research-article

PackquID: In-packet Liquid Identification Using RF Signals

Authors:

Xiang-Yang LiAuthors Info & Claims

Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, Volume 6, Issue 4

Article No.: 181, Pages 1 - 27

https://doi.org/10.1145/3569469

Published: 11 January 2023 Publication History

Abstract

There are many scenarios where the liquid is occluded by other items (e.g. books in a packet), in which existing RF-based liquid identification methods are generally not suitable. Moreover, status methods are not applicable when the height of the liquid to be tested changes. This paper proposes PackquID, an RF-based in-packet liquid identification system, which can identify liquid without prior knowledge. In dealing with the obstruction of other items and the unknown container, we utilize a dual-antenna model and craft a relative frequency response factor, exploring the diversity of the permittivity in the frequency domain. In tackling the variable liquid height, we extend our model to 3D scope by analyzing the electric field distribution and solving the height effect via spatial-differential model. With 500 pages of printer paper obscured, PackquID can identify 9 common liquids, including Coca-Cola and Pepsi, with an accuracy of over 86% for 4 different packets (canvas bag, paper bag, backpack, and box) and 4 different containers. Nevertheless, PackquID can still identify liquids with an accuracy rate of over 87%, even when the liquid height changes from 4 cm to 12 cm.

References

[1]

Mohammed Nurul Afsar, James R Birch, RN Clarke, and GW Chantry. 1986. The measurement of the properties of materials. Proc. IEEE 74, 1 (1986), 183--199.

[2]

Miklós Ajtai. 1994. The complexity of the pigeonhole principle. Combinatorica 14, 4 (1994), 417--433.

[3]

R Behrends, K Fuchs, U Kaatze, Y Hayashi, and Y Feldman. 2006. Dielectric properties of glycerol/water mixtures at temperatures between 10 and 50 C. The Journal of chemical physics 124, 14 (2006), 144512.

[4]

Mohammed Bendaoued, Jaouad Terhzaz, and Rachid Mandry. 2017. Determining the complex permittivity of building dielectric materials using a propagation constant measurement. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 7, 4 (2017), 1681.

[5]

CR Blakley, JJ Carmody, and ML Vestal. 1980. Liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer for analysis of nonvolatile samples. Analytical Chemistry 52, 11 (1980), 1636--1641.

[6]

C Blom and J Mellema. 1984. Torsion pendula with electromagnetic drive and detection system for measuring the complex shear modulus of liquids in the frequency range 80--2500 Hz. Rheologica acta 23, 1 (1984), 98--105.

[7]

PP Bobrov, AS Lapina, and AV Repin. 2015. Effect of the rock/water/air interaction on the complex dielectric permittivity and electromagnetic waves attenuation in water-saturated sandstones. In PIERS Proceedings. 1877--1879.

[8]

Xavier Bohigas and Javier Tejada. 2010. Dielectric characterization of alcoholic beverages and solutions of ethanol in water under microwave radiation in the 1--20 GHz range. Food research international 43, 6 (2010), 1607--1613.

[9]

Roland Böhmer, M Maglione, Peter Lunkenheimer, and Alois Loidl. 1989. Radio-frequency dielectric measurements at temperatures from 10 to 450 K. Journal of applied physics 65, 3 (1989), 901--904.

[10]

MM Brady and SS Stuchly. 1981. Dielectric dispersion of glycerol from 2.0 to 4.0 GHz. The Journal of Chemical Physics 74, 6 (1981), 3632--3633.

[11]

Amir Ćenanović, Siegfried Martius, Andreas Kilian, Jan Schür, and Lorenz-Peter Schmidt. 2011. Non destructive complex permittivity determination of glass material with planar and convex surface. In 2011 German Microwave Conference. IEEE, 1--4.

[12]

Shanzhi Chen, Ying-Chang Liang, Shaohui Sun, Shaoli Kang, Wenchi Cheng, and Mugen Peng. 2020. Vision, requirements, and technology trend of 6G: How to tackle the challenges of system coverage, capacity, user data-rate and movement speed. IEEE Wireless Communications 27, 2 (2020), 218--228.

[13]

Julián Corach, Eriel Fernández Galván, Patricio Aníbal Sorichetti, and Silvia Daniela Romano. 2019. Estimation of the composition of soybean biodiesel/soybean oil blends from permittivity measurements. Fuel 235 (2019), 1309--1315.

[14]

Juan de Vicente, Modesto T López-López, Juan DG Durán, and Fernando González-Caballero. 2004. Shear flow behavior of confined magnetorheological fluids at low magnetic field strengths. Rheologica acta 44, 1 (2004), 94--103.

[15]

Ashutosh Dhekne, Mahanth Gowda, Yixuan Zhao, Haitham Hassanieh, and Romit Roy Choudhury. 2018. Liquid: A wireless liquid identifier. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. 442--454.

Digital Library

[16]

Paola Donato, Francesco Cacciola, Peter Quinto Tranchida, Paola Dugo, and Luigi Mondello. 2012. Mass spectrometry detection in comprehensive liquid chromatography: basic concepts, instrumental aspects, applications and trends. Mass spectrometry reviews 31, 5 (2012), 523--559.

[17]

Ugo Fano. 1947. Ionization yield of radiations. II. The fluctuations of the number of ions. Physical Review 72, 1 (1947), 26.

[18]

John F Federici. 2012. Review of moisture and liquid detection and mapping using terahertz imaging. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves 33, 2 (2012), 97--126.

[19]

Chao Feng, Jie Xiong, Liqiong Chang, Ju Wang, Xiaojiang Chen, Dingyi Fang, and Zhanyong Tang. 2019. WiMi: Target material identification with commodity Wi-Fi devices. In 2019 IEEE 39th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS). IEEE, 700--710.

[20]

Richard P Feynman, Robert B Leighton, and Matthew Sands. 2011. The Feynman lectures on physics, Vol. I: The new millennium edition: mainly mechanics, radiation, and heat. Vol. 1. Basic books.

[21]

Daniel Fleisch. 2008. A student's guide to Maxwell's equations. Cambridge University Press.

[22]

Wei Gong and Jiangchuan Liu. 2018. SiFi: Pushing the limit of time-based WiFi localization using a single commodity access point. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2, 1 (2018), 1--21.

Digital Library

[23]

David J Griffiths. 2005. Introduction to electrodynamics.

[24]

Unsoo Ha, Junshan Leng, Alaa Khaddaj, and Fadel Adib. 2020. Food and Liquid Sensing in Practical Environments using {RFIDs}.In 17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 20). 1083--1100.

[25]

Qianyi Huang, Zhice Yang, and Qian Zhang. 2018. Smart-U: smart utensils know what you eat. In IEEE INFOCOM 2018-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 1439--1447.

Digital Library

[26]

Yongzhi Huang, Kaixin Chen, Yandao Huang, Lu Wang, and Kaishun Wu. 2021. Vi-liquid: unknown liquid identification with your smartphone vibration. In MobiCom. 174--187.

[27]

Akira Ishimaru. 2017. Electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scattering: from fundamentals to applications. John Wiley & Sons.

[28]

Aravind Iyer, Catherine Rosenberg, and Aditya Karnik. 2009. What is the right model for wireless channel interference? IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 8, 5 (2009), 2662--2671.

Digital Library

[29]

John David Jackson. 1999. Classical electrodynamics.

[30]

Shan Jiang and Stavros Georgakopoulos. 2011. Electromagnetic wave propagation into fresh water. Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 2011 (2011).

[31]

Udo Kaatze. 1989. Complex permittivity of water as a function of frequency and temperature. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data 34, 4 (1989), 371--374.

[32]

John G Kirkwood. 1936. On the theory of dielectric polarization. The Journal of Chemical Physics 4, 9 (1936), 592--601.

[33]

John G Kirkwood. 1939. The dielectric polarization of polar liquids. The Journal of Chemical Physics 7, 10 (1939), 911--919.

[34]

John D Kraus and Ronald J Marhefka. 2011. Antenna: For all applications (Third Editions)[M]. Beijing, Publishing House Of Electronics Industry (2011).

[35]

Jerzy Krupka. 2006. Frequency domain complex permittivity measurements at microwave frequencies. Measurement Science and Technology 17, 6 (2006), R55.

[36]

Youbok Lee et al. 2003. Antenna circuit design for RFID applications. AN710, Microchip Technology Inc (2003).

[37]

Yumeng Liang, Anfu Zhou, Huanhuan Zhang, Xinzhe Wen, and Huadong Ma. 2021. FG-LiquID: A Contact-less Fine-grained Liquid Identifier by Pushing the Limits of Millimeter-wave Sensing. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, 3 (2021), 1--27.

Digital Library

[38]

Chen Liu, Jie Xiong, Lin Cai, Lin Feng, Xiaojiang Chen, and Dingyi Fang. 2019. Beyond respiration: Contactless sleep sound-activity recognition using RF signals. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 3, 3 (2019), 1--22.

Digital Library

[39]

Haitao Liu, Hao Tian, and Haifeng Cheng. 2013. Dielectric properties of SiC fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites in the temperature range from 25 to 700° C at frequencies between 8.2 and 18 GHz. Journal of nuclear materials 432, 1--3 (2013), 57--60.

[40]

Hidenori Matsui, Takahiro Hashizume, and Koji Yatani. 2018. Al-light: An alcohol-sensing smart ice cube. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2, 3 (2018), 1--20.

Digital Library

[41]

Igor S Nefedov, Ari J Viitanen, and Sergei A Tretyakov. 2005. Electromagnetic wave refraction at an interface of a double wire medium. Physical Review B 72, 24 (2005), 245113.

[42]

Agilent Application Note. 2006. Agilent basics of measuring the dielectric properties of materials. Agilent literature number (2006), 1--34.

[43]

Charles Herach Papas. 2014. Theory of electromagnetic wave propagation. Courier Corporation.

[44]

Dragan Poljak, Sinisa Antonijevic, Khalil El Khamlichi Drissi, and Kamal Kerroum. 2010. Transient response of straight thin wires located at different heights above a ground plane using antenna theory and transmission line approach. IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility 52, 1 (2010), 108--116.

[45]

Tauhidur Rahman, Alexander T Adams, Perry Schein, Aadhar Jain, David Erickson, and Tanzeem Choudhury. 2016. Nutrilyzer: A mobile system for characterizing liquid food with photoacoustic effect. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems CD-ROM. 123--136.

Digital Library

[46]

Christian Riesch, Erwin K Reichel, Franz Keplinger, and Bernhard Jakoby. 2008. Characterizing vibrating cantilevers for liquid viscosity and density sensing. Journal of sensors 2008 (2008).

[47]

Lior Rokach and Oded Maimon. 2005. Clustering methods. In Data mining and knowledge discovery handbook. Springer, 321--352.

[48]

Walid Saad, Mehdi Bennis, and Mingzhe Chen. 2019. A vision of 6G wireless systems: Applications, trends, technologies, and open research problems. IEEE network 34, 3 (2019), 134--142.

[49]

Muhammad Shahzad and Shaohu Zhang. 2018. Augmenting user identification with WiFi based gesture recognition. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2, 3 (2018), 1--27.

Digital Library

[50]

Andrew Shaw, AI Al-Shamma'a, SR Wylie, and D Toal. 2006. Experimental investigations of electromagnetic wave propagation in seawater. In 2006 european microwave conference. IEEE, 572--575.

[51]

Chenjun Shi, Ji Zhu, Mingqian Xu, Xu Wu, and Yan Peng. 2020. An Approach of Spectra Standardization and Qualitative Identification for Biomedical Materials Based on Terahertz Spectroscopy. Scientific Programming 2020 (2020).

[52]

F Stern and C Weaver. 1970. Dispersion of dielectric permittivity due to space-charge polarization. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 3, 8 (1970), 1736.

[53]

Monika Szymańska-Chargot, Justyna Cybulska, and Artur Zdunek. 2011. Sensing the structural differences in cellulose from apple and bacterial cell wall materials by Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. Sensors 11, 6 (2011), 5543--5560.

[54]

John Terry and Juha Heiskala. 2002. OFDM wireless LANs: A theoretical and practical guide. Sams publishing.

[55]

David Tse and Pramod Viswanath. 2005. Fundamentals of wireless communication. Cambridge university press.

[56]

Georgios Tsiminis, Fenghong Chu, Stephen C Warren-Smith, Nigel A Spooner, and Tanya M Monro. 2013. Identification and quantification of explosives in nanolitre solution volumes by Raman spectroscopy in suspended core optical fibers. Sensors 13, 10 (2013), 13163--13177.

[57]

Hippel AR Von and R Arthur. 1954. Dielectrics and waves.

[58]

Ju Wang, Jie Xiong, Xiaojiang Chen, Hongbo Jiang, Rajesh Krishna Balan, and Dingyi Fang. 2017. TagScan: Simultaneous target imaging and material identification with commodity RFID devices. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 288--300.

Digital Library

[59]

Jonas Weiß and Avik Santra. 2018. One-shot learning for robust material classification using millimeter-wave radar system. IEEE sensors letters 2, 4 (2018), 1--4.

[60]

Chenshu Wu, Feng Zhang, Beibei Wang, and KJ Ray Liu. 2020. mSense: Towards mobile material sensing with a single millimeter-wave radio. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4, 3 (2020), 1--20.

Digital Library

[61]

Dan Wu, Ruiyang Gao, Youwei Zeng, Jinyi Liu, Leye Wang, Tao Gu, and Daqing Zhang. 2020. FingerDraw: Sub-wavelength level finger motion tracking with WiFi signals. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4, 1 (2020), 1--27.

Digital Library

[62]

Dan Wu, Daqing Zhang, Chenren Xu, Hao Wang, and Xiang Li. 2017. Device-free WiFi human sensing: From pattern-based to model-based approaches. IEEE Communications Magazine 55, 10 (2017), 91--97.

[63]

Binbin Xie, Jie Xiong, Xiaojiang Chen, Eugene Chai, Liyao Li, Zhanyong Tang, and Dingyi Fang. 2019. Tagtag: material sensing with commodity RFID. In Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. 338--350.

Digital Library

[64]

Huatao Xu, Dong Wang, Run Zhao, and Qian Zhang. 2019. AdaRF: Adaptive RFID-based indoor localization using deep learning enhanced holography. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 3, 3 (2019), 1--22.

Digital Library

[65]

Ruey-Bin Yang, Wen-Shyong Kuo, and Heng-Chih Lai. 2014. Effect of carbon nanotube dispersion on the complex permittivity and absorption of nanocomposites in 2--18 GHz ranges. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 131, 21 (2014).

[66]

Hui-Shyong Yeo, Gergely Flamich, Patrick Schrempf, David Harris-Birtill, and Aaron Quigley. 2016. Radarcat: Radar categorization for input & interaction. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. 833--841.

Digital Library

[67]

Shichao Yue and Dina Katabi. 2019. Liquid testing with your smartphone. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. 275--286.

Digital Library

[68]

Youwei Zeng, Dan Wu, Jie Xiong, Jinyi Liu, Zhaopeng Liu, and Daqing Zhang. 2020. MultiSense: Enabling multi-person respiration sensing with commodity wifi. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4, 3 (2020), 1--29.

Digital Library

[69]

Yue Zheng, Yi Zhang, Kun Qian, Guidong Zhang, Yunhao Liu, Chenshu Wu, and Zheng Yang. 2019. Zero-effort cross-domain gesture recognition with Wi-Fi. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. 313--325.

Digital Library

Cited By

Wang XWang JNiu KXiong JZhang FYi EYu AYao ZZhang DShu YLiu JTan RHe YChen J(2024)Wi2DMeasure: WiFi-based 2D Object Size MeasurementProceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems10.1145/3666025.3699336(253-266)Online publication date: 4-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3666025.3699336
Wu YChen SMeng XTong XLiu XXie XQu WOkoshi TKo JLiKamWa R(2024)Enabling 6D Pose Tracking on Your Acoustic DevicesProceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services10.1145/3643832.3661875(15-28)Online publication date: 3-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3643832.3661875
Shang FYang PYan DZhang SLi X(2024)LiquImagerProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36435098:1(1-29)Online publication date: 6-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3643509
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

PackquID: In-packet Liquid Identification Using RF Signals
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Ubiquitous and mobile computing
    1. Ubiquitous and mobile computing design and evaluation methods

Recommendations

LiqRay: non-invasive and fine-grained liquid recognition system
MobiCom '22: Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing And Networking

The existing RF-based liquid identification methods commonly require a training network of liquid or the container information, such as material and width. Moreover, status quo methods are inapplicable when the solution height is lower than that of the ...
FG-LiquID: A Contact-less Fine-grained Liquid Identifier by Pushing the Limits of Millimeter-wave Sensing

Contact-less liquid identification via wireless sensing has diverse potential applications in our daily life, such as identifying alcohol content in liquids, distinguishing spoiled and fresh milk, and even detecting water contamination. Recent works have ...
LiquImager: Fine-grained Liquid Identification and Container Imaging System with COTS WiFi Devices

WiFi has gradually developed into one of the main candidate technologies for ubiquitous sensing. Based on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) WiFi devices, this paper proposes LiquImager, which can simultaneously identify liquid and image container ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies

Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies Volume 6, Issue 4

December 2022

1534 pages

EISSN:2474-9567

DOI:10.1145/3580286

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2023 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 11 January 2023

Published in IMWUT Volume 6, Issue 4

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed

Funding Sources

National Natural Science Foundation of China
NSFC
The University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province
Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

9
Total Citations
View Citations
492
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)186
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)12

Reflects downloads up to 10 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Wang XWang JNiu KXiong JZhang FYi EYu AYao ZZhang DShu YLiu JTan RHe YChen J(2024)Wi2DMeasure: WiFi-based 2D Object Size MeasurementProceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems10.1145/3666025.3699336(253-266)Online publication date: 4-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3666025.3699336
Wu YChen SMeng XTong XLiu XXie XQu WOkoshi TKo JLiKamWa R(2024)Enabling 6D Pose Tracking on Your Acoustic DevicesProceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services10.1145/3643832.3661875(15-28)Online publication date: 3-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3643832.3661875
Shang FYang PYan DZhang SLi X(2024)LiquImagerProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36435098:1(1-29)Online publication date: 6-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3643509
Yan DYang PShang FJiang WLi X(2024)Wi-PainterProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36338097:4(1-25)Online publication date: 12-Jan-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3633809
Chang LYang XLiu RXie GWang FWang J(2024)FSS-TagProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36314577:4(1-24)Online publication date: 12-Jan-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3631457
Wang ZGuo YRen ZSong WSun ZChen CGuo BYu Z(2024)LiqDetectorProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36314437:4(1-24)Online publication date: 12-Jan-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3631443
Liang YShi PZheng ZPu LZhou AMa H(2024)Mmtaster: A Mobile System for Fine-Grained and Robust Alcohol SensingIEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing10.1109/TMC.2023.333914123:7(7830-7847)Online publication date: Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2023.3339141
Kim TPark SOh SKim H(2024)LiquidListener: Supporting Ubiquitous Liquid Volume Sensing via Singing SoundsIEEE Access10.1109/ACCESS.2024.337539212(39833-39846)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3375392
Li BWang YZhao YLiu W(2023)Enabling Fine-Grained Residual Liquid Height Estimation With Passive RFID TagsIEEE Sensors Journal10.1109/JSEN.2023.329584223:17(20159-20168)Online publication date: 1-Sep-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2023.3295842

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents