Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
research-article
Public Access

Generating Massive Scale-free Networks: Novel Parallel Algorithms using the Preferential Attachment Model

Published: 18 May 2020 Publication History

Abstract

Recently, there has been substantial interest in the study of various random networks as mathematical models of complex systems. As real-life complex systems grow larger, the ability to generate progressively large random networks becomes all the more important. This motivates the need for efficient parallel algorithms for generating such networks. Naïve parallelization of sequential algorithms for generating random networks is inefficient due to inherent dependencies among the edges and the possibility of creating duplicate (parallel) edges. In this article, we present message passing interface-based distributed memory parallel algorithms for generating random scale-free networks using the preferential-attachment model. Our algorithms are experimentally verified to scale very well to a large number of processing elements (PEs), providing near-linear speedups. The algorithms have been exercised with regard to scale and speed to generate scale-free networks with one trillion edges in 6 minutes using 1,000 PEs.

References

[1]
2016. Graph 500. Retrieved from https://graph500.org/.
[2]
Maksudul Alam. 2016. HPC-based Parallel Algorithms for Generating Random Networks and Some Other Network Analysis Problems. Ph.D. Dissertation. Virginia Tech.
[3]
Maksudul Alam, Maleq Khan, and Madhav V. Marathe. 2013. Distributed-memory parallel algorithms for generating massive scale-free networks using preferential attachment model. In Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC’13). ACM Press, 1--12.
[4]
Maksudul Alam, Maleq Khan, Anil Vullikanti, and Madhav Marathe. 2016. An efficient and scalable algorithmic method for generating large-scale random graphs. In Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC’16). IEEE.
[5]
Maksudul Alam and Kalyan S. Perumalla. 2017. Generating Billion-Edge Scale-free Networks in Seconds: Performance Study of a Novel GPU-based Preferential Attachment Model. Technical Report ORNL/TM-2017/486. Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
[6]
Maksudul Alam and Kalyan S. Perumalla. 2017. GPU-based parallel algorithm for generating massive scale-free networks using the preferential attachment model. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData’17). IEEE, 3302--3311.
[7]
Maksudul Alam, Kalyan S. Perumalla, and Peter Sanders. 2019. Novel parallel algorithms for fast multi-GPU-based generation of massive scale-free networks. Data Sci. Eng. 4, 1 (2019), 61--75.
[8]
Réka Albert, Hawoong Jeong, and Albert-László Barabási. 2000. Error and attack tolerance of complex networks. Nature 406, 6794 (2000), 378--382.
[9]
Keyvan Azadbakht, Nikolaos Bezirgiannis, Frank S. de Boer, and Sadegh Aliakbary. 2016. A high-level and scalable approach for generating scale-free graphs using active objects. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC’16). ACM Press.
[10]
David A. Bader and Kamesh Madduri. 2006. Parallel algorithms for evaluating centrality indices in real-world networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel Processing. 539--547.
[11]
Albert-László Barabási and Réka Albert. 1999. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286, 5439 (1999), 509--12.
[12]
Albert-László Barabási and Zoltán N. Oltvai. 2004. Network biology: Understanding the cell’s functional organization. Nature Rev. Genet. 5 (Jan. 2004), 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg1272.
[13]
Christopher L. Barrett, Stephen G. Eubank, Anil Kumar S. Vullikanti, and Madhav V. Marathe. 2004. Understanding large-scale social and infrastructure networks: A simulation based approach. SIAM News 37, 4 (2004), 1--5. Retrieved from https://www.siam.org/pdf/news/227.pdf.
[14]
Vladimir Batagelj and Ulrik Brandes. 2005. Efficient generation of large random networks. Phys. Rev. E 71, 3 Pt. 2A (2005), 036113.
[15]
Gunnar Blom, Lars Holst, and Dennis Sandell. 1994. Problems and Snapshots from the World of Probability. Springer, New York. Retrieved from https://www.ebook.de/de/product/3716793/gunnar_blom_lars_holst_dennis_sandell_problems_and_snapshots_from_the_world_of_probability.html.
[16]
Jean M. Carlson and John Doyle. 1999. Highly optimized tolerance: A mechanism for power laws in designed systems. Phys. Rev. E 60, 2 (1999), 1412.
[17]
Deepayan Chakrabarti, Yiping Zhan, and Christos Faloutsos. 2004. R-MAT: A recursive model for graph mining. In Proceedings of the SIAM International Conference on Data Mining. 442--446.
[18]
David P. Chassin and Christian Posse. 2005. Evaluating north american electric grid reliability using the barabási-albert network model. Physica A 355, 2--4 (2005), 667--677.
[19]
Sergey N. Dorogovtsev and José Fernando Ferreira Mendes. 2002. Evolution of networks. In Advances in Physics, Vol. 51. MIT Press, 1079--1187.
[20]
Sergey N. Dorogovtsev, José Fernando Ferreira Mendes, and Alexander N. Samukhin. 2003. Principles of statistical mechanics of uncorrelated random networks. Nuclear Phys. B 666, 3 (2003), 396--416.
[21]
Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi. 1960. On the evolution of random graphs. Publ. Math. Inst. Hung. Acad. Sci. 5 (1960), 17--61. http://www.math-inst.hu/ p_erdos/1967-11.pdf.
[22]
Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi. 1961. On a classical problem of probability theory. Publ. Math. Inst. Hung. Acad. Sci. Ser. A 6 (1961), 215--220.
[23]
Michalis Faloutsos, Petros Faloutsos, and Christos Faloutsos. 1999. On power-law relationships of the internet topology. In ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Vol. 29. ACM Press, 251--262.
[24]
Marco Ferrante and Nadia Frigo. 2012. On the expected number of different records in a random sample. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1209.4592.
[25]
Ove Frank and David Strauss. 1986. Markov graphs. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 81, 395 (1986), 832.
[26]
Daniel Funke, Sebastian Lamm, Peter Sanders, Christian Schulz, Darren Strash, and Moritz von Looz. 2017. Communication-free massively distributed graph generation. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.07565.
[27]
Michelle Girvan and Mark E. J. Newman. 2002. Community structure in social and biological networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 12 (2002), 7821--7826.
[28]
Ronald L. Graham, Donald E. Knuth, and Oren Patashnik. 1989. Concrete Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science. Vol. 2. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing.
[29]
Aric Hagberg, Daniel Schult, and Pieter Swart. 2008. Exploring network structure, dynamics, and function using networkx. In Proceedings of the Python in Science Conference. 11--15. Retrieved from http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-672491483628partnerID=tZOtx3y1.
[30]
Jeremy Kepner, Siddharth Samsi, William Arcand, David Bestor, Bill Bergeron, Tim Davis, Vijay Gadepally, Michael Houle, Matthew Hubbell, Hayden Jananthan, Michael Jones, Anna Klein, Peter Michaleas, Roger Pearce, Lauren Milechin, Julie Mullen, Andrew Prout, Antonio Rosa, Geoffrey Sanders, Charles Yee, and Albert Reuther. 2018. Design, generation, and validation of extreme scale power-law graphs. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.01281.
[31]
Jon M. Kleinberg, Ravi Kumar, Prabhakar Raghavan, Sridhar Rajagopalan, and Andrew S. Tomkins. 1999. The web as a graph: Measurements, models, and methods. In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Computing and Combinatorics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1--17. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1765751.1765753.
[32]
Ravi Kumar, Prabhakar Raghavan, Sridhar Rajagopalan, D. Sivakumar, Andrew Tomkins, and Eli Upfal. 2000. Stochastic models for the web graph. In Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science. IEEE Comput. Soc, 57--65.
[33]
Haewoon Kwak, Changhyun Lee, Hosung Park, and Sue Moon. 2010. What is twitter, a social network or a news media? In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference Committee. 1--10.
[34]
Vito Latora and Massimo Marchiori. 2004. Vulnerability and protection of critical infrastructures. Phys. Rev. E 71, 1 (2004), 4.
[35]
Jure Leskovec. 2010. Kronecker graphs: An approach to modeling networks. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 11 (2010), 985--1042. Retrieved from http://www.jmlr.org/papers/v11/leskovec10a.html.
[36]
Jure Leskovec and Eric Horvitz. 2008. Planetary-scale views on a large instant-messaging network. In Proceedings of the International Conference on World Wide Web. ACM Press, 915.
[37]
Benjamin Machta and Jonathan Machta. 2005. Parallel dynamics and computational complexity of network growth models. Phys. Rev. E 71, 2 (2005), 26704.
[38]
Ulrich Meyer and Manuel Penschuck. 2016. Generating massive scale-free networks under resource constraints. In Proceedings of the 18th Workshop on Algorithm Engineering and Experiments (ALENEX’16). Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
[39]
Joel C. Miller and Aric Hagberg. 2011. Efficient generation of networks with given expected degrees. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Algorithms and Models for the Web-Graph, Vol. 6732 LNCS. 115--126.
[40]
Sadegh Nobari, Xuesong Lu, Panagiotis Karras, and Stéphane Bressan. 2011. Fast random graph generation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Extending Database Technology. 331.
[41]
Romualdo Pastor-Satorras and Alessandro Vespignani. 2001. Epidemic spreading in scale-free networks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (Apr 2001), 3200--3203. Issue 14.
[42]
Garry Robins, Pip Pattison, Yuval Kalish, and Dean Lusher. 2007. An introduction to exponential random graph (p*) models for social networks. Social Netw. 29, 2 (2007), 173--191.
[43]
Peter Sanders and Christian Schulz. 2016. Scalable generation of scale-free graphs. Inform. Process. Lett. 116, 7 (July 2016), 489--491.
[44]
Georgos Siganos, Michalis Faloutsos, Petros Faloutsos, and Christos Faloutsos. 2003. Power laws and the as-level internet topology. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 11, 4 (2003), 514--524.
[45]
Duncan J. Watts and Steven H. Strogatz. 1998. Collective dynamics of “small-world” networks. Nature 393, 6684 (1998), 440--442.
[46]
Andy Yoo and Keith Henderson. 2010. Parallel generation of massive scale-free graphs. Computing Research Repository. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.3684.
[47]
Chenwei Zhang, Yi Bu, Ying Ding, and Jian Xu. 2018. Understanding scientific collaboration: Homophily, transitivity, and preferential attachment. J. Assoc. Info. Sci. Technol. 69, 1 (2018), 72--86.

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)ABEM: An adaptive agent-based evolutionary approach for influence maximization in dynamic social networksApplied Soft Computing10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110062136(110062)Online publication date: Mar-2023
  • (2021)Agent-Based Computational Epidemiological ModelingJournal of the Indian Institute of Science10.1007/s41745-021-00260-2101:3(303-327)Online publication date: 5-Oct-2021

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Parallel Computing
ACM Transactions on Parallel Computing  Volume 7, Issue 2
June 2020
182 pages
ISSN:2329-4949
EISSN:2329-4957
DOI:10.1145/3400890
Issue’s Table of Contents
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 18 May 2020
Online AM: 07 May 2020
Accepted: 01 March 2020
Revised: 01 August 2019
Received: 01 June 2018
Published in TOPC Volume 7, Issue 2

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. Network science
  2. distributed algorithms
  3. preferential attachment
  4. random networks

Qualifiers

  • Research-article
  • Research
  • Refereed

Funding Sources

  • NSF NetSE
  • DTRA CNIMS
  • DTRA
  • ORNL PostDoc Education Investment
  • NSF DIBBs
  • NSF BIGDATA

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)111
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)16
Reflects downloads up to 03 Feb 2025

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)ABEM: An adaptive agent-based evolutionary approach for influence maximization in dynamic social networksApplied Soft Computing10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110062136(110062)Online publication date: Mar-2023
  • (2021)Agent-Based Computational Epidemiological ModelingJournal of the Indian Institute of Science10.1007/s41745-021-00260-2101:3(303-327)Online publication date: 5-Oct-2021

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

HTML Format

Login options

Full Access

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media