improving NAND flash lifetime by balancing page endurance. In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies. USENIX Association, 47-59.

Digital Library

[13]

Jesung Kim, Jong Min Kim, Sam H Noh, Sang Lyul Min, and Yookun Cho. 2002. A space-efficient flash translation layer for CompactFlash systems. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 48, 2 (2002), 366-375.

Digital Library

[14]

Yongkun Li, Helen HWChan, Patrick PC Lee, and Yinlong Xu. 2016. Elastic parity logging for SSD RAID arrays. In 46th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks. IEEE, 49-60.

[15]

Yongkun Li, Patrick PC Lee, and John CS Lui. 2016. Analysis of reliability dynamics of SSD RAID. IEEE Trans. Comput. 65, 4 (2016), 1131-1144.

Digital Library

[16]

Duo Liu, Yi Wang, Zhiwei Qin, Zili Shao, and Yong Guan. 2012. A space reuse strategy for flash translation layers in SLC NAND flash memory storage systems. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 20, 6 (2012), 1094-1107.

Digital Library

[17]

Youyou Lu, Jiwu Shu, and Weimin Zheng. 2013. Extending the lifetime of flash-based storage through reducing write amplification from file systems. In Proceedings of the 11th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies. USENIX Association, 257-270.

Digital Library

[18]

Sangwhan Moon and AL Reddy. 2016. Does RAID improve lifetime of SSD arrays? ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS) 12, 3 (2016), 11.

Digital Library

[19]

Yongseok Oh, Jongmoo Choi, Donghee Lee, and Sam H Noh. 2013. Improving performance and lifetime of the ssd raidbased host cache through a log-structured approach. In 1st Workshop on Interactions of NVM/FLASH with Operating Systems and Workloads. ACM, 5.

Digital Library

[20]

Zhiwei Qin, Yi Wang, Duo Liu, and Zili Shao. 2010. Demand-based block-level address mapping in large-scale NAND flash storage systems. In Proceedings of the eighth IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis. ACM, 173-182.

Digital Library

[21]

Zhiwei Qin, Yi Wang, Duo Liu, Zili Shao, and Yong Guan. 2011. MNFTL: An efficient flash translation layer for MLC NAND flash memory storage systems. In Proceedings of the 48th Design Automation Conference. ACM, 17-22.

Digital Library

[22]

Pedro Reviriego, Juan A Maestro, and Mark F Flanagan. 2013. Error detection in majority logic decoding of euclidean geometry low density parity check (EG-LDPC) codes. IEEE transactions on very large scale integration (VLSI) systems 21, 1 (2013), 156-159.

Digital Library

[23]

Pooja Roy, Rajarshi Ray, Chundong Wang, and Weng FaiWong. 2014. Asac: Automatic sensitivity analysis for approximate computing. In ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 49. ACM, 95-104.

Digital Library

[24]

Adrian Sampson, Jacob Nelson, Karin Strauss, and Luis Ceze. 2014. Approximate storage in solid-state memories. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS) 32, 3 (2014), 9.

Digital Library

[25]

Samsung. 2011. 16GB F-die NAND flash multi-level-cell (2bit/cell). (2011).

[26]

Daniel Stodolsky, Garth Gibson, and Mark Holland. 1993. Parity logging overcoming the small write problem in redundant disk arrays. In ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, Vol. 21. ACM, 64-75.

Digital Library

[27]

Hairong Sun, Pete Grayson, and Bob Wood. 2011. Quantifying reliability of solid-state storage from multiple aspects. Proceedings of the Storageconference. (2011).

[28]

Hitachi Data Systems. 2018. Hitachi Virtual Storage Platform G Series. Technical Report. https://www.hitachivantara.com/en-us/products/storage/virtual-storage-platform-g-series.html

[29]

Akshat Verma, Ricardo Koller, Luis Useche, and Raju Rangaswami. 2010. SRCMap: energy proportional storage using dynamic consolidation. In Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies. USENIX Association.

Digital Library

[30]

Debao Wei, Libao Deng, Liyan Qiao, Peng Zhang, and Xiyuan Peng. 2016. PEVA: A page endurance variance aware strategy for the lifetime extension of NAND flash. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 24, 5 (2016), 1749-1760.

Digital Library

Cited By

Cui JLiu CLiu JHuang JYang L(2022)Exploiting Uncorrectable Data Reuse for Performance Improvement of Flash MemoryIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2021.310031041:6(1785-1798)Online publication date: Jun-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2021.3100310
Cui JLiu WHuang JYang L(2022)ADS: Leveraging Approximate Data for Efficient Data Sanitization in SSDsIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2021.310027441:6(1771-1784)Online publication date: Jun-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2021.3100274
Cui JLiu JHuang JZhu HYang LXue JJung C(2020)ApproxRefreshThe 21st ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems10.1145/3372799.3394362(26-37)Online publication date: 16-Jun-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3372799.3394362
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Optimizing RAID/SSD controllers with lifetime extension for flash-based SSD array
1. Computer systems organization
  1. Dependable and fault-tolerant systems and networks
    1. Maintainability and maintenance
    2. Secondary storage organization
  2. Embedded and cyber-physical systems
    1. Embedded systems
      1. Embedded software

Recommendations

Does RAID Improve Lifetime of SSD Arrays?

Parity protection at the system level is typically employed to compose reliable storage systems. However, careful consideration is required when SSD-based systems employ parity protection. First, additional writes are required for parity updates. Second,...
Optimizing RAID/SSD controllers with lifetime extension for flash-based SSD array
LCTES 2018: Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED International Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems

Flash-based SSD RAID arrays are increasingly being deployed in data centers. Compared with HDD arrays, SSD arrays drastically enhance storage density and I/O performance, and reduce power and rack space. Nevertheless, SSDs suffer aging issues. Though ...
Flash-Aware RAID Techniques for Dependable and High-Performance Flash Memory SSD

Solid-state disks (SSDs), which are composed of multiple NAND flash chips, are replacing hard disk drives (HDDs) in the mass storage market. The performances of SSDs are increasing due to the exploitation of parallel I/O architectures. However, ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM SIGPLAN Notices

ACM SIGPLAN Notices Volume 53, Issue 6

LCTES '18

June 2018

112 pages

ISSN:0362-1340

EISSN:1558-1160

DOI:10.1145/3299710

Editor:
Matthew Fluet
Rodchester Institude of Technology

Issue’s Table of Contents

LCTES 2018: Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED International Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems
June 2018
112 pages
ISBN:9781450358033
DOI:10.1145/3211332
General Chair:
Zheng Zhang
Rutgers University, USA
,
Program Chair:
Christophe Dubach
University of Edinburgh, UK

Copyright © 2018 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 19 June 2018

Published in SIGPLAN Volume 53, Issue 6

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Article

Funding Sources

Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

13
Total Citations
View Citations
499
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)27
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1

Reflects downloads up to 15 Oct 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Cui JLiu CLiu JHuang JYang L(2022)Exploiting Uncorrectable Data Reuse for Performance Improvement of Flash MemoryIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2021.310031041:6(1785-1798)Online publication date: Jun-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2021.3100310
Cui JLiu WHuang JYang L(2022)ADS: Leveraging Approximate Data for Efficient Data Sanitization in SSDsIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2021.310027441:6(1771-1784)Online publication date: Jun-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2021.3100274
Cui JLiu JHuang JZhu HYang LXue JJung C(2020)ApproxRefreshThe 21st ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems10.1145/3372799.3394362(26-37)Online publication date: 16-Jun-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3372799.3394362
Di YShi LChen SXue CSha EChen JShrivastava A(2019)1+1>2: variation-aware lifetime enhancement for embedded 3D NAND flash systemsProceedings of the 20th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED International Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems10.1145/3316482.3326359(45-56)Online publication date: 23-Jun-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3316482.3326359
Ma CZhou ZHan LShen ZWang YChen RShao Z(2022)Rebirth-FTL: Lifetime Optimization via Approximate Storage for NAND Flash MemoryIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2021.312317741:10(3276-3289)Online publication date: Oct-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2021.3123177
Chang JChen YLin CCheng M(2021)Advanced Data Mining of SSD Quality Based on FP-Growth Data AnalysisApplied Sciences10.3390/app1104171511:4(1715)Online publication date: 14-Feb-2021
https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041715
Cai ZSong LPeng X(2021)Efficient Caching on Parity Chunks in RAID-enabled SSDsIEICE Electronics Express10.1587/elex.18.20210061Online publication date: 2021
https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.18.20210061
Wang CChattopadhyay SBrihadiswarn G(2020)Crab-treeACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems10.1145/339623619:5(1-26)Online publication date: 26-Sep-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3396236
Li JSha ZCai ZTrahay FLiao J(2020)Patch-based Data Management for Dual-copy Buffers in RAID-enabled SSDsIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2020.3012252(1-1)Online publication date: 2020
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2020.3012252
Di YShi LChen SXue CSha EChen JShrivastava A(2019)1+1>2: variation-aware lifetime enhancement for embedded 3D NAND flash systemsProceedings of the 20th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED International Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems10.1145/3316482.3326359(45-56)Online publication date: 23-Jun-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3316482.3326359
Show More Cited By

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents