research-article

Open access

History of Logo

Authors:

Cynthia Solomon,

Henry Lieberman,

Mark L. Miller,

Margaret Minsky,

Artemis Papert,

Brian SilvermanAuthors Info & Claims

Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages, Volume 4, Issue HOPL

Article No.: 79, Pages 1 - 66

https://doi.org/10.1145/3386329

Published: 12 June 2020 Publication History

Abstract

Logo is more than a programming language. It is a learning environment where children explore mathematical ideas and create projects of their own design. Logo, the first computer language explicitly designed for children, was invented by Seymour Papert, Wallace Feurzeig, Daniel Bobrow, and Cynthia Solomon in 1966 at Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN).

Logo’s design drew upon two theoretical frameworks: Jean Piaget’s constructivism and Marvin Minsky’s artificial intelligence research at MIT. One of Logo’s foundational ideas was that children should have a powerful programming environment. Early Lisp served as a model with its symbolic computation, recursive functions, operations on linked lists, and dynamic scoping of variables.

Logo became a symbol for change in elementary mathematics education and in the nature of school itself. The search for harnessing the computer’s potential to provide new ways of teaching and learning became a central focus and guiding principle in the Logo language development as it encompassed a widening scope that included natural language, music, graphics, animation, story telling, turtle geometry, robots, and other physical devices.

References

[1]

Harold Abelson. 1982. Apple Logo. BYTE/McGraw-Hill.

[2]

Harold Abelson and Andrea A diSessa. 1980. Turtle geometry: The computer as a medium for exploring mathematics. MIT press, Cambridge, MA.

[3]

Harold Abelson, Gerald Jay Sussman, and Julie Sussman. 1984. Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. https://web.archive.org/web/20200129045953/https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/sicp/fulltext/book/book.html Also at (non-archival) https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/sicp/full-text/book/book.html .

[4]

Angelos S Agalianos. 1997. A cultural studies analysis of logo in education. Ph.D. Dissertation. Institute of Education, University of London. https://web.archive.org/web/20200301032707//id/eprint/10018887/7/Agalianos,%20Angelos%20S.pdf

[5]

John R Allen, Ruth E Davis, and John F Johnson. 1984. Thinking about TLCLogo: a graphic look at computing with ideas. Henry Holt & Co.

[6]

Apple. 1993. AppleScript. https://web.archive.org/web/20200221151316/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleScript

[7]

Autodesk. 1982. AutoCAD. https://web.archive.org/web/20200225122817/https://www.autodesk.com/products/autocad/ overview

[8]

Ron Baecker. 1975. Two Systems Which Produce Animated Representations of the Execution of Computer Programs. SigCSE Bulletin (1975).

Digital Library

[9]

Arnaud Banos, Christophe Lang, and Nicolas Marilleau. 2015. Agent-based spatial simulation with NetLogo. Vol. 1. Elsevier.

[10]

Arnaud Banos, Christophe Lang, and Nicolas Marilleau. 2016. Agent-based Spatial Simulation with NetLogo, Volume 2: Advanced Concepts. Elsevier.

[11]

Andrew Begel. 1996. LogoBlocks: A Graphical Programming Language for Interacting with the World. (1996). https://web. archive.org/web/20180327052635/http://andrewbegel.com/mit/begel-aup.pdf Also at non-archival https://andrewbegel. com/mit/begel-aup.html .

[12]

Christopher Beland, Wesley Chan, Dwaine Clarke, Richard Park, and Michael Trupiano. 2000. LEGO Mindstorms: The Structure of an Engineering ’(’R’)’evolution. (2000). https://web.archive.org/web/20200130053944/http://web.mit.edu/6.933/ www/Fall2000/LegoMindstorms.pdf Also at non-archival http://web.mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2000/LegoMindstorms. pdf .

[13]

Anne R. Berger, Richard C. Carter, Ross J. Harris, Carolyn K. H. Ing, Mary Jo Moore, and Peter von Mertens. 1988. PC Logo Tutorial. Harvard Associates.

[14]

Alison Birch. 1986. The Logo Project Book: Exploring Words and Lists. Terrapin, Cambridge, MA.

[15]

Steven Bird, Mak Nazečić-Andrlon, and Jarred Gallina. 2013. Edgy. https://web.archive.org/web/20190723115758/http: //snapapps.github.io/edgy/ Also at non-archival https://snapapps.github.io/edgy/ .

[16]

Andrej Blaho and Ivan Kalas. 2001. Object Metaphor Helps Create Simple Logo Projects. In Proc. of Eurologo 2001. Oesterreichische Computer Gesellschaft, Linz, 55–65. https://web.archive.org/web/20200130055225/https://www.ocg.at/sites/ ocg.at/files/EuroLogo2001/K12Blaho_Kalas.pdf

[17]

Andrej Blaho, Ivan Kalas, and Monika Matusova. 1994. Environment for Environments: A New Metaphor for Logo. In Proceedings of the IFIP TC3/WG3.5 International Working Conference on Exploring a New Partnership: Children, Teachers and Technology. Elsevier Science Inc., USA, 153–166. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=717322

[18]

Andrej Blaho, Ivan Kalas, and Peter Tomcsanyi. 1993. Comenius Logo: Environment for Teachers and Environment for Learners. In Proc. of 4th EuroLogo Conference, Supplement. Athens, 1–11.

[19]

Andrej Blaho, Ivan Kalas, and Peter Tomcsanyi:. 2000. Imagine-nowa generacja srodowiska tworzcego uczenia sie (Imagine - New Generation Of Creative Environment For Learning). In Informatyka w szkole. IIU, Wroclaw.

[20]

Heinz-Dieter Boecker, Harold Eden, and Gerhard Fischer. 1991. Interactive Problem Solving Using Logo. LEA.

[21]

Paula Bontá, Artemis Papert, and Brian Silverman. 2010. Turtle, Art, TurtleArt. In Proc. of Constructionism 2010 Conference. Paris.

[22]

Pavel Boytchev. 2014. Logo Tree Project. (2014). https://web.archive.org/web/20180820132053/http://elica.net/download/ papers/LogoTreeProject.pdf Rev. 2.13. Also at (non-archival) urlhttp://elica.net/download/papers/logotreeproject.pdf.

[23]

Byte. 1976. About the Cover... and the Contest. Byte (December 1976).

[24]

Byte. 1982. Byte Magazine Logo issue. Vol. 7. McGraw-Hill, USA. Issue 8.

[25]

Cambridge Conference on School Mathematics. 1963. Goals for School Mathematics. Houghton Mifflin. https://web.archive. org/web/20100627005713/http://csmc.missouri.edu/CCM/cambridge.php Also at (non-archival) http://csmc.missouri. edu/CCM/cambridge.php .

[26]

Anit Chakraborty, Randy Graebner, and Tom Stocky. 1999. LOGO: A project history. https://web.archive.org/web/ 20031130144606/http://web.mit.edu/6.933/www/LogoFinalPaper.pdf Unpublished paper for MIT’s Course 6.993J.

[27]

James Clayson. 1988. Visual Modeling with Logo. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

[28]

Douglas H. Clements and Dominic Gullo. 1984. Effects of computer programming on young children’s cognition. Journal of Educational Psychology 76, 6 (1984), 1051–1058.

[29]

Allan Collins, Eleanor H. Warnock, Nelleke Aiello, and Mark L. Miller. 1975. Reasoning from incomplete knowledge. In Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science, Allan Collins and Daniel G. Bobrow (Eds.). Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY, 383–416.

[30]

Constructionism. 2010. Proc. of Constructionism 2010 Conference. Paris. https://web.archive.org/web/20170223053752/ http://etl.ppp.uoa.gr/constructionism2010/constructionism_2010.zip Also at (non-archival) http://etl.ppp.uoa.gr/ constructionism2010/constructionism_2010.zip .

[31]

Constructionism. 2012. Proc. of Constructionism 2012 Conference. Athens. https://web.archive.org/web/20171020205040/http: //constructionism2012.etl.ppp.uoa.gr/-pid=31.htm Also at (non-archival) http://constructionism2012.etl.ppp.uoa.gr/-pid=31.htm .

[32]

Constructionism. 2014. Proc. of Constructionism 2014 Conference. Vienna. https://web.archive.org/web/20190718074244/http: //constructionism2014.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/Schedule.html Also at (non-archival) http://constructionism2014.ifs.tuwien.ac. at/Schedule.html .

[33]

Constructionism. 2016. Proc. of Constructionism 2016 Conference. Bangkok. https://web.archive.org/web/ 20160925045403/http://e-school.kmutt.ac.th/constructionism2016/?p=772 Also at (non-archival) http://e-school.kmutt. ac.th/constructionism2016/?p=772 .

[34]

Constructionism. 2018. Proc. of Constructionism 2018 Conference. Vilnius. https://web.archive.org/web/20190331064827/http: //www.constructionism2018.fsf.vu.lt/proceedings/ Also at (non-archival) http://www.constructionism2018.fsf.vu.lt/ proceedings/ .

[35]

Coral. 1986. Object Logo. Coral Software Corp.

[36]

David Costanzo. 2005. FMSLogo. Retrieved August 11, 2019 from https://web.archive.org/web/20200122210105/http: //fmslogo.sourceforge.net/ Also at (non-archival) urlhttp://fmslogo.sourceforge.net/.

[37]

Albert Cuoco. 1990. Investigations in Algebra. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

[38]

Andrea A diSessa and Harold Abelson. 1986. Boxer: A Reconstructible Computational Medium. Commun. ACM 29, 9 (Sept. 1986), 859–868.

Digital Library

[39]

Gary Drescher. 1987. Object Logo. In Artificial Intelligence and Education, R. Lawler and M. Yazdani (Eds.). Ellis Horwood.

Digital Library

[40]

Mark Eisenstadt and Mike Brayshaw. 1988. The transparent Prolog machine (TPM): an execution model and graphical debugger for logic programming. Journal of Logic Programming 5, 4 (1988), 277–342.

[41]

Eurologo. 1997. Proc. of Eurologo 1997 Conference. Budapest. https://web.archive.org/web/20171018181117/http://eurologo. web.elte.hu/prog.htm Also at (non-archival) http://eurologo.web.elte.hu/prog.htm .

[42]

Eurologo. 2001. Proc. of Eurologo 2001 Conference. Oesterreichische Computer Gesellschaft, Linz. https://www.ocg.at/sites/ ocg.at/files/EuroLogo2001/

[43]

Eurologo. 2005. Proc. of Eurologo 2005 Conference. Warsaw. https://web.archive.org/web/20160316192152/https: //eurologo2005.oeiizk.waw.pl/fullpapers.php Also at (non-archival) https://eurologo2005.oeiizk.waw.pl/fullpapers.php .

[44]

Eurologo. 2007. Proc. of Eurologo 2007 Conference. Bratislava. https://web.archive.org/web/20080411233516/http://www.di. unito.it/~barbara/MicRobot/AttiEuroLogo2007/proceedings/authors.html Also at (non-archival) http://www.di.unito. it/~barbara/MicRobot/AttiEuroLogo2007/proceedings/authors.html .

[45]

Logo Exchange. 1982-1999. Logo Exchange. https://web.archive.org/web/20191029145937/https://el.media.mit.edu/logofoundation/resources/nlx/index.html

[46]

Wally Feurzeig. 1984. The Logo Lineage. Digital deli (1984). https://web.archive.org/web/20031018181133/https://www. atariarchives.org/deli/logo.php

[47]

Wallace Feurzeig. 2006. Educational technology at BBN. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 28, 1 (2006), 18–31.

[48]

Logo Foundation. 1993-2001. Logo Foundation. Retrieved August 11, 2019 from https://web.archive.org/web/20200308051245/ https://el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/index.html

[49]

Logo Foundation. 2020. Logo History. https://web.archive.org/web/20200103033813/https://el.media.mit.edu/logofoundation/what_is_logo/history.html

[50]

Neil Fraser. 2015. Ten things we’ve learned from Blockly. In 2015 IEEE Blocks and Beyond Workshop. 49–50. http: //ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7369000/

Digital Library

[51]

Free Software Foundation. 1985. Emacs. https://web.archive.org/web/20200228113711/https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/

[52]

Michael Friendly. 1988. Advanced Logo. LEA.

[53]

Daniel D. Garcia, Brian Harvey, E. Paul Goldenberg, June Mark, Mary Fries, Albert Cuoco, Jane Kang, and Selim Tezel. 2019. The Beauty and Joy of Computing. University of California, Berkeley, and Education Development Center, Inc. https://web.archive.org/web/20190829095245/https://bjc.berkeley.edu/ and https://web.archive.org/web/20190711234424/ https://bjc.edc.org/ .

[54]

Daniel D. Garcia, Brian Harvey, and Luke Segars. 2012. CS principles pilot at University of California, Berkeley. ACM Inroads 3 (06 2012).

Digital Library

[55]

E. Paul Goldenberg and Wallace Feurzeig. 1987. Exploring Language with Logo. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

[56]

Ira Goldstein. 1973. Germland.

[57]

Ira Goldstein. 1975. Summary of MYCROFT: A System for Understanding Simple Picture Programs. Artificial Intelligence 6, 3 (September 1975), 249–288.

[58]

Idit Harel (Ed.). 1990. Constructionist Learning. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA.

[59]

Brian Harvey. 1985. Computer Science Logo Style, v.1: Symbolic Computing. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. https://people.eecs. berkeley.edu/~bh/v1-toc2.html Second edition, 1997.

Digital Library

[60]

Brian Harvey. 1986. Computer Science Logo Style, v.2: Advanced Techniques. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. https://people.eecs. berkeley.edu/~bh/v2-toc2.html Second edition, 1997.

[61]

Brian Harvey. 1987. Computer Science Logo Style, v.3: Beyond Programming. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. https://people.eecs. berkeley.edu/~bh/v3-toc2.html Second edition, 1997.

Digital Library

[62]

Brian Harvey. 1988. Berkeley Logo. University of California, Berkeley. https://web.archive.org/web/20190927020220/https: //people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~bh/logo.html

[63]

Brian Harvey. 1991. Symbolic Programming vs. the AP Curriculum. The Computing Teacher (1991). https://people.eecs. berkeley.edu/~bh/bridge.html

[64]

Brian Harvey. 2019. "Why do we have to learn this baby language?". https://web.archive.org/web/20200207073819/https: //snap.berkeley.edu/baby3.pdf

[65]

Brian Harvey and Jens Mönig. 2010. Bringing “No Ceiling” to Scratch: Can One Language Serve Kids and Computer Scientists?. In Constructionism 2010. Paris.

[66]

Carl Hewitt, Peter Bishop, and Richard Steiger. 1973. A Universal Modular ACTOR Formalism for Artificial Intelligence. In Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

[67]

W. Daniel Hillis (Ed.). 1986. The Connection Machine. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.

[68]

Jim Howe and Tim O’Shea. 1978. Learning Mathematics Through LOGO. SIGCUE Outlook 12, 1 (Jan. 1978), 2–11.

Digital Library

[69]

Celia Hoyles and Richard Noss. 1992. Learning Mathematics and Logo. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

[70]

INRP. 1981. Pratique active de l’informatique par l’enfant. Institut National de la Recherche Pédagogique, France. https: //web.archive.org/web/20180712173526/http://lara.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2332/1248/INRP_RP_81_111.pdf

[71]

Ken Kahn. 1975. A logo Natural Language System. MIT Logo Group Working Paper 46.

[72]

Kenneth Kahn. 1976. An Actor-Based Computer Animation Language. In Proceedings of the ACM/SIGGRAPH Workshop on User-oriented Design of Interactive Graphics Systems (UODIGS ’76). ACM, New York, NY, USA.

Digital Library

[73]

Kenneth Kahn. 1977. Three Interactions between Al and Education. Machine Intelligence 8 (1977).

[74]

Ken Kahn. 1979a. Director Guide. MIT AI Lab memo 482b. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6302

[75]

Kenneth Kahn. 2001. ToonTalk and Logo: Is ToonTalk a Colleague, Successor, Sibling, or Child of Logo?. In Eurologo 2001. Oesterreichische Computer Gesellschaft, Linz. http://www.toontalk.com/Papers/logott.pdf

[76]

Ken Kahn. 2007. Should LOGO keep going forward 1? Informatics in Education-An International Journal 6, 2 (2007), 307–321.

Digital Library

[77]

Ken Kahn, Evgenia Sendova, Ana Isabel Sacristán, and Richard Noss. 2011. Young students exploring cardinality by constructing infinite processes. Technology, Knowledge and Learning 16, 1 (2011), 3–34.

[78]

Kenneth M Kahn. 1979b. Creation of computer animation from story descriptions. Ph.D. Dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

[79]

Kenneth M Kahn and Vijay A Saraswat. 1990. Complete visualizations of concurrent programs and their executions. In Proceedings of the 1990 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages. IEEE, 7–15.

[80]

Ivan Kalas and Andrej Blaho. 1994. Not All Birds Are Turtles: Developing Teaching / Learning Environments in Initial Teacher Training at Comenius University. In Information Technologies in Teacher Education: Issues and Experiences for Countries in Transition, Proceedings of a European Workshop, University of Twente. Enschede, Netherlands, 222–237. http://www.unesco.org/education/information/pdf/412_37.pdf

[81]

Alan C. Kay. 2013. Afterword: What Is A Dynabook? Commentary on “A Personal Computer For Children Of All Ages”. https://web.archive.org/web/20190128191307/http://www.vpri.org/pdf/hc_what_Is_a_dynabook.pdf

[82]

Eric Klopfer, Hal Scheintaub, Wendy Huang, Daniel Wendel, and Ricarose Roque. 2009. The Simulation Cycle: Combining Games, Simulations, Engineering and Science Using StarLogo TNG. E-Learning and Digital Media 6, 1 (2009), 71–96.

[83]

Duks Koschitz and Eric Rosenbaum. 2012. Exploring algorithmic geometry with ’Beetle Blocks:’ A graphical programming language for generating 3D forms. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Geometry and Graphics. 380–389.

[84]

Chronis Kynigos, Manolis Koutlis, Kriton Kyrimis, George Tsironis, Giorgos Vasiliou, and George Birbilis. 2000. E-Slate. https://web.archive.org/web/20190906073941/http://e-slate.cti.gr/

[85]

Robert W. Lawler and Masoud Yazdani (Eds.). 1987. Artificial Intelligence and Education, vol. 1: Learning Environments and Tutoring Systems. Ablex Publishing Corp., Norwood, NJ, USA.

[86]

Akos Ledeczi and Brian Broll. 2016. NetsBlox. https://web.archive.org/web/20191130183352/https://netsblox.org/

[87]

Steven Levy. 1984. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Anchor Doubleday.

Digital Library

[88]

Philip G. Lewis. 1990. Approaching Precalculus Mathematics Discretely. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

[89]

Henry Lieberman. 1986. Using Prototypical Objects to Implement Shared Behavior in Object-Oriented Systems. In Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications (OOPSLA 86), Norman Meyrowitz (Ed.). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 214–223.

Digital Library

[90]

Henry Lieberman and Christopher Fry. 1995. Bridging the gulf between code and behavior in programming. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 95), Irvin R. Katz, Robert Mack, Linn Marks, Mary Beth Rosson, and Jakob Nielsen (Eds.). ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA, 480–486.

Digital Library

[91]

John Maloney, Leo Burd, Yasmin Kafai, Natalie Rusk, Brian Silverman, and Mitchel Resnick. 2004. Scratch: A sneak preview. Paper published in Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing. In Proceedings for the second International Conference of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

[92]

Andrea Mayr-Stalder and Michael Aschauer. 2016. TurtleStitch. https://web.archive.org/web/20200103032255/https: //www.turtlestitch.org/

[93]

Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts. 1943. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. The bulletin of mathematical biophysics 5 (1943), 115–133. Issue 4.

[94]

Andreas Micheler. 2004. aUCBLogo. https://web.archive.org/web/20190811211744/http://www.aucblogo.org/en/Logo.html

[95]

Mark L. Miller. 1979. A Structured Planning and Debugging Environment for Elementary Programming. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies XI, 1 (1979), 79–95.

[96]

Mark L. Miller and Ira P. Goldstein. 1977. Structured Planning and Debugging. In IJCAI’77, Proceedings of the 5th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 2. Morgan Kaufmann, Cambridge, MA, 773–779.

[97]

George Mills. 2016. MSWLogo. https://web.archive.org/web/20200224081900/http://www.softronix.com/logo.html

[98]

Marvin Minsky. 2019a. The Infinite Construction Kit. In Inventive Minds, Cynthia Solomon and Xiao Xiao (Eds.). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. https://web.archive.org/web/20020209183902/https://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/Logoworks. html Also published as preface to LogoWorks: Challenging Programs in Logo, Cynthia Solomon, Margaret Minsky, and Brian Harvey, eds. McGraw-Hill 1986.

[99]

Marvin Minsky. 2019b. Inventive minds: Marvin Minsky on education. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Cynthia Solomon and Xiao Xiao (Eds.).

[100]

Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert. 1969. Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Reissued as The 1988 Expanded Edition With A New Foreword By Léon Bottou in 2017.

Digital Library

[101]

MIT Scheller Teacher Education Program. 2019. StarLogo Nova. https://web.archive.org/web/20190716024204/https: //www.slnova.org/

[102]

Jens Mönig and Brian Harvey. 2020. Snap! 5.0. University of California, Berkeley. https://web.archive.org/web/ 20191227022839/https://snap.berkeley.edu/

[103]

Yishay Mor, Richard Noss, Ken Kahn, Celia Hoyles, and Gordon Simpson. 2004. Thinking in progress. Micromath 20, 2 (2004).

[104]

Leonel Caseiro Morgado. 2015. Framework for computer programming in preschool and kindergarten. Ph.D. Dissertation. Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro (Portugal).

[105]

Allen Newell. 1972. Human Problem Solving. Prentice-Hall, Inc., USA.

[106]

Richard Noss, Lulu Healy, and Celia Hoyles. 1997. The Construction of Mathematical Meanings: Connecting the Visual with the Symbolic. Educational Studies in Mathematics 33, 2 (July 1997), 203–233. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3482643

[107]

Richard Noss and Celia Hoyles. 1996. Windows on Mathematical Meanings: Learning Cultures and Computers. Springer Netherlands, Heidelberg, Germany. https://books.google.com/books?id=VclPmvPRbSAC

[108]

Tim O’Shea and John Self. 1983. Learning and Teaching with Computers: Artificial Intelligence in Education. Harvester Press, Hemel Hempstead, UK. 307 pages. https://books.google.com/books?id=2EubQgAACAAJ

[109]

David O’Sullivan and George LW Perry. 2013. Spatial simulation: exploring pattern and process. John Wiley & Sons.

[110]

Papert, Fonseca, Almeida, Kozberg, Tempel, Soprunov, Yakovleva, Reggini, Richardson, Almeida, and Cavallo. 1999. Logo Philosophy and Implementation. Logo Computer Systems INC., Westmount, QC, Canada. http://www.microworlds.com/ company/philosophy.pdf

[111]

Seymour Papert. 1972a. Teaching Children Thinking. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology 9, 5 (1972), 245–255. Previously published in the World Conference on Computer Education, Amsterdam, 1970, IFIPS.

[112]

Seymour Papert. 1972b. Teaching children to be mathematicians versus teaching about mathematics. International journal of mathematical education in science and technology 3, 3 (1972), 249–262.

[113]

Seymour Papert. 1980. Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas. Basic Books, Inc., New York, NY, USA.

Digital Library

[114]

Seymour Papert. 1988. The Conservation of Piaget: The Computer as Grist. Constructivism in the computer age (1988), 3–14.

[115]

Seymour Papert. 1994. The Children’s Machine: Rethinking School In The Age Of The Computer. BasicBooks.

Digital Library

[116]

Seymour Papert. 1996. The Connected Family: Bridging the Digital Generation Gap. Longstreet Press.

[117]

Seymour Papert. 1999. The Century’s Greatest Minds. Time Magazine (1999).

[118]

Seymour Papert et al. 1978. Interim Report of the LOGO Project in the Brookline Public Schools: An Assessment and Documentation of a Children’s Computer Laboratory. Artificial Intelligence Memo No. 484. https://dspace.mit.edu/ handle/1721.1/5744

[119]

Seymour Papert and MIT Epistemology & Learning Research Group. 1986. Constructionism: A New Opportunity for Elementary Science Education. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Laboratory, Epistemology and Learning Group. https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=0N8-HAAACAAJ

[120]

Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon. 1971. Twenty Things To Do With A Computer. MIT AI Lab memo 248. https: //dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/5836

[121]

Seymour Papert, Daniel Watt, Andrea diSessa, and Sylvia Weir. 1979a. Final Report of the Brookline LOGO Project. Part II: Project Summary and Data. Artificial Intelligence Memo No. 545. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6323

[122]

Seymour Papert, Daniel Watt, Andrea diSessa, and Sylvia Weir. 1979b. Final Report of the Brookline LOGO Project. Part III: Profiles of Individual Student’s Work. Artificial Intelligence Memo No. 546. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6323

[123]

Erik Pasternak, Rachel Fenichel, and Andrew N. Marshall. 2017. Tips for creating a block language with Blockly. In 2017 IEEE Blocks and Beyond Workshop. 21–24. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8120404/

[124]

Roy D. Pea. 1983. Logo Programming and Problem solving. Bank Street College of Education, Technical Report 12.

[125]

Roy D. Pea, D. Midian Kurland, and Jan Hawkins. 1985. Logo and the Development of Thinking Skills. In Children and Microcomputers: Research on the Newest Medium, M. Chen and W. Paisley (Eds.). Sage, Chapter 9, 193–298.

[126]

Radia Perlman. 1974. TORTIS: Toddler’s Own Recursive Turtle Interpreter System. MIT Logo memo 9, MIT AI Lab memo 311. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6224

[127]

Radia Perlman. 1976. Using Computer Technology to Provide a Creative Learning Environment for Preschool Children. MIT AI Lab memo 360. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/5784

[128]

Jean Piaget. 1971. Introduction to Genetic Epistemology. New York: Norton.

[129]

Playful Invention Company. 2014. PicoCricket (web page). https://web.archive.org/web/20140812070053/http://www. playfulinvention.com/portfolio/the-picocricket-kit/

[130]

Steven F Railsback and Volker Grimm. 2019. Agent-based and individual-based modeling: a practical introduction. Princeton university press.

[131]

Eric Raymond. 1996. The Hacker’s Dictionary, Third Edition. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

[132]

Mitchel Resnick. 1994. Turtles, Termites, and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/turtles-termites-and-traffic-jams

[133]

Mitchel Resnick. 1996. Beyond the Centralized Mindset. Journal of the Learning Sciences 5, 1 (1996), 1–22.

[134]

Eric Rosenbaum, Duks Koschitz, and Bernat Romagosa. 2011. BeetleBlocks. https://web.archive.org/web/20110202110720/ http://beetleblocks.com/ archived 2 February, 2011.

[135]

Jean-Jacques Rousseau. 1762. Émile: ou De l’éducation. Chez Jean Néaulme, libraire. https://books.google.com/books?id= Elu6g0qpyMMC

[136]

Vijay A. Saraswat. 1993. Concurrent Constraint Programming. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

[137]

Arthur Schopenhauer and Philipp Otto Runge. 2010. On Vision and Colors. Princeton Architectural Press, Princeton, NJ.

[138]

David F. Sewell. 1990. New Tools for New Minds: A Cognitive Perspective on the Use of Computers with Young Children. St. Martin’s Press, Inc., New York.

[139]

Fatimata Seye Sylla. 1985. Computers and literacy in Senegal. Master’s thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/77676

[140]

Andrew Shalit, David Moon, and Orca Starbuck. 1996. The Dylan Reference Manual. Addison-Wesley.

[141]

Bruce Sherina, Andrea A. diSessa, David Hammer, and Bruce L Sherin. 1993. Dynaturtle revisited: Learning physics through the collaborative design of a computer model. Interactive Learning Environments 3 (1993), 91–118.

[142]

Wolfgang Slany. 2012. A mobile visual programming system for Android smartphones and tablets. In VL/HCC. IEEE, 265–266.

[143]

Wolfgang Slany, Kirshan Kumar Luhana, Matthias Mueller, Christian Schindler, and Bernadette Spieler. 2018. Rock Bottom, the World, the Sky: Catrobat, an Extremely Large-scale and Long-term Visual Coding Project Relying Purely on Smartphones. In Constructionism 2018. Vilnius, 104–119.

[144]

Cynthia Solomon. 1988. Computer Environments for Children: A Reflection on Theories of Learning and Education. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Digital Library

[145]

Cynthia Solomon, Margaret Minsky, and Brian Harvey. 1986. LogoWorks: Challenging Programs in Logo. Byte/McGraw-Hill.

[146]

Cynthia J. Solomon. 1983. Introduction to Computer Programming Through Turtle Graphics. Atari/LCSI.

[147]

Guy Lewis Steele, Jr. 1977. Debunking the “Expensive Procedure Call” Myth or, Procedure Call Implementations Considered Harmful or, LAMBDA: The Ultimate GOTO. In Proceedings of the 1977 Annual Conference (Seattle, Washington) (ACM ’77). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 153–162.

Digital Library

[148]

Gerald J Sussman. 1973. A Computational Model of Skill Acquisition. MIT AI Lab Technical Report 297. http://hdl.handle. net/1721.1/6894

[149]

Terrapin. 2020a. Terrapin Logo. https://web.archive.org/web/20200227075051/https://weblogo.terrapinlogo.com/ Also at (non-archival) /https://weblogo.terrapinlogo.com .

[150]

Terrapin. 2020b. Terrapin Logo Manual. https://web.archive.org/web/20200228120021/https://doc.terrapinlogo.com/doku. php/weblogo:start Also at (non-archival) https://weblogo.terrapinlogo.com/doc .

[151]

David D. Thornburg. 1986. Beyond Turtle Graphics: Further Explorations of Logo. Addison-Wesley.

[152]

Sherry Turkle and Seymour Papert. 1990. Epistemological Pluralism: Styles and Voices within the Computer Culture. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 16, 1 (1990), 128–157.

[153]

Jose Valente. 2020. personal communication, 1 Feb 2020.

[154]

Roger Wagner. 1989. HyperStudio. https://web.archive.org/web/20190717150236/https://www.mackiev.com/hyperstudio/ index.html

[155]

David Walden, Raymond S Nickerson, and Nineteen Long-time BBN People. 2011. A Culture of Innovation: Insider Accounts of Computing and Life at BBN. Waterside Publishing.

[156]

Daniel Watt. 1983. Learning with Logo. Addison-Wesley.

[157]

Daniel Watt and Molly Watt. 1986. Teaching with Logo. Addison-Wesley.

[158]

Uri Wilensky and William Rand. 2015. An introduction to agent-based modeling: modeling natural, social, and engineered complex systems with NetLogo. Mit Press, Cambridge, MA.

[159]

David Wolber, Harold Abelson, and Mark Friedman. 2015. Democratizing Computing with App Inventor. GetMobile: Mobile Comp. and Comm. 18, 4 (Jan. 2015), 53–58.

Digital Library

[160]

Masoud Yazdani (Ed.). 1984. New Horizons in Educational Computing. Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, England.

[161]

Masoud Yazdani and Robert Lawler (Eds.). 1991. Artificial Intelligence and Education, vol. 2: Principles and Case Studies. Ablex Publishing Corp., Norwood, NJ, USA.

Cited By

Thomas RSawant M(2024)Sculpting Educational ExcellenceDeveloping Effective and High-Performing Teams in Higher Education10.4018/979-8-3693-3852-0.ch016(449-476)Online publication date: 20-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3852-0.ch016
Antunes M(2024)O Pensamento Computacional e o Método de Completar QuadradosREMATEC10.37084/REMATEC.1980-3141.2024.n47.e2024030.id67019:47(e2024030)Online publication date: 9-Aug-2024
https://doi.org/10.37084/REMATEC.1980-3141.2024.n47.e2024030.id670
Top OArabacıoglu T(2024)Integrating Computational Thinking into Mathematics Education: Its Effects On Achievement, Motivation, And Learning StrategiesBayburt Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi10.35675/befdergi.138574919:42(2034-2066)Online publication date: 30-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.35675/befdergi.1385749
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

History of Logo
1. Social and professional topics
  1. Professional topics
    1. History of computing
      1. History of programming languages
2. Software and its engineering
  1. Software notations and tools
    1. General programming languages

Recommendations

From Babbage to Babel and beyond: a brief history of programming languages
Aspects of Applicative Programming for Parallel Processing

Early results of a project on compiling stylized recursion into stackless iterative code are reviewed as they apply to a target environment with multiprocessing. Parallelism is possible in executing the compiled image of argument evaluation (collateral ...
Introducing python into the first year curriculum at wits

Since 1999 the School of Computer Science (CS) at the University of Witwatersrand (Wits) has been using Scheme as the first programming language our students encounter [2]. We chose Scheme because it is a language unfamiliar to most of the first year ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages

Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages Volume 4, Issue HOPL

June 2020

1524 pages

EISSN:2475-1421

DOI:10.1145/3406494

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2020 Owner/Author.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike International 4.0 License.

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 12 June 2020

Published in PACMPL Volume 4, Issue HOPL

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

41
Total Citations
View Citations
8,036
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)2,013
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)175

Reflects downloads up to 17 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Thomas RSawant M(2024)Sculpting Educational ExcellenceDeveloping Effective and High-Performing Teams in Higher Education10.4018/979-8-3693-3852-0.ch016(449-476)Online publication date: 20-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3852-0.ch016
Antunes M(2024)O Pensamento Computacional e o Método de Completar QuadradosREMATEC10.37084/REMATEC.1980-3141.2024.n47.e2024030.id67019:47(e2024030)Online publication date: 9-Aug-2024
https://doi.org/10.37084/REMATEC.1980-3141.2024.n47.e2024030.id670
Top OArabacıoglu T(2024)Integrating Computational Thinking into Mathematics Education: Its Effects On Achievement, Motivation, And Learning StrategiesBayburt Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi10.35675/befdergi.138574919:42(2034-2066)Online publication date: 30-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.35675/befdergi.1385749
Freitas ESilva Junior CMachado PMoreira MMoreira P(2024)Low-Cost Automated Vegetable Garden: Integrating Educational Robotics in High SchoolRevista de Gestão Social e Ambiental10.24857/rgsa.v18n7-16718:7(e08357)Online publication date: 9-Aug-2024
https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n7-167
Pereira DBarbosa FMorgado CMonga MLonati VBarendsen ESheard JPaterson J(2024)NextBlocks: An Interactive Block Programming PlatformProceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 110.1145/3649217.3653609(590-596)Online publication date: 3-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3649217.3653609
Morales-Navarro LKafai YKonda VMetaxa D(2024)Youth as Peer Auditors: Engaging Teenagers with Algorithm Auditing of Machine Learning ApplicationsProceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference10.1145/3628516.3655752(560-573)Online publication date: 17-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3628516.3655752
Bhalerao RStephenson BStone JBattestilli LRebelsky SShoop L(2024)My Learnings from Allowing Large Language Models in Introductory Computer Science ClassesProceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 210.1145/3626253.3635511(1574-1575)Online publication date: 14-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3626253.3635511
Barragán PVelasco MUrquiza-Fuentes JÁlvarez GAnslow CHomer M(2024)Designing Collaborative ScratchJr for Multi-Touch Tabletops2024 International Symposium on Computers in Education (SIIE)10.1109/SIIE63180.2024.10604572(1-6)Online publication date: 19-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIE63180.2024.10604572
de Araújo A(2024)An Interactive Web Environment to Foster Learning Programming at the High School Level2024 International Symposium on Computers in Education (SIIE)10.1109/SIIE63180.2024.10604444(1-6)Online publication date: 19-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIE63180.2024.10604444
Gaskell PPavlasek JGao TNarula ALewis SJenkins O(2024)MBot: A Modular Ecosystem for Scalable Robotics Education2024 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)10.1109/ICRA57147.2024.10610587(18294-18300)Online publication date: 13-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA57147.2024.10610587
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents