research-article

In the Age of Collaboration, the Computer-Aided Design Ecosystem is Behind: An Interview Study of Distributed CAD Practice

Authors:

Michal K. Davis,

Alison OlechowskiAuthors Info & Claims

Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Volume 7, Issue CSCW1

Article No.: 137, Pages 1 - 29

https://doi.org/10.1145/3579613

Published: 16 April 2023 Publication History

Abstract

Computer-aided design (CAD) has become indispensable to increasingly collaborative hardware design processes. Despite the long-standing and growing need for collaboration with CAD models and tools, anecdotal reports and ongoing researcher efforts point to a complex and unresolved set of challenges faced by designers when working with distributed CAD. We aim to close this academic-practitioner knowledge gap through the first systematic study of professional user-driven CAD collaboration challenges. In this work, we conduct semi-structured interviews with 20 CAD professionals of diverse industries, roles, and experience levels to understand their collaborative workflows with distributed CAD tools. In total, we identify 14 challenges related to collaborative design, communication, data management, and permissioning that are currently impeding effective collaboration in professional CAD teams. Our systematic classification of CAD collaboration challenges presents a guide for pressing areas of future work, highlighting important implications for CAD researchers, practitioners, and tool builders to target new advancement in CAD infrastructure, management choices, and modelling best practices. With the insights gained from this work, we hope to ultimately improve collaboration efficiency, quality, and innovation for future product design teams.

References

[1]

[n.d.]. Getting Started - A Short History of Git. https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git Accessed: 2021-01-02.

[2]

2019. Asia-Pacific CAD Software Market Research Report. https://www.psmarketresearch.com/market-analysis/asia-pacific-cad-software-market

[3]

2020. Global Gender Gap Report 2020. www.weforum.org

[4]

Robin S. Adams, Monica Cardella, and Senay Purzer. 2016. Analyzing design review conversations: Connecting design knowing, being and coaching. Design Studies 45 (7 2016), 1--8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2016.03.001

[5]

Nasir Ali, Yann-Gaël Guéhéneuc, and Giuliano Antoniol. 2012. Trustrace: Mining software repositories to improve the accuracy of requirement traceability links. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 39, 5 (2012), 725--741. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2012.71

Digital Library

[6]

Georgios Andreadis, Georgios Fourtounis, and Konstantinos Dionysios Bouzakis. 2015. Collaborative design in the era of cloud computing. Advances in Engineering Software 81 (3 2015), 66--72. Issue C. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2014.11.002

Digital Library

[7]

Fatmir Azemi, Xhemajl Mehmeti, and Bekim Maloku. 2018. The Importance of CAD/CAE systems in development of Product Design and Process of Optimization. In UBT International Conference. University for Business and Technology, Durres, Albania, 11--19. https://doi.org/10.33107/UBT-IC.2018.344

[8]

Jeff Barrie. 2016. APPLICATIONS FOR CLOUD-BASED CAD IN DESIGN EDUCATION AND COLLABORA- TION. In DS 83: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE16) (Design Education: Collaboration and Cross-Disciplinarity). The Design Society, Aalborg, Denmark, 178--183. https://www.designsociety.org/publication/39063/APPLICATIONSFORCLOUD-BASEDCADINDESIGNEDUCATIONANDCOLLABORATION

[9]

Yannick Bodein, Bertrand Rose, and Emmanuel Caillaud. 2014. Explicit reference modeling methodology in parametric CAD system. Computers in Industry 65 (1 2014), 136--147. Issue 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPIND.2013.08.004

Digital Library

[10]

Christopher Bogart, Christian Kästner, and James Herbsleb. 2015. When it breaks, it breaks: How ecosystem developers reason about the stability of dependencies. In 2015 30th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering Workshop (ASEW). IEEE, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, 86--89.

Digital Library

[11]

Matthieu Bricogne, Louis Rivest, Nadège Troussier, and Benoît Eynard. 2012. Towards PLM for Mechatronics System Design Using Concurrent Software Versioning Principles. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology 388 AICT (2012), 339--348. https://doi.org/10.1007/978--3--642--35758--9_30

[12]

Tech Briefs. 2007. The Problems With CAD Tools: Vendors Address User Pain Points - Tech Briefs. https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/pub/features/articles/920

[13]

Jim Brown. 2019. CAD Data Management for Small Companies and Design Teams. https://tech-clarity.com/cad-data-management/8443

[14]

Jorge D. Camba, Manuel Contero, and Pedro Company. 2016. Parametric CAD modeling: An analysis of strategies for design reusability. CAD Computer Aided Design 74 (2016), 18--31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2016.01.003

Digital Library

[15]

Bradley Camburn, Vimal Viswanathan, Julie Linsey, David Anderson, Daniel Jensen, Richard Crawford, Kevin Otto, and Kristin Wood. 2017. Design prototyping methods: state of the art in strategies, techniques, and guidelines. Design Science 3 (8 2017), e13. https://doi.org/10.1017/dsj.2017.10

[16]

Marcelo Cataldo, Patrick A Wagstrom, James D Herbsleb, and Kathleen M Carley. 2006. Identification of coordination requirements: Implications for the design of collaboration and awareness tools. In Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work. ACM Press, Banff, Canada, 353--362. https://doi.org/10.1145/1180875.1180929

Digital Library

[17]

Souti Chattopadhyay, Ishita Prasad, Austin Z. Henley, Anita Sarma, and Titus Barik. 2020. What's Wrong with Computational Notebooks? Pain Points, Needs, and Design Opportunities. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, Honolulu, HI, USA, 1--12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376729

Digital Library

[18]

James Chen, Gustavo Zucco, and Alison Olechowski. 2019. A Survey of Design Reviews: Understanding Differences by Designer-Roles and Phase of Development. Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1 (7 2019), 2745--2754. Issue 1. https://doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.281

[19]

Kathy Cheng and Alison Olechowski. 2021. Some (Team) Assembly Required: An Analysis of Collaborative Computer-Aided Design Assembly. In International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Vol. Volume 6: 33rd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM). ASME, Virtual, Online, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2021--68507

[20]

K.-S. Chin, Y. Zhao, and C.K. Mok. 2002. STEP-Based Multiview Integrated Product Modelling for Concurrent Engineering. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 20 (11 2002), 896--906. Issue 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001700200213

[21]

Mao Lin Chiu. 2002. An organizational view of design communication in design collaboration. Design Studies 23 (3 2002), 187--210. Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142--694X(01)00019--9

[22]

Hojin Cho, Kwanwoo Lee, and Kyo C Kang. 2008. Feature relation and dependency management: An aspect-oriented approach. In 2008 12th International Software Product Line Conference. IEEE, Limerick, Ireland, 3--11. https://doi.org/10.1109/SPLC.2008.23

Digital Library

[23]

Ashish Chopra, Morgan Mo, Samuel Dodson, Ivan Beschastnikh, Sidney S. Fels, and Dongwook Yoon. 2021. "@alex, this fixes #9": Analysis of Referencing Patterns in Pull Request Discussions. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5 (10 2021), 25 pages. Issue CSCW2. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479529

Digital Library

[24]

Juliet Corbin and Anselm Strauss. 2008. Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.): Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. SAGE Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452230153

[25]

Bill Curtis, Jay Sappidi, and Alexandra Szynkarski. 2012. Estimating the size, cost, and types of technical debt. In 2012 Third International Workshop on Managing Technical Debt (MTD). IEEE, Zurich, Switzerland, 49--53. https://doi.org/10.1109/MTD.2012.6226000

[26]

Fabio Q.B. da Silva, Catarina Costa, A César C França, and Rafael Prikladinicki. 2010. Challenges and solutions in distributed software development project management: A systematic literature review. In 2010 5th IEEE International Conference on Global Software Engineering. IEEE, Princeton, NJ, USA, 87--96. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGSE.2010.18

Digital Library

[27]

Laura Dabbish, Colleen Stuart, Jason Tsay, and Jim Herbsleb. 2012. Social coding in GitHub: transparency and collaboration in an open software repository. In Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. Association for Computing Machinery, Seattle, Washington, USA, 1277--1286. https://doi.org/10.1145/2145204.2145396

Digital Library

[28]

Daniela Damian, Luis Izquierdo, Janice Singer, and Irwin Kwan. 2007. Awareness in the wild: Why communication breakdowns occur. In International Conference on Global Software Engineering (ICGSE 2007). IEEE, Munich, Germany, 81--90. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGSE.2007.13

Digital Library

[29]

Cleidson R de Souza, Stephen Quirk, Erik Trainer, and David F Redmiles. 2007. Supporting collaborative software development through the visualization of socio-technical dependencies. In GROUP '07: Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Supporting group work. Association for Computing Machinery, Sanibel Island, Florida, USA, 147--156. https://doi.org/10.1145/1316624.1316646

Digital Library

[30]

Cleidson RB De Souza, David Redmiles, Gloria Mark, John Penix, and Maarten Sierhuis. 2003. Management of interdependencies in collaborative software development. In 2003 International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering, 2003. ISESE 2003. Proceedings. IEEE, Rome, Italy, 294--303. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISESE.2003.1237990

[31]

Alexandre Decan, Tom Mens, and Maëlick Claes. 2017. An empirical comparison of dependency issues in OSS packaging ecosystems. In 2017 IEEE 24th International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER). IEEE, Klagenfurt, Austria, 2--12. https://doi.org/10.1109/SANER.2017.7884604

[32]

Felix Deng, Tucker Marion, and Alison Olechowski. 2022. Does Synchronous Collaboration Improve Collaborative Computer-Aided Design Output: Results From a Large-Scale Competition. In International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM) of International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASME, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2022--89731

[33]

Yuanzhe Deng, Matthew Mueller, Chris Rogers, and Alison Olechowski. 2022. The multi-user computer-aided design collaborative learning framework. Advanced Engineering Informatics 51 (1 2022), 101446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2021.101446

Digital Library

[34]

Andrew Divencenzo. 2013. Top Five CAD Collaboration Fails - GrabCAD Blog. https://blog.grabcad.com/blog/2013/05/07/top-five-cad-collaboration-fails/

[35]

Paul Dourish and Victoria Bellotti. 1992. Awareness and coordination in shared workspaces. In Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work. Association for Computing Machinery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 107--114.

Digital Library

[36]

Martin Eigner, Andreas Eiden, and Hristo Apostolov. 2017. CROWD ENGINEERING-BRINGING FULL CLOUD CAD INTO THE LAB. In DS 88: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE17) (Oslo). The Design Society, Oslo, Norway, 170--175.

[37]

Eric Elliott. 2020. What is the Difference Between a Junior and a Senior Developer? https://medium.com/javascript-scene/what-is-the-difference-between-a-junior-and-a-senior-developer-63c1594d7a98

[38]

Keenan Eves, John Salmon, Jacob Olsen, and Fred Fagergren. 2018. A comparative analysis of computer-aided design team performance with collaboration software. CAD Solutions LLC 15 (1 2018), 476--487. Issue 4. https://doi.org/10.1080/16864360.2017.1419649

[39]

Jessie Frazelle. 2021. A New Era for Mechanical CAD. Queue 19 (4 2021), 5--16. Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.1145/3466132.3469844

Digital Library

[40]

J. Y.H. Fuh and W. D. Li. 2005. Advances in collaborative CAD. Computer-Aided Design 37 (4 2005), 571--581. Issue 5 SPEC.ISS. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CAD.2004.08.005

Digital Library

[41]

Gerda Gemser and Mark A.A.M Leenders. 2001. How integrating industrial design in the product development process impacts on company performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management 18, 1 (2001), 28--38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0737--6782(00)00069--2

[42]

Fereshteh Ghaljaie, Mahin Naderifar, and Hamideh Goli. 2017. Snowball Sampling: A Purposeful Method of Sampling in Qualitative Research. Strides in Development of Medical Education 14, 3 (2017), 4 pages. https://doi.org/10.5812/sdme.67670

[43]

Julien Gori, Han L Han, and Michel Beaudouin-Lafon. 2020. FileWeaver: Flexible File Management with Automatic Dependency Tracking. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. Association for Computing Machinery, Virtual Event, USA, 22--34. https://doi.org/10.1145/3379337.3415830

Digital Library

[44]

Grand View Research. 2021. 3D CAD Software Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Deployment (Cloud, On-premise), By Application (Manufacturing, Healthcare), By Region (North American, APAC), And Segment Forecasts, 2021--2028. Technical Report. Grand View Research. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/3d-cad-software-market

[45]

Kaj Grønbæk, Morten Kyng, and Preben Mogensen. 1993. CSCW Challenges: Cooperative Design in Engineering Projects. Commun. ACM 36, 6 (jun 1993), 67--77. https://doi.org/10.1145/153571.163272

Digital Library

[46]

Carl Gutwin and Saul Greenberg. 2004. The importance of awareness for team cognition in distributed collaboration. In Team cognition: Understanding the factors that drive process and performance. American Psychological Association, Washington, USA, 177--201. https://doi.org/10.1037/10690-009

[47]

Fazhi He and Soonhung Han. 2006. A method and tool for human--human interaction and instant collaboration in CSCW-based CAD. Computers in Industry 57 (12 2006), 740--751. Issue 8--9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2006.04.019

Digital Library

[48]

Joseph Hejderup, Arie van Deursen, and Georgios Gousios. 2018. Software ecosystem call graph for dependency management. In 2018 IEEE/ACM 40th International Conference on Software Engineering: New Ideas and Emerging Technologies Results (ICSE-NIER). Association for Computing Machinery, Gothenburg Sweden, 101--104. https://doi.org/10.1145/3183399.3183417

Digital Library

[49]

Ammon Hepworth, Bryce DeFigueiredo, Devin Shumway, Nathan Fronk, and C. Greg Jensen. 2014. Semantic conflict reduction through automated feature reservation in multi-user computer-aided design. In 2014 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS). IEEE, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 56--63. https://doi.org/10.1109/CTS.2014.6867542

[50]

Ammon I. Hepworth, Kevin Tew, Thomas Nysetvold, Mark Bennett, and C. Greg Jensen. 2013. Automated Conflict Avoidance in Multi-user CAD. Computer-Aided Design and Applications 11, 2 (Oct. 2013), 141--152. https://doi.org/10.1080/16864360.2014.846070

[51]

James D. Herbsleb and Audris Mockus. 2003. An empirical study of speed and communication in globally distributed software development. IEEE Transactions on software engineering 29, 6 (2003), 481--494. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2003.1205177

Digital Library

[52]

Mark Den Hollander. 2015. Organizational Patterns for Multidisciplinary Development of a Mechatronic System. In EuroPLoP '15: Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs. Association for Computing Machinery, Kaufbeuren Germany, 15 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2855321.2855372

Digital Library

[53]

Kenneth Holstein, Jennifer Wortman Vaughan, Hal Daumé, Miro Dudik, and Hanna Wallach. 2019. Improving Fairness in Machine Learning Systems: What Do Industry Practitioners Need?. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300830

Digital Library

[54]

A.S.M. Hoque, P.K. Halder, M.S. Parvez, and T. Szecsi. 2013. Integrated manufacturing features and Design-for-manufacture guidelines for reducing product cost under CAD/CAM environment. Computers & Industrial Engineering 66 (12 2013), 988--1003. Issue 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2013.08.016

Digital Library

[55]

Rodi Jolak, Andreas Wortmann, Michel Chaudron, and Bernhard Rumpe. 2018. Does distance still matter? revisiting collaborative distributed software design. IEEE Software 35, 6 (2018), 40--47. https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2018.290100920

[56]

David J. Kasik, William Buxton, and David R. Ferguson. 2005. Ten cad challenges. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 25 (2005), 81--92. Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2005.48

Digital Library

[57]

Philippe Kruchten, Robert L Nord, and Ipek Ozkaya. 2012. Technical debt: From metaphor to theory and practice. Ieee software 29, 6 (2012), 18--21. https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2012.167

Digital Library

[58]

Matthias Kuenzel, Tom Kraus, and Sebastian Straub. 2019. Collaborative Engineering - Main features and challenges of cross-company collaboration in engineering of products and services. In Proceedings - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation, ICE/ITMC 2019. IEEE, Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France, 7 pages. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICE.2019.8792624

[59]

David Tamas Kutas, Aditya Nair, Prerna Singh, Emily Kan, Janet Burge, and André van der Hoek. 2020. Linecept: An Early Prototype of a Timeline-Based Design Coordination Tool. In Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops. Association for Computing Machinery, Seoul Republic of Korea, 129--132. https://doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3392228

Digital Library

[60]

HG Lemu. 2016. Proposal for design-centered cloud computing in engineering design and manufacturing. WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences 113 (2016), 241--249.

[61]

Jean-Louis Letouzey and Michel Ilkiewicz. 2012. Managing technical debt with the sqale method. IEEE software 29, 6 (2012), 44--51. https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2012.129

Digital Library

[62]

Gustavo Lopez and Luis A. Guerrero. 2017. Awareness Supporting Technologies used in Collaborative Systems. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 808--820. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998281

Digital Library

[63]

Pascal Lunnemann, Rainer Stark, Wei Min Wang, and Paola Ibanez Manteca. 2018. Engineering activities - Considering value creation from a holistic perspective. 2017 International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation: Engineering 2018-January (2 2018), 315--323. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICE.2017.8279904

[64]

Kurt E. Madsen. 2009. Collaboration strategies for distributed teams: A case study of CAD systems integration. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Systems, ICONS 2009. IEEE, Gosier, France, 222--227. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICONS.2009.46

Digital Library

[65]

Kathleen Maher, Bill Gordon, and Chris Turner. 2017. CAD in the Cloud - Market Trends 2017 Report. Technical Report. Jon Peddie Research and Business Advantage.

[66]

M. L. Maher and J. H. Rutherford. 1997. A model for synchronous collaborative design using CAD and database management. Research in Engineering Design 9 (6 1997), 85--98. Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01596484

[67]

Jessica Mesmer-Magnus and Leslie Dechurch. 2009. Information Sharing and Team Performance: A Meta-Analysis. The Journal of applied psychology 94 (04 2009), 535--46. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013773

[68]

Ilya Mirman. 2015. The Biggest Pains of Traditional CAD. https://www.onshape.com/en/resource-center/articles/the-biggest-pains-of-traditional-cad

[69]

Curt Moreno. 2017. Developing CAD Standards: A Complete Guide | by Autodesk University. https://medium.com/autodesk-university/developing-cad-standards-a-complete-guide-8e6933ad17ac

[70]

Stanley Murairwa. 2015. VOLUNTARY SAMPLING DESIGN. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences 4, 2 (02 2015), 185--200.

[71]

Nadia Nahar, Shurui Zhou, Grace Lewis, and Christian Kästner. 2022. Collaboration challenges in building ML-enabled systems. In Proceedings of the 44th International Conference on Software Engineering. ACM, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA, 413--425. https://doi.org/10.1145/3510003.3510209

Digital Library

[72]

Randall S. Newton. 2017. CAD on the Cloud, Today and Tomorrow.

[73]

Tom Nysetvold and Chia-Chi Teng. 2013. Collaboration tools for multi-user CAD. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 17th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD). IEEE, Whistler, BC, Canada, 241--245. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCWD.2013.6580969

[74]

Gary M Olson and Judith S Olson. 2000. Distance matters. Human--computer interaction 15, 2--3 (2000), 139--178.

Digital Library

[75]

Bryan O'Sullivan. 2009. Making sense of revision-control systems. Commun. ACM 52 (9 2009), 56--62. Issue 9. https://doi.org/10.1145/1562164.1562183

Digital Library

[76]

M.Z. Ouertani, S. Baïna, L. Gzara, and G. Morel. 2011. Traceability and management of dispersed product knowledge during design and manufacturing. Computer-Aided Design 43 (5 2011), 546--562. Issue 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2010.03.006

[77]

Adam Pawlak. 2010. Challenges in collaborative design in engineering networks. In eChallenges e-2010 Conference. IEEE, Warsaw, Poland, 8 pages.

[78]

Ildiko Pete and Dharini Balasubramaniam. 2015. Handling the differential evolution of software artefacts: A framework for consistency management. In 2015 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution, and Reengineering (SANER). IEEE, Montreal, QC, Canada, 599--600. https://doi.org/10.1109/SANER.2015.7081889

[79]

Vrushank Phadnis, Hamza Arshad, David Wallace, and Alison Olechowski. 2021. Are Two Heads Better Than One for Computer-Aided Design? Journal of Mechanical Design 143 (7 2021), 17 pages. Issue 7. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4050734

[80]

Vrushank Phadnis, David Wallace, and Alison Olechowski. 2020. A Multimodal Experimental Approach to Study CAD Collaboration. Computer-Aided Design and Applications 18, 2 (July 2020), 328--342. https://doi.org/10.14733/cadaps.2021.328--342

[81]

Les A. Piegl. 2005. Ten challenges in computer-aided design. Computer-Aided Design 37 (4 2005), 461--470. Issue 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2004.08.012

[82]

Steven Poltrock and Jonathan Grudin. 1999. CSCW, groupware and workflow. In CHI '99 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '99 (New York, New York, USA). ACM Press, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, 120. https://doi.org/10.1145/632716.632791

Digital Library

[83]

Benjamin Ransford and Brandon Lucia. 2014. Nonvolatile memory is a broken time machine. In Proceedings of the workshop on Memory Systems Performance and Correctness. Association for Computing Machinery, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 1--3. https://doi.org/10.1145/2618128.2618136

Digital Library

[84]

William C. Regli, Joseph B. Kopena, and Michael Grauer. 2011. On the long-term retention of geometry-centric digital engineering artifacts. Computer-Aided Design 43 (7 2011), 820--837. Issue 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2010.11.012

Digital Library

[85]

Luyao Ren, Shurui Zhou, Christian Kästner, and Andrzej W'sowski. 2019. Identifying Redundancies in Fork-based Development. In 2019 IEEE 26th International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER). IEEE, Hangzhou, China, 230--241. https://doi.org/10.1109/SANER.2019.8668023

[86]

Peter Rosso, James Gopsill, Stuart Burgess, and Ben Hicks. 2021. Investigating and Characterising Variability in CAD Modelling and its Potential Impact on Editability: An Exploratory Study. Computer-Aided Design and Applications 18, 6 (Feb. 2021), 1306--1326. https://doi.org/10.14733/cadaps.2021.1306--1326

[87]

P. Rosso, J. Gopsill, S. C. Burgess, and B. Hicks. 2022. Does CAD Smell Like Code? A Mapping Between Violation of Object Oriented Programming Design Principles and Computer Aided Design Modelling. Proceedings of the Design Society 2 (May 2022), 1737--1746. https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.2022.176

[88]

Johnny Saldaña. 2009. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. SAGE Publications.

[89]

Anita Sarma, David F Redmiles, and Andre Van Der Hoek. 2011. Palantir: Early detection of development conflicts arising from parallel code changes. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 38, 4 (2011), 889--908. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2011.64

Digital Library

[90]

Anita Sarma and Andre Van Der Hoek. 2006. Towards awareness in the large. In 2006 IEEE International Conference on Global Software Engineering (ICGSE'06). IEEE, Florianopolis, Brazil, 127--131. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGSE.2006.261225

[91]

J Serrano. 2016. OPEN HARDWARE AND COLLABORATION. In Proceedings of Personal Computers and Particle Accelerator Controls (PCaPAC). Curran Associates, Inc., Campinas, Brazil, 61--66.

[92]

Rainer Stark. 2022. Major Technology 1: Computer Aided Design-CAD. In Virtual Product Creation in Industry. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 113--138. https://doi.org/10.1007/978--3--662--64301--3_7

[93]

Rob Stevens. 2014. How should I handle CAD file versions and revisions? https://blog.grabcad.com/blog/2014/01/06/handle-cad-file-versions-revisions/

[94]

Julian Stirling, Kaspar Bumke, Joel Collins, Vimal Dhokia, and Richard Bowman. 2022. HardOps: utilising the software development toolchain for hardware design. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 35, 12 (2 2022), 1297--1309. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951192x.2022.2028188

[95]

Dassault Systèmes. 2022. Configurations - 2022 - SOLIDWORKS Help. https://help.solidworks.com/2022/English/SolidWorks/sldworks/c_Configurations_Overview.htm?verRedirect=1

[96]

Zoe Szajnfarber and Erica Gralla. 2017. Qualitative methods for engineering systems: Why we need them and how to use them. Systems Engineering 20, 6 (2017), 497--511. https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.21412

Digital Library

[97]

Gabriel Szulanski. 1996. Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strategic Management Journal 17, S2 (1996), 27--43. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250171105 arXiv:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/smj.4250171105

[98]

Damian A. Tamburri, Fabio Palomba, and Rick Kazman. 2021. Success and Failure in Software Engineering: A Followup Systematic Literature Review. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 68, 2 (apr 2021), 599--611. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2020.2976642

[99]

Edward Tiong, Olivia Seow, Bradley Camburn, Kenneth Teo, Arlindo Silva, Kristin L. Wood, Daniel D. Jensen, and Maria C. Yang. 2019. The Economies and Dimensionality of Design Prototyping: Value, Time, Cost, and Fidelity. Journal of Mechanical Design 141 (3 2019), 18 pages. Issue 3. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4042337

[100]

Michael Tovey. 1989. Drawing and CAD in industrial design. Design Studies 10 (1 1989), 24--39. Issue 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142--694X(89)90022--7

[101]

Christoph Treude and Margaret-Anne Storey. 2010. Awareness 2.0: staying aware of projects, developers and tasks using dashboards and feeds. In Proceedings of the 32nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering- Volume 1. Association for Computing Machinery, Cape Town South Africa, 365--374. https://doi.org/10.1145/1806799.1806854

Digital Library

[102]

Gaurang Trivedi. 2016. Problems in Dealing with CAD Interoperability Today - Digital Engineering 24/7. https://www.digitalengineering247.com/article/problems-in-dealing-with-cad-interoperability-today/

[103]

Tijana Vuletic, Alex Duffy, Laura Hay, Chris McTeague, Laura Pidgeon, and Madeleine Grealy. 2018. The challenges in computer supported conceptual engineering design. Computers in Industry 95 (2 2018), 22--37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2017.11.003

[104]

Bob Warfield. 2021. CNCCookbook 2021 CAD Survey [Market Share, Customer Satisfaction]. https://www.cnccookbook.com/cnccookbook-2021-cad-survey-market-share-customer-satisfaction/

[105]

Andrew Wheeler. 2017. 4 Things Users Hate Most About Their CAD Systems. https://www.engineering.com/story/4-things-users-hate-most-about-their-cad-systems

[106]

Rob Wilson, Sally-Anne Barnes, Mike May-Gillings, Shyamoli Patel, and Ha Bui. 2020. Working Futures 2017--2027: Long-run labour market and skills projections. Technical Report. Department for Education.

[107]

Di Wu and Radha Sarma. 2001. Dynamic Segmentation and Incremental Editing of Boundary Representations in a Collaborative Design Environment. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 1 (12 2001), 320--329. Issue 4. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1433485

[108]

Shigeyuki Yamaguchi and Kanou Toizumi. 1999. Computer Supported Face-to-Face Meeting Environment for Architectural Design Collaboration. In International Conference on Systems Research, Infomatics and Cybernetics. CUMINCAD, Baden, Germany, 39--47.

[109]

Jaykumar YogaMule. 2012. Concept and Evolution of PLM. International Journal of Applied Information Systems 4 (9 2012), 25--28. Issue 3. https://doi.org/10.5120/IJAIS12--450614

[110]

Jinxuan (Janice) Zhou, Vrushank Phadnis, and Alison Olechowski. 2021. Analysis of Designer Emotions in Collaborative and Traditional Computer-Aided Design. Journal of Mechanical Design 143 (2 2021), 10 pages. Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4047685

[111]

Shurui Zhou, Stefan Stanciulescu, Olaf Leßenich, Yingfei Xiong, Andrzej Wasowski, and Christian Kästner. 2018. Identifying features in forks. In 2018 IEEE/ACM 40th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE). Association for Computing Machinery, Gothenburg, Sweden, 105--116. https://doi.org/10.1145/3180155.3180205

Digital Library

[112]

Haiyi Zhu, Robert E. Kraut, and Aniket Kittur. 2016. A Contingency View of Transferring and Adapting Best Practices within Online Communities. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (San Francisco, California, USA) (CSCW '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 729--743. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819976

Digital Library

[113]

Dimitrios Zissis, Dimitrios Lekkas, Philip Azariadis, Paraskevas Papanikos, and Elias Xidias. 2016. Collaborative CAD/CAE as a cloud service. International Journal of Systems Science: Operations & Logistics 4 (10 2016), 339--355. Issue 4. https://doi.org/10.1080/23302674.2016.1186237

Cited By

Lee JBaeck MYeo HStarner TWoo W(2024)GestureMark: Shortcut Input Technique using Smartwatch Touch Gestures for XR GlassesProceedings of the Augmented Humans International Conference 202410.1145/3652920.3652941(63-71)Online publication date: 4-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3652920.3652941
Dong XChen YNishiyama YSezaki KWang YChristofferson KMariakakis A(2024)ReHEarSSE: Recognizing Hidden-in-the-Ear Silently Spelled ExpressionsProceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642095(1-16)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642095
Asuzu CCheng KOlechowski A(2024)The Personas of Cloud CAD Collaboration: A Case Study of a Team of CAD ProfessionalsIEEE Transactions on Engineering Management10.1109/TEM.2024.340917871(11225-11237)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2024.3409178
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

In the Age of Collaboration, the Computer-Aided Design Ecosystem is Behind: An Interview Study of Distributed CAD Practice
1. Applied computing
  1. Physical sciences and engineering
    1. Engineering
      1. Computer-aided design
2. Human-centered computing
  1. Collaborative and social computing
    1. Empirical studies in collaborative and social computing

Recommendations

User Perspectives on Branching in Computer-Aided Design
CSCW

Branching is a feature of distributed version control systems that facilitates the "divide and conquer" strategy present in complex and collaborative work domains. Branching has revolutionized modern software development and has the potential to ...
Computer-aided design versus sketching: An exploratory case study

This paper presents a preliminary comparison between the role of computer-aided design (CAD) and sketching in engineering through a case study of a senior design project and interviews with industry and academia. The design team consisted of four senior ...
Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)
Encyclopedia of Computer Science

Since the 1960s, computers have aided the closer integration of design activities with the actions required to manufacture goods, and the systems used to provide these aids have been called CAD/CAM systems. Initial CAD systems were directed at computer-...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction

Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction Volume 7, Issue CSCW1

CSCW

April 2023

3836 pages

EISSN:2573-0142

DOI:10.1145/3593053

Editor:
Jeff Nichols
Google

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2023 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 16 April 2023

Published in PACMHCI Volume 7, Issue CSCW1

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Funding Sources

University of Toronto Centre for Analytics and Artificial Intelligence Engineering (CARTE)
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

8
Total Citations
View Citations
276
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)161
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)23

Reflects downloads up to 01 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Lee JBaeck MYeo HStarner TWoo W(2024)GestureMark: Shortcut Input Technique using Smartwatch Touch Gestures for XR GlassesProceedings of the Augmented Humans International Conference 202410.1145/3652920.3652941(63-71)Online publication date: 4-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3652920.3652941
Dong XChen YNishiyama YSezaki KWang YChristofferson KMariakakis A(2024)ReHEarSSE: Recognizing Hidden-in-the-Ear Silently Spelled ExpressionsProceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642095(1-16)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642095
Asuzu CCheng KOlechowski A(2024)The Personas of Cloud CAD Collaboration: A Case Study of a Team of CAD ProfessionalsIEEE Transactions on Engineering Management10.1109/TEM.2024.340917871(11225-11237)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2024.3409178
Guan MLi JHu JGu ZWang YLu ZWang K(2024)From Digital Art to Crypto Art: The Evolution of Art Brought by NFTInternational Journal of Human–Computer Interaction10.1080/10447318.2024.2395088(1-20)Online publication date: 10-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2395088
Cheng KCuvin POlechowski AZhou S(2023)User Perspectives on Branching in Computer-Aided DesignProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36102207:CSCW2(1-30)Online publication date: 4-Oct-2023
https://doi.org/10.1145/3610220
Cheng KOlechowski A(2023)Analysis of Collaborative Assembly in Multi-User Computer-Aided DesignJournal of Mechanical Design10.1115/1.4063759146:3Online publication date: 7-Nov-2023
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4063759
Merzdorf HJaison DHammond TLinsey JDouglas K(2023)Expert Feedback on Engineering Sketching Skills for Object Assembly Tasks2023 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)10.1109/FIE58773.2023.10343433(1-5)Online publication date: 18-Oct-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE58773.2023.10343433
Pargal SDalmia NBorse HMitra BChakraborty S(undefined)Zero-configuration Alarms: Towards Reducing Distracting Smartphone Interactions while DrivingACM Journal on Computing and Sustainable Societies10.1145/3675159
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3675159

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents