research-article

DAGsim: Simulation of DAG-based distributed ledger protocols

Authors:

Dominik HarzAuthors Info & Claims

ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, Volume 46, Issue 3

Pages 118 - 121

https://doi.org/10.1145/3308897.3308951

Published: 25 January 2019 Publication History

Abstract

Scalability of distributed ledgers is a key adoption factor. As an alternative to blockchain-based protocols, directed acyclic graph (DAG) protocols are proposed with the intention to allow a higher volume of transactions to be processed. However, there is still limited understanding of the behaviour and security considerations of DAG-based systems. We present an asynchronous, continuous time, and multi-agent simulation framework for DAG-based cryptocurrencies. We model honest and semi-honest actors in the system to analyse the behaviour of one specific cryptocurrency, IOTA. Our simulations show that the agents that have low latency and a high connection degree have a higher probability of having their transactions accepted in the network with honest and semi-honest strategies. Last, the simulator is built with extensibility in mind. We are in the process of implementing SPECTRE as well as including malicious agents.

References

[1]

L. Baird. The swirlds hashgraph consensus algorithm: Fair, fast, byzantine fault tolerance. Swirlds, Inc.Technical Report SWIRLDS-TR-2016, 1, 2016.

[2]

T. Bamert, C. Decker, L. Elsen, R. Wattenhofer, and S. Welten. Have a snack, pay with Bitcoins. In Peer-to-Peer Computing (P2P), 2013 IEEE Thirteenth International Conference on, pages 1--5. IEEE, 2013.

[3]

I. Bentov, P. Hub´acek, T. Moran, and A. Nadler. Tortoise and Hares Consensus: the Meshcash Framework for Incentive-Compatible, Scalable Cryptocurrencies. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2017:300, 2017.

[4]

K. Croman, C. Decker, I. Eyal, A. E. Gencer, A. Juels, A. Kosba, A. Miller, P. Saxena, E. Shi, and E. G. Sirer. On scaling decentralized blockchains. In International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, pages 106--125. Springer, 2016.

[5]

C. Decker and R. Wattenhofer. Information propagation in the bitcoin network. In Peer-to-Peer Computing (P2P), 2013 IEEE Thirteenth International Conference on, pages 1--10. IEEE, 2013.

[6]

P. Erdos and A. R´enyi. On the evolution of random graphs. Publ.Math.Inst.Hung.Acad.Sci, 5(1):17--60, 1960.

[7]

A. Gal. Algorithm for calculating cumulative weights. 2018. Accessed: 2018-09--29.

[8]

A. Gal and C. Shikhelman. Partitioning in the Tangle: a Multi-Agent Extension, 2018. Unprinted, Accessed: 2018-09--29.

[9]

IOTA Foundation. Iota docs: Consensus. 2018. Accessed: 2018-09--29.

[10]

IOTA Foundation. Iota docs: Tip selection. 2018. Accessed: 2018-09--29.

[11]

A. Kiayias and G. Panagiotakos. On Trees, Chains and Fast Transactions in the Blockchain. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2016:545, 2016.

[12]

Y. Lewenberg, Y. Sompolinsky, and A. Zohar. Inclusive block chain protocols. In International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, pages 528--547. Springer, 2015.

[13]

S. Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. 2008. Accessed: 2018-09--29.

[14]

R. Pass, L. Seeman, and A. Shelat. Analysis of the blockchain protocol in asynchronous networks. In Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, pages 643--673. Springer, 2017.

[15]

S. Popov. The Tangle. 2016. Accessed: 2018-09--29.

[16]

S. Popov, O. Saa, and P. Finardi. Equilibria in the Tangle. arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.05385, 2017.

[17]

G. Sabidussi. The centrality index of a graph. Psychometrika, 31(4):581--603, 1966.

[18]

Y. Sompolinsky, Y. Lewenberg, and A. Zohar. SPECTRE: Serialization of proof-of-work events: confirming transactions via recursive elections. 2016. Accessed: 2018-09--29.

[19]

Y. Sompolinsky and A. Zohar. Accelerating Bitcoin's transaction processing: Fast Money Grows on Trees, Not Chains. 2013. Accessed: 2018-09--29.

[20]

Y. Sompolinsky and A. Zohar. PHANTOM, GHOSTDAG: Two Scalable BlockDAG protocols. 2018. Accessed: 2018-09--29.

[21]

M. Zaharia, R. S. Xin, P. Wendell, T. Das, M. Armbrust, A. Dave, X. Meng, J. Rosen, S. Venkataraman, M. J. Franklin, et al. Apache spark: a unified engine for big data processing. Communications of the ACM, 59(11):56--65, 2016.

Digital Library

[22]

M. Zander. A Multi-Agent Simulation Framework and Analysis of the IOTA Tangle. 2018. Master's thesis. Imperial College London, UK.

Cited By

Khan MHartog FHu J(2024)Toward Verification of DAG-Based Distributed Ledger Technologies through Discrete-Event SimulationSensors10.3390/s2405158324:5(1583)Online publication date: 29-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051583
Wang TChen ZZhu WWei QShen ZShao Z(2024)A Bloom-Filter-Based Unique Address Checking Approach for DAG-Based Blockchain SystemsIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2023.330139343:1(85-98)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TCAD.2023.3301393
Zhang LQin SFeng GPeng Y(2024)Decentralized Federated Learning Under Free-riders: Credibility AnalysisIEEE INFOCOM 2024 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS)10.1109/INFOCOMWKSHPS61880.2024.10620869(01-06)Online publication date: 20-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOMWKSHPS61880.2024.10620869
Show More Cited By

Recommendations

CIDDS: A Configurable and Distributed DAG-based Distributed Ledger Simulation Framework
Middleware '18: Proceedings of the 19th International Middleware Conference (Posters)

Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) based Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) such as IOTA Tangle has been proposed to address the inefficiencies of traditional blockchains, including the issues with scalability, high resource consumptions, and the ...
A Flexible Instant Payment System Based on Blockchain
Information Security and Privacy
Abstract
Improving the throughput of blockchain systems such as Bitcoin and Ethereum has been an important research problem. Off-chain payments are one of the most promising technologies to tackle this challenge. Once a payment channel, however, is ...
TwinsCoin: A Cryptocurrency via Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake
BCC '18: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Workshop on Blockchains, Cryptocurrencies, and Contracts

We design and implement TwinsCoin, the first cryptocurrency based on a provably secure and scalable public blockchain design using both proof-of-work and proof-of-stake mechanisms. Different from the proof-of-work based Bitcoin, our construction uses ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review

ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review Volume 46, Issue 3

December 2018

174 pages

ISSN:0163-5999

DOI:10.1145/3308897

Editor:
Nidhi Hegde
Borealis AI

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2019 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s).

Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the Owner/Author.

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 25 January 2019

Published in SIGMETRICS Volume 46, Issue 3

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

33
Total Citations
View Citations
525
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)42
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)3

Reflects downloads up to 30 Aug 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Khan MHartog FHu J(2024)Toward Verification of DAG-Based Distributed Ledger Technologies through Discrete-Event SimulationSensors10.3390/s2405158324:5(1583)Online publication date: 29-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051583
Wang TChen ZZhu WWei QShen ZShao Z(2024)A Bloom-Filter-Based Unique Address Checking Approach for DAG-Based Blockchain SystemsIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2023.330139343:1(85-98)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TCAD.2023.3301393
Zhang LQin SFeng GPeng Y(2024)Decentralized Federated Learning Under Free-riders: Credibility AnalysisIEEE INFOCOM 2024 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS)10.1109/INFOCOMWKSHPS61880.2024.10620869(01-06)Online publication date: 20-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOMWKSHPS61880.2024.10620869
Raikwar MPolyanskii NMüller S(2024)SoK: DAG-based Consensus Protocols2024 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)10.1109/ICBC59979.2024.10634358(1-18)Online publication date: 27-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC59979.2024.10634358
Ghadi YMazhar TShahzad TAmir khan MAbd-Alrazaq AAhmed AHamam H(2024)The role of blockchain to secure internet of medical thingsScientific Reports10.1038/s41598-024-68529-x14:1Online publication date: 8-Aug-2024
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68529-x
Kumar NReiffers-Masson AAmigo IRincón S(2024)The effect of network delays on Distributed Ledgers based on Directed Acyclic Graphs: A mathematical modelPerformance Evaluation10.1016/j.peva.2023.102392163(102392)Online publication date: Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peva.2023.102392
Patel NArora AAggarwal M(2024)Evaluating Simulation Tools for Securing Sensor Data with Blockchain: A Comprehensive AnalysisMeasurement: Sensors10.1016/j.measen.2024.101233(101233)Online publication date: Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2024.101233
Cvitic PDobslaw Fde Oliveira Neto F(2023)Investigating Software Testing and Maintenance of Open-Source Distributed Ledger2023 IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER)10.1109/SANER56733.2023.00107(886-896)Online publication date: Mar-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/SANER56733.2023.00107
Oyinloye DTeh JJamil NTeh J(2023)SIM-P—A Simplified Consensus Protocol Simulator: Applications to Proof of Reputation-X and Proof of ContributionIEEE Internet of Things Journal10.1109/JIOT.2022.322191610:6(5083-5094)Online publication date: 15-Mar-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2022.3221916
Lin BDziubałtowska DMacek PPenzkofer AMüller S(2023)TangleSim: An Agent-based, Modular Simulator for DAG-based Distributed Ledger Technologies2023 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)10.1109/ICBC56567.2023.10174950(1-5)Online publication date: 1-May-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC56567.2023.10174950
Show More Cited By

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents