Cited By
View all- Shi JYe LLi ZZhan D(2022)Unsupervised Binary Protocol Clustering Based on Maximum Sequential PatternsComputer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences10.32604/cmes.2022.017467130:1(483-498)Online publication date: 2022
Reverse Engineering and Evaluating the Apple Wireless Direct Link Protocol
Pages 30 - 33
Abstract
Apple Wireless Direct Link (AWDL) is a proprietary protocol deployed in about 1.4 billion1 end-user devices consisting of Apple's main product families such as Mac, iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, and Apple TV? effectively all recent Apple devices containing a Wi-Fi chip. Apple does not advertise the protocol but only vaguely refers to it as a "peer-to-peer Wi-Fi" technology [2]. Yet, it empowers popular applications such as AirDrop and AirPlay that transparently use AWDL without the user noticing. We believe that public knowledge of this undocumented protocol would be beneficial for the following reasons.
References
[1]
Apple Inc. (2018). Financial information-earnings releases and 10-K annual reports. https://investor. apple.com/investor-relations/default.aspx
[2]
Apple Inc. (2018). NSNetService class documentation. https://developer.apple.com/ documentation/foundation/nsnetservice
[3]
Nitay Artenstein. (2017). Broadpwn: Remotely compromising Android and iOS via a bug in Broadcom's Wi-Fi chipsets. https://blog.exodusintel. com/2017/07/26/broadpwn/
[4]
Gal Beniamini. (2017). Over the air: Exploiting Broadcom's Wi-Fi stack. (part 2). https:// googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/04/overair- exploiting-broadcoms-wi-fi_11.html
[5]
Bluetooth Special Interest Group. (2016). Bluetooth core specification.
[6]
GitHub. (2015). Leaked BCM4360 driver code. No longer available.
[7]
Florian Kohnhäuser, Milan Stute, Lars Baumgärtner, Lars Almon, Stefan Katzenbeisser, Matthias Hollick, and Bernd Freisleben. (2017). SEDCOS: A secure device-to-device communication system for disaster scenarios. In IEEE LCN '17.
[8]
Zongqing Lu, Guohong Cao, and La PortaThomas. (2016). "Networking smartphones for disaster recovery." In IEEE PerCom '16.
[9]
IEEE Computer Society. (2016). Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specification.
[10]
Milan Stute, David Kreitschmann, and Matthias Hollick. (2018). Demo: Linux goes apple picking: Cross-platform ad hoc communication with Apple Wireless Direct Link. In ACM MobiCom '18.
[11]
Milan Stute, David Kreitschmann, and Matthias Hollick. (2018). One billion apples' secret sauce: Recipe for the Apple Wireless Direct Link ad hoc protocol. In ACM MobiCom '18.
[12]
Milan Stute, Sashank Narain, Alex Mariotto, Alexander Heinrich, David Kreitschmann, Guevara Noubir, and Matthias Hollick. (2019). A billion open interfaces for Eve and Mallory: MitM, DoS, and tracking attacks on iOS and macOS through Apple Wireless Direct Link. In USENIX Security '19 (accepted).
[13]
Wi-Fi Alliance. (2015). Neighbor Awareness Networking technical specification.
[14]
Wi-Fi Alliance. (2016). Wi-Fi peer-to-peer (P2P) technical specification. http://www. wi-fi.org/file/wi-fi-peer-to-peer-p2p-technicalspecification- v17
Index Terms
- Reverse Engineering and Evaluating the Apple Wireless Direct Link Protocol
Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.
Comments
Information & Contributors
Information
Published In
March 2019
34 pages
Copyright © 2019 Authors.
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery
New York, NY, United States
Publication History
Published: 24 July 2019
Published in SIGMOBILE-GETMOBILE Volume 23, Issue 1
Check for updates
Qualifiers
- Research-article
Contributors
Other Metrics
Bibliometrics & Citations
Bibliometrics
Article Metrics
- View Citations1Total Citations
- 432Total Downloads
- Downloads (Last 12 months)71
- Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1
Reflects downloads up to 30 Aug 2024
Other Metrics
Citations
Cited By
View all- Shi JYe LLi ZZhan D(2022)Unsupervised Binary Protocol Clustering Based on Maximum Sequential PatternsComputer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences10.32604/cmes.2022.017467130:1(483-498)Online publication date: 2022
View Options
Get Access
Login options
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Sign in