research-article

Public Access

Examining Interactions Between Community Members and University Safety Organizations through Community-Sourced Risk Systems

Authors:

Ryan D.W. Mayfield,

Yun HuangAuthors Info & Claims

Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Volume 5, Issue CSCW1

Article No.: 37, Pages 1 - 23

https://doi.org/10.1145/3449111

Published: 22 April 2021 Publication History

Abstract

An increasing number of safety departments in organizations across the U.S. are offering mobile apps that allow their local community members to report potential risks, such as hazards, suspicious events, ongoing incidents, and crimes. These "community-sourced risk'' systems are designed for the safety departments to take action to prevent or reduce the severity of situations that may harm the community. However, little is known about the actual use of such community-sourced risk systems from the perspective of both community members and the safety departments. This study is the first large-scale empirical analysis of community-sourced risk systems. More specifically, we conducted a comprehensive system log analysis of LiveSafe--a community-sourced risk system--that has been used by more than two hundred universities and colleges. Our findings revealed a mismatch between what the safety departments expected to receive and what their community members actually reported, and identified several factors (e.g., anonymity, organization, and tip type) that were associated with the safety departments' responses to their members' tips. Our findings provide design implications for chatbot-enabled community-risk systems and make practical contributions for safety organizations and practitioners to improve community engagement.

References

[1]

Eytan Adar, Jaime Teevan, and Susan T Dumais. 2008. Large scale analysis of web revisitation patterns. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1197--1206.

Digital Library

[2]

Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Steven J. Jackson, Nova Ahmed, Hasan Shahid Ferdous, Md. Rashidujjaman Rifat, A.S.M Rizvi, Shamir Ahmed, and Rifat Sabbir Mansur. 2014. Protibadi: A Platform for Fighting Sexual Harassment in Urban Bangladesh (CHI '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2695--2704. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557376

Digital Library

[3]

American Bar Association et al. 1973. Comparative Analysis of Standards and Goals of the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals with Standards for Criminal Justice of the American Bar Association. American Bar Assoc.

[4]

Rena Bivens and Amy Adele Hasinoff. 2018. Rape: is there an app for that? An empirical analysis of the features of anti-rape apps. Information, Communication & Society 21, 8 (2018), 1050--1067. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017. 1309444 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1309444

[5]

Jan Blom, Divya Viswanathan, Mirjana Spasojevic, Janet Go, Karthik Acharya, and Robert Ahonius. 2010. Fear and the City: Role of Mobile Services in Harnessing Safety and Security in Urban Use Contexts (CHI '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1841--1850. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753602

Digital Library

[6]

Mark A Blythe, Peter C Wright, and Andrew F Monk. 2004. Little brother: could and should wearable computing technologies be applied to reducing older people's fear of crime? Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 8, 6 (2004), 402--415.

Digital Library

[7]

R. Bowles, M. G. Reyes, and N. Garoupa. 2009. Crime Reporting Decisions and the Costs of Crime. In European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research.

[8]

AJ Brush, Jaeyeon Jung, Ratul Mahajan, and Frank Martinez. 2013. Digital neighborhood watch: Investigating the sharing of camera data amongst neighbors. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work. ACM, 693--700.

Digital Library

[9]

Jon Carnegie and Deva Deka. 2010. Customer Perceptions of Transit Security. Technical Report.

[10]

National Center. 2016. Campus Safety Mobile Apps. http://www.nccpsafety.org/assets/files/library/Campus_Safety_ Mobile_Apps.pdf

[11]

Community Policing Consortium, Publicity Manager, and United States of America. 1994. Understanding Community Policing: A Framework for Action. (1994).

[12]

Shea W Cronin, Jack McDevitt, Amy Farrell, and James J Nolan III. 2007. Bias-crime reporting: Organizational responses to ambiguity, uncertainty, and infrequency in eight police departments. American Behavioral Scientist 51, 2 (2007), 213--231.

[13]

Irena Pletikosa Cvijikj, Cristina Kadar, Bogdan Ivan, and Yiea-Funk Te. 2015. Towards a Crowdsourcing Approach for Crime Prevention (UbiComp/ISWC'15 Adjunct). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1367--1372. https://doi.org/10.1145/ 2800835.2800971

[14]

David DeVault, Ron Artstein, Grace Benn, Teresa Dey, Ed Fast, Alesia Gainer, Kallirroi Georgila, Jon Gratch, Arno Hartholt, Margaux Lhommet, et al. 2014. SimSensei Kiosk: A virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support. In Proceedings of the 2014 international conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 1061--1068.

Digital Library

[15]

Susan Dumais, Robin Jeffries, Daniel M Russell, Diane Tang, and Jaime Teevan. 2014. Understanding user behavior through log data and analysis. In Ways of Knowing in HCI. Springer, 349--372.

[16]

Bonnie S Fisher, Leah E Daigle, and Francis T Cullen. 2009. Unsafe in the ivory tower: The sexual victimization of college women. Sage Publications.

[17]

H. Goudriaan, J. P. Lynch, and P Nieuwbeerta. 2004. Reporting to the police in western nations: A theoretical analysis of the effects of social context. In Justice Quarterly.

[18]

Gary Sanford Green. 1981. Citizen reporting of crime to the police: An analysis of common theft and assault. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania.

[19]

Kimberly Gross and Sean Aday. 2003. The scary world in your living room and neighborhood: Using local broadcast news, neighborhood crime rates, and personal experience to test agenda setting and cultivation. Journal of Communication 53, 3 (2003), 411--426.

[20]

Brady E Hamilton, Joyce A Martin, Stephanie J Ventura, et al. 2009. National vital statistics reports. National Vital Statistics Reports 57, 12 (2009).

[21]

Mike Harding, Bran Knowles, Nigel Davies, and Mark Rouncefield. 2015. HCI, civic engagement & trust. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2833--2842.

Digital Library

[22]

T. C. Hart and C. M. Rennison. 2003. Reporting crime to the police, 1992--2000. In US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

[23]

Shilin He, Jieming Zhu, Pinjia He, and Michael R Lyu. 2016. Experience report: System log analysis for anomaly detection. In 2016 IEEE 27th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE). IEEE, 207--218.

[24]

Kurtis Heimerl, Brian Gawalt, Kuang Chen, Tapan Parikh, and Björn Hartmann. 2012. CommunitySourcing: engaging local crowds to perform expert work via physical kiosks. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1539--1548.

Digital Library

[25]

Travis Hirschi. 2017. Causes of delinquency. Routledge.

[26]

Md Monsur Hossain, Moushumi Sharmin, and Shameem Ahmed. 2018. Bangladesh Emergency Services: A Mobile Application to Provide 911-Like Service in Bangladesh (COMPASS '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 1, 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3209811.3209870

Digital Library

[27]

Mark B Houston, Lance A Bettencourt, and Sutha Wenger. 1998. The relationship between waiting in a service queue and evaluations of service quality: A field theory perspective. Psychology & Marketing 15, 8 (1998), 735--753.

[28]

Yun Huang, Alain Shema, and Huichuan Xia. 2017. A proposed genome of mobile and situated crowdsourcing and its design implications for encouraging contributions. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 102 (2017), 69--80.

Digital Library

[29]

Yun Huang, Corey White, Huichuan Xia, and Yang Wang. 2017. A computational cognitive modeling approach to understand and design mobile crowdsourcing for campus safety reporting. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 102 (2017), 27--40.

Digital Library

[30]

Yun Huang and Qunfang Wu. 2018. Understanding Interactions Between Municipal Police Departments and the Public on Twitter. In International Conference on Information. Springer, 37--46.

[31]

Yun Huang, Qunfang Wu, and Youyang Hou. 2017. Examining Twitter Mentions Between Police Agencies and Public Users through the Lens of Stakeholder Theory (dg.o '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 30--38. https://doi.org/10.1145/3085228.3085316

Digital Library

[32]

Mary Ann E Ignaco. 2019. Development of mobile application for incident reporting. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual SIG Conference on Information Technology Education. 162--162.

Digital Library

[33]

Rezarta Islamaj Dogan, G Craig Murray, Aurélie Névéol, and Zhiyong Lu. 2009. Understanding ® user search behavior through log analysis. Database 2009 (2009).

[34]

Cristina Kadar and Irena Pletikosa Cvijikj. 2014. CityWatch: the personalized crime prevention assistant. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia. ACM, 260--261.

Digital Library

[35]

Soomin Kim, Joonhwan Lee, and Gahgene Gweon. 2019. Comparing Data from Chatbot and Web Surveys: Effects of Platform and Conversational Style on Survey Response Quality (CHI '19). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 86, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300316

Digital Library

[36]

SeoYoung Lee and Junho Choi. 2017. Enhancing user experience with conversational agent for movie recommendation: Effects of self-disclosure and reciprocity. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 103 (2017), 95--105.

Digital Library

[37]

Yi-Chieh Lee, Naomi Yamashita, and Yun Huang. 2019. Self-Disclosure in Chatbot AI Interaction: Ethical Concerns. In Workshop on Good Systems: Ethical AI for CSCW.

[38]

Yi-Chieh Lee, Naomi Yamashita, and Yun Huang. 2020. Transferring Your Trust in a Chatbot to a Mental Health Professional. In Workshop on Conversational Agents for Health and Wellbeing at CHI.

[39]

J. Paul Leigh. 2011. Economic Burden of Occupational Injury and Illness in the United States. Milbank Quarterly 89, 4 (2011), 728--772. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2011.00648.x

[40]

Dan A Lewis. 2017. Fear of crime: Incivility and the production of a social problem. Routledge.

[41]

Dan A Lewis and Greta Salem. 1981. Community crime prevention: An analysis of a developing strategy. Crime & Delinquency 27, 3 (1981), 405--421.

[42]

Sheena Lewis and Dan A Lewis. 2011. Digitalizing crime prevention theories: How technology affects victim and offender behavior. International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory 4, 2 (2011).

[43]

Sheena Lewis and Dan A Lewis. 2012. Examining technology that supports community policing. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 1371--1380.

Digital Library

[44]

Maria R Lowe, Angela Stroud, and Alice Nguyen. 2017. Who looks suspicious? Racialized surveillance in a predominantly white neighborhood. Social Currents 4, 1 (2017), 34--50.

[45]

Gale M Lucas, Albert Rizzo, Jonathan Gratch, Stefan Scherer, Giota Stratou, Jill Boberg, and Louis-Philippe Morency. 2017. Reporting mental health symptoms: breaking down barriers to care with virtual human interviewers. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 4 (2017), 51.

[46]

Nerea Marteache, Gisela Bichler, and Shuryo Fujita. 2020. Using open web-based crime data for research: a word of caution--Research note. International Journal of Social Research Methodology (2020), 1--7.

[47]

Gary T Marx. 1989. Commentary: Some trends and issues in citizen involvement in the law enforcement process. Crime & Delinquency 35, 3 (1989), 500--519.

[48]

Kathryn E McCollister, Michael T French, and Hai Fang. 2010. The cost of crime to society: New crime-specific estimates for policy and program evaluation. Drug and alcohol dependence 108, 1--2 (2010), 98--109.

[49]

Graeme McLean and Kofi Osei-Frimpong. 2017. Examining satisfaction with the experience during a live chat service encounter-implications for website providers. Computers in Human Behavior 76 (2017), 494--508.

Digital Library

[50]

Melanie Michael, Susan D Schaffer, Patricia L Egan, Barbara B Little, and Patrick Scott Pritchard. 2013. Improving wait times and patient satisfaction in primary care. Journal for Healthcare Quality 35, 2 (2013), 50--60.

[51]

Sherry L Murphy, Jiaquan Xu, Kenneth D Kochanek, and Elizabeth Arias. 2018. Mortality in the united states, 2017. (2018).

[52]

Samuel L Myers. 1980. Why are Crimes Underreported? What is the Crime Rate? Does it" Really" Matter? Social Science Quarterly 61, 1 (1980), 23--43.

[53]

Judith S Olson and Wendy A Kellogg. 2014. Ways of Knowing in HCI. Vol. 2. Springer.

[54]

Hyanghee Park and Joonhwan Lee. 2020. Can a Conversational Agent Lower Sexual Violence Victims' Burden of Self-Disclosure? (CHI EA '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--8. https://doi.org/10. 1145/3334480.3383050

[55]

Sangkeun Park, Emilia-Stefania Ilincai, Jeungmin Oh, Sujin Kwon, Rabeb Mizouni, and Uichin Lee. 2017. Facilitating Pervasive Community Policing on the Road with Mobile Roadwatch. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'17). ACM, New York, NY, USA. 4758--4769.

Digital Library

[56]

Sangkeun Park, Sujin Kwon, and Uichin Lee. 2018. CampusWatch: Exploring Communitysourced Patrolling with Pervasive Mobile Technology. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW (2018), 134.

Digital Library

[57]

Jason Pridmore, Anouk Mols, Yijing Wang, and Frank Holleman. 2019. Keeping an eye on the neighbours: Police, citizens, and communication within mobile neighbourhood crime prevention groups. The Police Journal 92, 2 (2019), 97--120.

[58]

Weijun Qin, Bo Li, Jiadi Zhang, Shanyan Gao, and Yunhua He. 2014. Design and Implementation of IoT Security System Towards Campus Safety. In Advanced Technologies in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. Springer, 299--312.

[59]

R Sakano, Kofi Obeng, and K Fuller. 2016. Airport security and screening satisfaction: A case study of US. Journal of Air Transport Management 55 (2016), 129--138.

[60]

Stephen M Schnebly. 2008. The Influence of Community-Oriented Policing on Crime-Reporting Behavior. Justice Quarterly 25, 2 (2008), 223--251.

[61]

Wendy Schreurs, Nina Franjkić, José H Kerstholt, Peter W De Vries, and Ellen Giebels. 2020. Why do citizens become a member of an online neighbourhood watch? A case study in The Netherlands. Police Practice and Research (2020).

[62]

Peter Squires. 2006. Community Safety: Critical perspectives on policy and practice. Policy Press.

[63]

Kate Starbird and Leysia Palen. 2010. Pass it on?: Retweeting in mass emergency. International Community on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management.

[64]

Xu Sun and Andrew May. 2013. A comparison of field-based and lab-based experiments to evaluate user experience of personalised mobile devices. Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2013 (2013).

[65]

The Jeanne Clery Act, the Department of Education Website. 2013. The Handbook for Campus Safety and Security Reporting. http://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/handbook.pdf.

[66]

D. Thompson, M.and Sitterle and J Clay, G.and Kingree. 2007. Reasons for not reporting victimizations to the police: do they vary for physical and sexual incidents?. In Journal of American College Health.

[67]

Martie Thompson, Dylan Sitterle, George Clay, and Jeffrey Kingree. 2007. Reasons for not reporting victimizations to the police: do they vary for physical and sexual incidents? Journal of American College Health 55, 5 (2007), 277--282.

[68]

Lisa Tompson, Shane Johnson, Matthew Ashby, Chloe Perkins, and Phillip Edwards. 2015. UK open source crime data: accuracy and possibilities for research. Cartography and geographic information science 42, 2 (2015), 97--111.

[69]

Anthony J Viera, Joanne M Garrett, et al. 2005. Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic. Fam med 37, 5 (2005), 360--363.

[70]

David Weil and Amanda Pyles. 2005. Why Complain-Complaints, Compliance, and the Problem of Enforcement in the US Workplace. Comp. Lab. L. & Pol'y. J. 27 (2005), 59.

[71]

Qunfang Wu and Yun Huang. 2020. Examining Police Agencies' Dialogic Accounting Practices in Facebook Conversations. Digital Government: Research and Practice 1, 2 (2020), 1--17.

Digital Library

[72]

Huichuan Xia, Yun Huang, and Yang Wang. 2017. Victim Privacy in Crowdsourcing Based Public Safety Reporting: A Case Study of LiveSafe. In SOUPS.

[73]

Eduard A Ziegenhagen. 1977. Victims, crime, and social control. Praeger New York.

Cited By

Otuu OAnajemba JAguboshim FSahoo D(2024)An Analysis of Technological Applications in Community Policing and Their Performance Assessment Through A Systematic ReviewAdvances in Computing10.1007/978-3-031-75236-0_25(345-360)Online publication date: 22-Dec-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75236-0_25
Liu YMayfield RHuang Y(2023)Discovering the Hidden Facts of User-Dispatcher Interactions via Text-based Reporting Systems for Community SafetyProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/35796027:CSCW1(1-31)Online publication date: 16-Apr-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3579602
Ogbonnia OAnajemba JChkwuma ASahoo D(2023)Trust-Based Classification in Community Policing: A Systematic Review2023 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)10.1109/ISTAS57930.2023.10306181(1-8)Online publication date: 13-Sep-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS57930.2023.10306181
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Examining Interactions Between Community Members and University Safety Organizations through Community-Sourced Risk Systems
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Collaborative and social computing
    1. Empirical studies in collaborative and social computing

Recommendations

Panel proposal online community networks, e-government, and community-sourcing actions
dg.o '12: Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research

In trying to address pressing community needs in the face of dwindling resources, many government agencies, local community groups, and members of the public have formed symbiotic partnerships at local and state levels to address significant community ...
A community club on safety-critical systems
SCS '02: Proceedings of the seventh Australian workshop conference on Safety critical systems and software 2002 - Volume 15

To mark the inauguration of an Australian community club on safety-critical systems, this paper reviews eleven years of experience of the UK's Safety-Critical Systems Club, which came into being on 1st May 1991. The paper first summarises the background ...
Community Acknowledgment: Engaging Community Members in Volunteer Acknowledgment
GROUP

Volunteers in non-profit groups are a valuable workforce that contributes to economic development and supports people in need in the U.S. However, many non-profit groups face challenges including engaging and sustaining volunteer participation, as well ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction

Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction Volume 5, Issue CSCW1

CSCW

April 2021

5016 pages

EISSN:2573-0142

DOI:10.1145/3460939

Editor:
Jeff Nichols
Apple Inc., United States

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2021 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 22 April 2021

Published in PACMHCI Volume 5, Issue CSCW1

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Funding Sources

National Science Foundation

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

4
Total Citations
View Citations
399
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)129
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)9

Reflects downloads up to 22 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Otuu OAnajemba JAguboshim FSahoo D(2024)An Analysis of Technological Applications in Community Policing and Their Performance Assessment Through A Systematic ReviewAdvances in Computing10.1007/978-3-031-75236-0_25(345-360)Online publication date: 22-Dec-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75236-0_25
Liu YMayfield RHuang Y(2023)Discovering the Hidden Facts of User-Dispatcher Interactions via Text-based Reporting Systems for Community SafetyProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/35796027:CSCW1(1-31)Online publication date: 16-Apr-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3579602
Ogbonnia OAnajemba JChkwuma ASahoo D(2023)Trust-Based Classification in Community Policing: A Systematic Review2023 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)10.1109/ISTAS57930.2023.10306181(1-8)Online publication date: 13-Sep-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS57930.2023.10306181
Yen CCheng HYen GBailey BHuang Y(2021)Narratives + Diagrams: An Integrated Approach for Externalizing and Sharing People's Causal BeliefsProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/34795885:CSCW2(1-27)Online publication date: 18-Oct-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3479588

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents