research-article

LiqDetector: Enabling Container-Independent Liquid Detection with mmWave Signals Based on a Dual-Reflection Model

Authors:

Zhiwen YuAuthors Info & Claims

Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, Volume 7, Issue 4

Article No.: 186, Pages 1 - 24

https://doi.org/10.1145/3631443

Published: 12 January 2024 Publication History

Abstract

With the advancement of wireless sensing technologies, RF-based contact-less liquid detection attracts more and more attention. Compared with other RF devices, the mmWave radar has the advantages of large bandwidth and low cost. While existing radar-based liquid detection systems demonstrate promising performance, they still have a shortcoming that in the detection result depends on container-related factors (e.g., container placement, container caliber, and container material). In this paper, to enable container-independent liquid detection with a COTS mmWave radar, we propose a dual-reflection model by exploring reflections from different interfaces of the liquid container. Specifically, we design a pair of amplitude ratios based on the signals reflected from different interfaces, and theoretically demonstrate how the refractive index of liquids can be estimated by eliminating the container's impact. To validate the proposed approach, we implement a liquid detection system LiqDetector. Experimental results show that LiqDetector achieves cross-container estimation of the liquid's refractive index with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of about 4.4%. Moreover, the classification accuracies for 6 different liquids and alcohol with different strengths (even a difference of 1%) exceed 96% and 95%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that achieves container-independent liquid detection based on the COTS mmWave radar by leveraging only one pair of Tx-Rx antennas.

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Cited By

Sahu NGupta SLone H(2024)Wearable Technology Insights: Unveiling Physiological Responses During Three Different Socially Anxious ActivitiesACM Journal on Computing and Sustainable Societies10.1145/36636712:2(1-23)Online publication date: 20-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3663671
Wang JFeng YKumbhar GWang GYan QJin QFerrier RXiong JLi TOkoshi TKo JLiKamWa R(2024)SoilCares: Towards Low-cost Soil Macronutrients and Moisture Monitoring Using RF-VNIR SensingProceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services10.1145/3643832.3661868(196-209)Online publication date: 3-Jun-2024
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Liu CDong ZHuang LYan WWang XFang DChen X(2024)TagSleep3DProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36435128:1(1-28)Online publication date: 6-Mar-2024
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Index Terms

LiqDetector: Enabling Container-Independent Liquid Detection with mmWave Signals Based on a Dual-Reflection Model
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Ubiquitous and mobile computing
    1. Ubiquitous and mobile computing systems and tools

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cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies

Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies Volume 7, Issue 4

December 2023

1613 pages

EISSN:2474-9567

DOI:10.1145/3640795

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Copyright © 2024 ACM.

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Published: 12 January 2024

Published in IMWUT Volume 7, Issue 4

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Cited By

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https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3663671
Wang JFeng YKumbhar GWang GYan QJin QFerrier RXiong JLi TOkoshi TKo JLiKamWa R(2024)SoilCares: Towards Low-cost Soil Macronutrients and Moisture Monitoring Using RF-VNIR SensingProceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services10.1145/3643832.3661868(196-209)Online publication date: 3-Jun-2024
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Liu CDong ZHuang LYan WWang XFang DChen X(2024)TagSleep3DProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36435128:1(1-28)Online publication date: 6-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3643512
Chang ZZhang FXiong JChen WZhang DGanesan DLane NShi W(2024)MSense: Boosting Wireless Sensing Capability Under Motion InterferenceProceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking10.1145/3636534.3649350(108-123)Online publication date: 29-May-2024
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