research-article

Effect of Cognitive Load on Curvature Redirected Walking Thresholds

Authors:

Yannick Rothacher,

Evdokia Efthymiou,

Bigna Lenggenhager,

Andreas KunzAuthors Info & Claims

VRST '20: Proceedings of the 26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology

Article No.: 17, Pages 1 - 5

https://doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3418950

Published: 01 November 2020 Publication History

Abstract

To allow users to perform real walking in a virtual environment larger than the physical space, redirected walking (RDW) techniques could be employed. Users do not notice this manipulation and immersion remains intact when RDW is applied within certain thresholds. Although many studies on RDW detection thresholds exists, in none of these studies, users were performing an additional task during the threshold identification process. These existing thresholds could be only conservative estimates and the potential of RDW may not be fully utilized.

In this paper, we present an experiment to investigate the effect of cognitive load on curvature RDW thresholds. The cognitive load was imposed using a dual task of serial seven subtraction. Results showed that gender and cognitive load have significant effects on curvature RDW thresholds. More specifically, men are on average more sensitive to RDW than women, and being engaged in a dual task increases users’ RDW thresholds.

Supplementary Material

a17-nguyen-supplement (a17-nguyen-supplement.pdf)

Supplement to "Effect of Cognitive Load on Curvature Redirected Walking Thresholds" by Nguyen et al.

Download
54.68 KB

References

[1]

Olivier Beauchet, Véronique Dubost, Régis Gonthier, and Reto W. Kressig. 2005. Dual-task-related gait changes in transitionally frail older adults: The type of the walking-associated cognitive task matters. Gerontology 51, 1 (2005), 48–52. https://doi.org/10.1159/000081435

[2]

Luke Bölling, Niklas Stein, Frank Steinicke, and Markus Lappe. 2019. Shrinking Circles: Adaptation to Increased Curvature Gain in Redirected Walking. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 25, 5(2019), 2032–2039. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2019.2899228

[3]

Jaqueline M. Bond and Meg Morn’s. 2000. Goal-directed secondary motor tasks: Their effects on gait in subjects with Parkinson disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 81, 1(2000), 110–116. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2000.0810110

[4]

Annetje Bootsma-van der Wiel, Jacobijn Gussekloo, Anton J.M. De Craen, Eric Van Exel, Bastiaan R. Bloem, and Rudi G.J. Westendorp. 2003. Walking and talking as predictors of falls in the general population: The Leiden 85-plus study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 51, 10 (2003), 1466–1471. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51468.x

[5]

Gerd Bruder, Victoria Interrante, Lane Phillips, and Frank Steinicke. 2012. Redirecting walking and driving for natural navigation in immersive virtual environments. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 18, 4(2012), 538–545. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2012.55

Digital Library

[6]

Gerd Bruder, Paul Lubas, and Frank Steinicke. 2015. Cognitive Resource Demands of Redirected Walking. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 21, 4(2015), 539–544. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2015.2391864

Digital Library

[7]

Richard Camicioli, Barry S. Oken, Gary Sexton, Jeffrey A. Kaye, and John G. Nutt. 1998. Verbal fluency task affects gait in Parkinson’s disease with motor freezing.Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology (1998). https://doi.org/10.1177/089198879901100403

[8]

Colleen G. Canning. 2005. The effect of directing attention during walking under dual-task conditions in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 11, 2 (2005), 95–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.09.006

[9]

Ben J Congdon and Anthony Steed. 2019. Sensitivity to Rate of Change in Gains Applied by Redirected Walking. Virtual Reality Software and Technology Symposium (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3359996.3364277

Digital Library

[10]

Véronique Dubost, Reto W. Kressig, Régis Gonthier, François R. Herrmann, Kamiar Aminian, Bijan Najafi, and Olivier Beauchet. 2006. Relationships between dual-task related changes in stride velocity and stride time variability in healthy older adults. Human Movement Science 25, 3 (2006), 372–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2006.03.004

[11]

Timofey Grechkin and Jerald Thomas. 2016. Revisiting Detection Thresholds for Redirected Walking : Combining Translation and Curvature Gains. (2016), 113–120.

[12]

Jeffrey M Hausdorff. 2005. Stride-to-stride variability while backward counting among healthy young adults. 9 (2005), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-Received

[13]

Eric Hodgson, Eric Bachmann, and David Waller. 2008. Redirected Walking to Explore Virtual Environments: Assessing the Potential for Spatial Interference. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 8, 4, Article 22 (Dec. 2008), 22 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2043603.2043604

Digital Library

[14]

Jason Jerald, Mary Whitton, and Frederick P. Jr. Brooks. 2012. Scene-motion Thresholds During Head Yaw for Immersive Virtual Environments. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 9, 1 (2012), 4:1–4:23. https://doi.org/10.1145/2134203.2134207

Digital Library

[15]

Oliver Alan Kannape, Arnaud Barré, Kamiar Aminian, and Olaf Blanke. 2014. Cognitive loading affects motor awareness and movement kinematics but not locomotor trajectories during goal-directed walking in a virtual reality environment. PLoS ONE 9, 1 (2014), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085560

[16]

Oliver Alan Kannape and Olaf Blanke. 2013. Self in motion: sensorimotor and cognitive mechanisms in gait agency. Journal of Neurophysiology 110, 8 (2013), 1837–1847. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.01042.2012

[17]

Petr Legkov and Peter König. 2017. Dual Task based Cognitive Stress Induction and its Influence on Path Integration. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1145/3139131.3139172

Digital Library

[18]

Tiffany Luong, Nicolas Martin, Ferran Argelaguet, and Anatole Lécuyer. 2019. Studying the Mental Effort in Virtual Versus Real Environments. In IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). Osaka, Japan, 809–816. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2019.8798029

[19]

Christian Neth, Jan Souman, David Engel, Uwe Kloos, H Bülthoff, and Betty Mohler. 2010. Velocity-dependent curvature gain and avatar use for Redirected Walking. Virtual Reality 12(2010), 1–2.

[20]

Christian T. Neth, Jan L. Souman, David Engel, Uwe Kloos, Heinrich H. Bülthoff, and Betty J. Mohler. 2012. Velocity-dependent dynamic curvature gain for redirected walking. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 18, 7(2012), 1041–1052. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2011.275

Digital Library

[21]

Anh. Nguyen, Yannick. Rothacher, Andreas. Kunz, Peter. Brugger, and Bigna. Lenggenhager. 2018. Effect of Environment Size on Curvature Redirected Walking Thresholds. In 2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). 645–646.

[22]

Anh Nguyen, Yannick Rothacher, Bigna Lenggenhager, Peter Brugger, and Andreas Kunz. 2018. Individual differences and impact of gender on curvature redirection thresholds. Proceedings - SAP 2018: ACM Symposium on Applied Perception (2018). https://doi.org/10.1145/3225153.3225155

Digital Library

[23]

Niels Christian Nilsson, Tabitha Peck, Gerd Bruder, Eri Hodgson, Stefania Serafin, Mary Whitton, Frank Steinicke, and Evan Suma Rosenberg. 2018. 15 Years of Research on Redirected Walking in Immersive Virtual Environments. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 38, 2 (2018), 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2018.111125628

Digital Library

[24]

Tabitha C. Peck, Henry Fuchs, and Mary C. Whitton. 2011. An evaluation of navigational ability comparing Redirected Free Exploration with Distractors to Walking-in-Place and joystick locomotion interfaces. Proceedings - IEEE Virtual Reality(2011), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2011.5759437

Digital Library

[25]

Sharif Razzaque. 2015. Redirected walking. PhD Proposal 1(2015). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 arxiv:arXiv:1011.1669v3

[26]

Sharif Razzaque, Zachariah Kohn, and Mary C Whitton. 2001. Redirected Walking. Proceedings of EUROGRAPHICS(2001), 289–294. https://doi.org/10.2312/egs.20011036

[27]

Lynn Rochester, Victoria Hetherington, Diana Jones, Alice Nieuwboer, Anne Marie Willems, Gert Kwakkel, and Erwin Van Wegen. 2005. The effect of external rhythmic cues (auditory and visual) on walking during a functional task in homes of people with Parkinson’s disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 86, 5(2005), 999–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2004.10.040

[28]

Yannick Rothacher, Anh Nguyen, Bigna Lenggenhager, and Andreas Kunz. 2018. Visual capture of gait during redirected walking. Scientific ReportsNovember (2018), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36035-6

[29]

Roy A. Ruddle, Ekaterina Volkova, and Heinrich H. BüLthoff. 2011. Walking improves your cognitive map in environments that are large-scale and large in extent. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 18, 2(2011). https://doi.org/10.1145/1970378.1970384

Digital Library

[30]

Pamela L Sheridan, Judi Solomont, Neil Kowall, and Jeffrey M Hausdorff. 2003. Influence of Executive Function on Locomotor Function: Divided Attention Increases Gait Variability in Alzheimer’s Disease. (2003), 1633–1637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.09.019

[31]

Shmuel Springer, Nir Giladi, Chava Peretz, Galit Yogev, Ely S. Simon, and Jeffrey M. Hausdorff. 2006. Dual-tasking effects on gait variability: The role of aging, falls, and executive function. Movement Disorders 21, 7 (2006), 950–957. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20848

[32]

Frank Steinicke, Gerd Bruder, Jason Jerald, Harald Frenz, and Markus Lappe. 2010. Estimation of Detection Thresholds for Redirected Walking Thechniques.IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 16, 1(2010), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2009.62

Digital Library

[33]

Evan A. Suma, Gerd Bruder, Frank Steinicke, David M. Krum, and Mark Bolas. 2012. A taxonomy for deploying redirection techniques in immersive virtual environments. Proceedings - IEEE Virtual Reality(2012), 43–46. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2012.6180877

Digital Library

[34]

Martin Usoh, Kevin Arthur, Mary C. Whitton, Rui Bastos, Anthony Steed, Mel Slater, and Frederick P. Brooks. 1999. Walking > walking-in-place > flying, in virtual environments. Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH ’99(1999), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1145/311535.311589

Digital Library

[35]

Marianne B van Iersel. 2007. The interplay between gait and cognitive function in elderly people. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/52458

[36]

Andrew B. Watson and Denis G. Pelli. 1983. Quest: A Bayesian adaptive psychometric method. Perception & Psychophysics 33, 2 (1983), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202828

[37]

Jeremy D. Wendt, Mary C. Whitton, and Frederick P. Brooks. 2010. GUD WIP: Gait-understanding-driven walking-in-place. Proceedings - IEEE Virtual Realitym (2010), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2010.5444812

Digital Library

[38]

Betsy Williams-Sanders, Tom Carr, Gayathri Narasimham, Tim Mcnamara, John Rieser, and Bobby Bodenheimer. 2019. Scaling Gain and Eyeheight WhileLocomoting in a Large VE, Vol. 10280. Springer International Publishing, 277–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57987-0

[39]

Preston Tunnell Wilson, William Kalescky, and Ansel Maclaughlin. 2016. VR locomotion : walking > walking in place > arm swinging. In Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry. ACM, Zhuhai, China. https://doi.org/10.1145/3013971.3014010

Digital Library

[40]

Yea Ru Yang, Yu Chung Chen, Chun Shou Lee, Shih Jung Cheng, and Ray Yau Wang. 2007. Dual-task-related gait changes in individuals with stroke. Gait and Posture 25, 2 (2007), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.03.007

[41]

Galit Yogev, Nir Giladi, Chava Peretz, Shmuel Springer, Ely S. Simon, and Jeffrey M. Hausdorff. 2005. Dual tasking, gait rhythmicity, and Parkinson’s disease: Which aspects of gait are attention demanding?European Journal of Neuroscience 22, 5 (2005), 1248–1256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04298.x

[42]

Galit Yogev-Seligmann, Jeffrey M. Hausdorff, and Nir Giladi. 2008. The role of executive function and attention in gait. Movement Disorders 23, 3 (2008), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21720

Cited By

Krueger LMarkham CBierig R(2024)Investigation of Redirection Algorithms in Small Tracking SpacesProceedings of the 30th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology10.1145/3641825.3687749(1-9)Online publication date: 9-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3641825.3687749
Lu PWang CHsu YLopez ATsai CChang CTan WLu LChen M(2024)VeeR: Exploring the Feasibility of Deliberately Designing VR Motion that Diverges from Mundane, Everyday Physical Motion to Create More Entertaining VR ExperiencesProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642064(1-13)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642064
Saeedpour-Parizi MWilliams NWong TGuan PManocha DErkelens I(2024)Perceptual Thresholds for Radial Optic Flow Distortion in Near-Eye Stereoscopic DisplaysIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2024.337207530:5(2570-2579)Online publication date: 4-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TVCG.2024.3372075
Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Effect of Sense of Embodiment on Curvature Redirected Walking Thresholds
SAP '20: ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2020

Redirected walking (RDW) allows users to explore a virtual environment larger than the physical tracking space by real walking. When RDW is applied within certain thresholds, users do not notice it and remain immersed in the virtual environment. There ...
Effect of optical flow and user VR familiarity on curvature gain thresholds for redirected walking
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) locomotion should allow users to move freely in the virtual space while staying within the tracking area in the real space. The redirected walking (RDW) technique enables users to walk naturally in an unlimited virtual space ...
Estimation of individual redirected walking thresholds using standard perception tests
VRST '16: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Virtual Reality Software and Technology

Redirected walking (RDW) allows users to interact with a Virtual Environment (VE) much larger than the real space. However, there is a limit to how much a user can be redirected such that immersion in the VE is still preserved. While much effort has ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

VRST '20: Proceedings of the 26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology

November 2020

429 pages

ISBN:9781450376198

DOI:10.1145/3385956

Editors:
Robert J. Teather
Carleton University, Canada
,
Chris Joslin
Carleton University, Canada
,
Wolfgang Stuerzlinger
Simon Fraser University, Canada
,
Pablo Figueroa
Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
,
Yaoping Hu
University of Calgary, Canada
,
Anil Ufuk Batmaz
Simon Fraser University, Canada
,
Wonsook Lee
University of Ottawa, Canada
,
Francisco Ortega
Colorado State University, USA

Copyright © 2020 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 01 November 2020

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed limited

Funding Sources

Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung

Conference

VRST '20

Sponsor:

VRST '20: 26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology

November 1 - 4, 2020

Virtual Event, Canada

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 66 of 254 submissions, 26%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

16
Total Citations
View Citations
301
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)49
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)4

Reflects downloads up to 09 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Krueger LMarkham CBierig R(2024)Investigation of Redirection Algorithms in Small Tracking SpacesProceedings of the 30th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology10.1145/3641825.3687749(1-9)Online publication date: 9-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3641825.3687749
Lu PWang CHsu YLopez ATsai CChang CTan WLu LChen M(2024)VeeR: Exploring the Feasibility of Deliberately Designing VR Motion that Diverges from Mundane, Everyday Physical Motion to Create More Entertaining VR ExperiencesProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642064(1-13)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642064
Saeedpour-Parizi MWilliams NWong TGuan PManocha DErkelens I(2024)Perceptual Thresholds for Radial Optic Flow Distortion in Near-Eye Stereoscopic DisplaysIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2024.337207530:5(2570-2579)Online publication date: 4-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TVCG.2024.3372075
Croucher CPowell WStevens BMiller-Dicks MPowell VWiltshire TSpronck P(2024)LoCoMoTe – A Framework for Classification of Natural Locomotion in VR by Task, Technique and ModalityIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2023.331343930:8(5765-5781)Online publication date: Aug-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2023.3313439
Ogawa KFujita KSakamoto STakashima KKitamura Y(2024)Exploring Visual-Auditory Redirected Walking Using Auditory Cues in RealityIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2023.330926730:8(5782-5794)Online publication date: Aug-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2023.3309267
Liu JRen YGan QHuang KChen FLuo ETang KFu YFan CXu SZhang S(2024)Overcoming Spatial Constraints in VR: A Survey of Redirected Walking TechniquesJournal of Computer Science and Technology10.1007/s11390-024-4585-339:4(841-870)Online publication date: 20-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11390-024-4585-3
Lee JHwang SKim KKim S(2024)Evaluation of visual, auditory, and olfactory stimulus-based attractors for intermittent reorientation in virtual reality locomotionVirtual Reality10.1007/s10055-024-00997-y28:2Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s10055-024-00997-y
Lee JHwang SAtaya AKim S(2024)Effect of optical flow and user VR familiarity on curvature gain thresholds for redirected walkingVirtual Reality10.1007/s10055-023-00935-428:1Online publication date: 29-Jan-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s10055-023-00935-4
Hwang SLee JKim YSeo YKim S(2023)Electrical, Vibrational, and Cooling Stimuli-Based Redirected Walking: Comparison of Various Vestibular Stimulation-Based Redirected Walking SystemsProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544548.3580862(1-18)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3544548.3580862
Fan LLi HShi M(2023)Redirected Walking for Exploring Immersive Virtual Spaces With HMD: A Comprehensive Review and Recent AdvancesIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2022.317926929:10(4104-4123)Online publication date: 1-Oct-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2022.3179269
Show More Cited By

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents