research-article

On-Off Noise Power Communication

Authors:

Philip Lundrigan,

Sneha K. KaseraAuthors Info & Claims

MobiCom '19: The 25th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking

Article No.: 35, Pages 1 - 14

https://doi.org/10.1145/3300061.3345436

Published: 11 October 2019 Publication History

Abstract

We design and build a protocol called on-off noise power communication (ONPC), which modifies the software in commodity packet radios to allow communication, independent of their standard protocol, at a very slow rate at long range. To achieve this long range, we use the transmitter as an RF power source that can be on or off if it does or does not send a packet, respectively, and a receiver that repeatedly measures the noise and interference power level. We use spread spectrum techniques on top of the basic on/off mechanism to overcome the interference caused by other devices' channel access to provide long ranges at a much lower data rate. We implement the protocol on top of commodity WiFi hardware. We discuss our design and how we overcome key challenges such as non-stationary interference, carrier sensing and hardware timing delays. We test ONPC in several situations to show that it achieves significantly longer range than standard WiFi.

References

[1]

Mahmood Abdulsattar and Zahir A. Hussein. 2012. Energy Detection Technique for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio: A Survey. International journal of Computer Networks and Communications, Vol. 4 (09 2012), 223--242. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijcnc.2012.4514

[2]

R. Archibald and D. Ghosal. 2012. A Covert Timing Channel Based on Fountain Codes. In 2012 IEEE 11th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications . 970--977. https://doi.org/10.1109/TrustCom.2012.21

[3]

S. Aust, R. V. Prasad, and I. G. Niemegeers. 2012. IEEE 802.11ah: Advantages in Standards and Further Challenges for sub 1GHz Wi-Fi. Communications (ICC), IEEE International Conference on (2012).

[4]

Danijela Cabric, Artem Tkachenko, and Robert W. Brodersen. 2006. Experimental Study of Spectrum Sensing Based on Energy Detection and Network Cooperation. In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Technology and Policy for Accessing Spectrum (TAPAS '06). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 12. https://doi.org/10.1145/1234388.1234400

[5]

Telvis E. Calhoun, Xiaojun Cao, Yingshu Li, and Raheem Beyah. 2012. An 802.11 MAC layer covert channel. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Vol. 12, 5 (2012), 393--405. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcm.969

Digital Library

[6]

Kameswari Chebrolu, Bhaskaran Raman, and Sayandeep Sen. 2006. Long-distance 802.11B Links: Performance Measurements and Experience. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom '06). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 74--85. https://doi.org/10.1145/1161089.1161099

Digital Library

[7]

Chulho Won, Jong-Hoon Youn, H. Ali, H. Sharif, and J. Deogun. 2005. Adaptive radio channel allocation for supporting coexistence of 802.15.4 and 802.11b. In VTC-2005-Fall. 2005 IEEE 62nd Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005., Vol. 4. 2522--2526. https://doi.org/10.1109/VETECF.2005.1559004

[8]

Sigma Designs. 2018. ZWave. http://z-wave.sigmadesigns.com .

[9]

embeDD GmbH. 2018. DD-WRT. https://dd-wrt.com .

[10]

Espressif. 2018. ESP8266 Non-OS SDK API Reference. https://www.espressif.com/.

[11]

Adriana B. Flores, Ryan E. Guerra, Edward W. Knightly, Peter Ecclesine, and Santosh Pandey. 2013. IEEE 802.11af: A Standard for TV White Space Spectrum Sharing. IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 51 (2013), 92--100.

[12]

L. Frikha, Z. Trabelsi, and W. El-Hajj. 2008. Implementation of a Covert Channel in the 802.11 Header. In 2008 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference. 594--599. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWCMC.2008.103

[13]

Solomon W. Golomb and Guang Gong. 2004. Signal Design for Good Correlation: For Wireless Communication, Cryptography, and Radar .Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA.

[14]

Timothy W. Hnat and et al. 2011. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Successful Residential Sensing Deployments. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 232--245. https://doi.org/10.1145/2070942.2070966

[15]

R. Holloway and R. Beyah. 2011. Covert DCF: A DCF-Based Covert Timing Channel in 802.11 Networks. In 2011 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems. 570--579. https://doi.org/10.1109/MASS.2011.60

Digital Library

[16]

Wenchao Jiang, Zhimeng Yin, Ruofeng Liu, Zhijun Li, Song Min Kim, and Tian He. 2017. Bluebee: a 10,000 x faster cross-technology communication via phy emulation. In Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems .

Digital Library

[17]

Bryce Kellogg, Aaron Parks, Shyamnath Gollakota, Joshua R. Smith, and David Wetherall. 2014. Wi-fi Backscatter: Internet Connectivity for RF-powered Devices. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM Conference on SIGCOMM (SIGCOMM '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 607--618. https://doi.org/10.1145/2619239.2626319

Digital Library

[18]

Philip Lundrigan. 2019 a. ONPC Receiver. https://github.com/NET-BYU/onpc_receiver .

[19]

Philip Lundrigan. 2019 b. ONPC Transmitter. https://github.com/NET-BYU/onpc_transmitter .

[20]

M. Zennaro, C. Fonda, E. Pietrosemoli, A. M. S. Okay, R. Flickenger, and S. Radicella. 2008. On a long wireless link for rural telemedicine in malawi. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Open Access .

[21]

Peizhong Yi, A. Iwayemi, and Chi Zhou. 2010. Frequency agility in a ZigBee network for smart grid application. In 2010 Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT). 1--6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2010.5434747

[22]

Ramya Raghavendra, Jitendra Padhye, Ratul Mahajan, and Elizabeth Belding. 2009. Wi-Fi networks are underutilized. Microsoft Research Technical Report (2009).

[23]

Raspberry Pi Foundation. 2018. Raspberry Pi. https://www.raspberrypi.org .

[24]

Matthias Schulz, Jakob Link, Francesco Gringoli, and Matthias Hollick. 2018. Shadow Wi-Fi: Teaching Smartphones to Transmit Raw Signals and to Extract Channel State Information to Implement Practical Covert Channels over Wi-Fi. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys '18). 256--268.

Digital Library

[25]

N. Sornin and et al. 2015. LoRa Specification 1.0. http://www.lora-alliance.org .

[26]

Mansi Subhedar and Gajanan Birajdar. 2011. Spectrum sensing techniques in cognitive radio networks: A survey. International Journal of Next-Generation Networks, Vol. 3, 2 (2011), 37--51.

[27]

S. Unni, D. Raj, K. Sasidhar, and S. Rao. 2015. Performance measurement and analysis of long range Wi-Fi network for over-the-sea communication. In 2015 13th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks (WiOpt) . 36--41. https://doi.org/10.1109/WIOPT.2015.7151030

[28]

Wemos. 2018. WEMOS D1 mini Lite V1.0.0. https://www.aliexpress.com/store/1331105 .

[29]

K. K. Wong and T. O'Farrell. 2003. Spread spectrum techniques for indoor wireless IR communications. IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol. 10, 2 (April 2003), 54--63. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2003.1196403

Digital Library

Cited By

Zhang XMariani JXiao LMutka M(2024)Exploiting Fine-grained Dimming with Improved LiFi ThroughputACM Transactions on Sensor Networks10.1145/364381420:3(1-24)Online publication date: 13-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3643814
Johnson JPalacios AArvonen CLundrigan PGanesan DShi W(2024)Wireless Latency Shift KeyingProceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking10.1145/3636534.3649373(452-466)Online publication date: 29-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3636534.3649373
Palacios AWard DBronson DBackman JHeo DWarnick KLundrigan P(2024)Network Layer Spectral Coordination Integrated With Hadamard Projection for Multilayer Interference Mitigation2024 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN)10.1109/DySPAN60163.2024.10632837(402-411)Online publication date: 13-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/DySPAN60163.2024.10632837
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

On-Off Noise Power Communication
1. Networks

Recommendations

Channel capacity and bit error rate analysis in wireless communication system over Rayleigh fading channel

In high-speed wireless systems, bandwidth, transmit power, the complexity of hardware, quality of services, and throughput are the major issues. The 'Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO)' system specifically works to increase the capacity of the wireless ...
Single- and Multiple-Antenna Constellations for Communication Over Unknown Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

Data transmission through frequency-selective block fading channels is considered in the case where neither the transmitter nor the receiver has any knowledge of the channel coefficients. Standard code design approaches for this scenario take channel ...
Outage probability and power consumption for distributed antenna systems in multicell environment

Distributed antenna systems (DAS) have been paid much attention for low outage probability in future wireless communications, since it can reduce the radio transmission distance between the transmitter and the receiver. In this study, the authors present ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

MobiCom '19: The 25th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking

August 2019

1017 pages

ISBN:9781450361699

DOI:10.1145/3300061

General Chairs:
Sharad Agarwal
Microsoft
,
Ben Greenstein
Google
,
Aruna Balasubramanian
Stony Brook University
,
Program Chairs:
Shyam Gollakota
University of Washington
,
Xinyu Zhang
University of California, San Diego

Copyright © 2019 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Sponsors

SIGMOBILE: ACM Special Interest Group on Mobility of Systems, Users, Data and Computing

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 11 October 2019

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Funding Sources

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering

Conference

MobiCom '19

Sponsor:

SIGMOBILE

MobiCom '19: The 25th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking

October 21 - 25, 2019

Los Cabos, Mexico

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 440 of 2,972 submissions, 15%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

5
Total Citations
View Citations
1,095
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)16
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1

Reflects downloads up to 28 Feb 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Zhang XMariani JXiao LMutka M(2024)Exploiting Fine-grained Dimming with Improved LiFi ThroughputACM Transactions on Sensor Networks10.1145/364381420:3(1-24)Online publication date: 13-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3643814
Johnson JPalacios AArvonen CLundrigan PGanesan DShi W(2024)Wireless Latency Shift KeyingProceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking10.1145/3636534.3649373(452-466)Online publication date: 29-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3636534.3649373
Palacios AWard DBronson DBackman JHeo DWarnick KLundrigan P(2024)Network Layer Spectral Coordination Integrated With Hadamard Projection for Multilayer Interference Mitigation2024 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN)10.1109/DySPAN60163.2024.10632837(402-411)Online publication date: 13-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/DySPAN60163.2024.10632837
Wang WLi JHe YGuo XLiu Y(2022)MotorBeatProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/35172556:1(1-24)Online publication date: 29-Mar-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3517255
Guo XHe YZhang JJiang HYu ZNa X(2022)Taming the Errors in Cross-Technology Communication: A Probabilistic ApproachACM Transactions on Sensor Networks10.1145/346903118:1(1-20)Online publication date: 28-Feb-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3469031
Tong SShen ZLiu YWang J(2021)Combating link dynamics for reliable lora connection in urban settingsProceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking10.1145/3447993.3483250(642-655)Online publication date: 25-Oct-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3447993.3483250

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

EPUB

View this article in ePub.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Table of Conten