Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
research-article

Sparkly: A Simple yet Surprisingly Strong TF/IDF Blocker for Entity Matching

Published: 01 February 2023 Publication History

Abstract

Blocking is a major task in entity matching. Numerous blocking solutions have been developed, but as far as we can tell, blocking using the well-known tf/idf measure has received virtually no attention. Yet, when we experimented with tf/idf blocking using Lucene, we found it did quite well. So in this paper we examine tf/idf blocking in depth. We develop Sparkly, which uses Lucene to perform top-k tf/idf blocking in a distributed share-nothing fashion on a Spark cluster. We develop techniques to identify good attributes and tokenizers that can be used to block on, making Sparkly completely automatic. We perform extensive experiments showing that Sparkly outperforms 8 state-of-the-art blockers. Finally, we provide an in-depth analysis of Sparkly's performance, regarding both recall/output size and runtime. Our findings suggest that (a) tf/idf blocking needs more attention, (b) Sparkly forms a strong baseline that future blocking work should compare against, and (c) future blocking work should seriously consider top-k blocking, which helps improve recall, and a distributed share-nothing architecture, which helps improve scalability, predictability, and extensibility.

References

[1]
Nils Barlaug and Jon Atle Gulla. 2020. Neural networks for entity matching. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.11075 (2020).
[2]
Andrew Borthwick, Stephen Ash, Bin Pang, Shehzad Qureshi, and Timothy Jones. 2020. Scalable Blocking for Very Large Databases. In ECML PKDD 2020 Workshops - Workshops of the European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECML PKDD 2020): SoGood 2020, PDFL 2020, MLCS 2020, NFMCP 2020, DINA 2020, EDML 2020, XKDD 2020 and INRA 2020, Ghent, Belgium, September 14-18, 2020, Proceedings (Communications in Computer and Information Science), Irena Koprinska et al. (Eds.), Vol. 1323. Springer, 303--319.
[3]
Andrei Z. Broder, Michael Herscovici, and Jason Zien. 2003. Efficient query evaluation using a two-level retrieval process. In In Proc. of the 12th ACM Conf. on Information and Knowledge Management.
[4]
Surajit Chaudhuri, Kris Ganjam, Venkatesh Ganti, and Rajeev Motwani. 2003. Robust and Efficient Fuzzy Match for Online Data Cleaning. In Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, San Diego, California, USA, June 9-12, 2003, Alon Y. Halevy, Zachary G. Ives, and AnHai Doan (Eds.). ACM, 313--324.
[5]
Peter Christen. 2011. A survey of indexing techniques for scalable record linkage and deduplication. IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering 24, 9 (2011), 1537--1555.
[6]
Peter Christen. 2012. Data Matching - Concepts and Techniques for Record Linkage, Entity Resolution, and Duplicate Detection. Springer.
[7]
Vassilis Christophides, Vasilis Efthymiou, Themis Palpanas, George Papadakis, and Kostas Stefanidis. 2020. An overview of end-to-end entity resolution for big data. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 53, 6 (2020), 1--42.
[8]
William W. Cohen, Pradeep Ravikumar, and Stephen E. Fienberg. 2003. A Comparison of String Distance Metrics for Name-Matching Tasks. In Proceedings of IJCAI-03 Workshop on Information Integration on the Web (IIWeb-03), August 9-10, 2003, Acapulco, Mexico, Subbarao Kambhampati and Craig A. Knoblock (Eds.). 73--78. http://www.isi.edu/info-agents/workshops/ijcai03/papers/Cohen-p.pdf
[9]
Sanjib Das, Paul Suganthan G. C., AnHai Doan, Jeffrey F. Naughton, Ganesh Krishnan, Rohit Deep, Esteban Arcaute, Vijay Raghavendra, and Youngchoon Park. 2017. Falcon: Scaling Up Hands-Off Crowdsourced Entity Matching to Build Cloud Services. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Management of Data, SIGMOD Conference 2017, Chicago, IL, USA, May 14-19, 2017, Semih Salihoglu, Wenchao Zhou, Rada Chirkova, Jun Yang, and Dan Suciu (Eds.). ACM, 1431--1446.
[10]
Constantinos Dimopoulos, Sergey Nepomnyachiy, and Torsten Suel. 2013. Optimizing top-k document retrieval strategies for block-max indexes. In Sixth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM 2013, Rome, Italy, February 4-8, 2013, Stefano Leonardi, Alessandro Panconesi, Paolo Ferragina, and Aristides Gionis (Eds.). ACM, 113--122.
[11]
Shuai Ding and Torsten Suel. 2011. Faster top-k document retrieval using blockmax indexes. In Proceeding of the 34th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR 2011, Beijing, China, July 25-29, 2011, Wei-Ying Ma, Jian-Yun Nie, Ricardo Baeza-Yates, Tat-Seng Chua, and W. Bruce Croft (Eds.). ACM, 993--1002.
[12]
A. Doan, A. Halevy, and Z. Ives. 2012. Principles of Data Integration. Elsevier.
[13]
Muhammad Ebraheem, Saravanan Thirumuruganathan, Shafiq Joty, Mourad Ouzzani, and Nan Tang. 2018. Distributed representations of tuples for entity resolution. PVLDB 11, 11 (2018), 1454--1467.
[14]
Ahmed K. Elmagarmid, Panagiotis G. Ipeirotis, and Vassilios S. Verykios. 2007. Duplicate Record Detection: A Survey. TKDE 19, 1 (2007).
[15]
C. Gokhale, S. Das, A. Doan, J. F. Naughton, N. Rampalli, J. Shavlik, and X. Zhu. 2014. Corleone: hands-off crowdsourcing for entity matching. SIGMOD.
[16]
Yash Govind, Pradap Konda, Paul Suganthan G. C., Philip Martinkus, Palaniappan Nagarajan, Han Li, Aravind Soundararajan, Sidharth Mudgal, Jeffrey R. Ballard, Haojun Zhang, Adel Ardalan, Sanjib Das, Derek Paulsen, Amanpreet Singh Saini, Erik Paulson, Youngchoon Park, Marshall Carter, Mingju Sun, Glenn Moo Fung, and AnHai Doan. 2019. Entity Matching Meets Data Science: A Progress Report from the Magellan Project. In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Management of Data, SIGMOD Conference 2019, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 30 - July 5, 2019, Peter A. Boncz, Stefan Manegold, Anastasia Ailamaki, Amol Deshpande, and Tim Kraska (Eds.). ACM, 389--403.
[17]
Yash Govind, Erik Paulson, Palaniappan Nagarajan, Paul Suganthan G. C., AnHai Doan, Youngchoon Park, Glenn Fung, Devin Conathan, Marshall Carter, and Mingju Sun. 2018. CloudMatcher: A Hands-Off Cloud/Crowd Service for Entity Matching. Proc. VLDB Endow. 11, 12 (2018), 2042--2045.
[18]
Adrien Grand, Robert Muir, Jim Ferenczi, and Jimmy Lin. 2020. From MAXSCORE to Block-Max Wand: The Story of How Lucene Significantly Improved Query Evaluation Performance. In Advances in Information Retrieval - 42nd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2020, Lisbon, Portugal, April 14-17, 2020, Proceedings, Part II (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Joemon M. Jose, Emine Yilmaz, João Magalhães, Pablo Castells, Nicola Ferro, Mário J. Silva, and Flávio Martins (Eds.), Vol. 12036. Springer, 20--27.
[19]
Pradap Konda, Sanjib Das, Paul Suganthan GC, AnHai Doan, Adel Ardalan, Jeffrey R Ballard, Han Li, Fatemah Panahi, Haojun Zhang, Jeff Naughton, et al. 2016. Magellan: Toward building entity matching management systems. PVLDB 9, 13 (2016), 1581--1584.
[20]
Donald Kossmann. 2000. The State of the art in distributed query processing. ACM Comput. Surv. 32, 4 (2000), 422--469.
[21]
Paraschos Koutris, Semih Salihoglu, and Dan Suciu. 2018. Algorithmic Aspects of Parallel Data Processing. Found. Trends Databases 8, 4 (2018), 239--370.
[22]
Peng Li, Xiang Cheng, Xu Chu, Yeye He, and Surajit Chaudhuri. 2021. Auto-FuzzyJoin: Auto-Program Fuzzy Similarity Joins Without Labeled Examples. In SIGMOD '21: International Conference on Management of Data, Virtual Event, China, June 20-25, 2021, Guoliang Li, Zhanhuai Li, Stratos Idreos, and Divesh Srivastava (Eds.). ACM, 1064--1076.
[23]
Yuliang Li, Jinfeng Li, Yoshihiko Suhara, AnHai Doan, and Wang-Chiew Tan. 2020. Deep entity matching with pre-trained language models. PVLDB 14, 1 (2020), 50--60.
[24]
Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan, and Hinrich Schütze. 2008. Introduction to information retrieval. Cambridge University Press.
[25]
Sidharth Mudgal, Han Li, Theodoros Rekatsinas, AnHai Doan, Youngchoon Park, Ganesh Krishnan, Rohit Deep, Esteban Arcaute, and Vijay Raghavendra. 2018. Deep learning for entity matching: A design space exploration. In SIGMOD.
[26]
Felix Naumann and Melanie Herschel. 2010. An introduction to duplicate detection. Synthesis Lectures on Data Management 2, 1 (2010), 1--87.
[27]
Kevin OHare, Anna Jurek-Loughrey, and Cassio de Campos. 2019. A review of unsupervised and semi-supervised blocking methods for record linkage. Linking and Mining Heterogeneous and Multi-view Data (2019), 79--105.
[28]
Kevin O'Hare, Anna Jurek-Loughrey, and Cassio P. de Campos. 2022. High-Value Token-Blocking: Efficient Blocking Method for Record Linkage. ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data 16, 2 (2022), 24:1--24:17.
[29]
G. Papadakis, M. Fisichella, F. Schoger, G. Mandilaras, N. Augsten, and W. Nejdl. 2022. Benchmarking Filtering Techniques for Entity Resolution. Technical Report. arXiv:2022.12521v3.
[30]
George Papadakis, Ekaterini Ioannou, Emanouil Thanos, and Themis Palpanas. 2021. The Four Generations of Entity Resolution. Synthesis Lectures on Data Management 16, 2 (2021), 1--170.
[31]
George Papadakis, George Mandilaras, Luca Gagliardelli, Giovanni Simonini, Emmanouil Thanos, George Giannakopoulos, Sonia Bergamaschi, Themis Palpanas, and Manolis Koubarakis. 2020. Three-dimensional Entity Resolution with JedAI. Information Systems 93 (2020), 101565.
[32]
George Papadakis, Dimitrios Skoutas, Emmanouil Thanos, and Themis Palpanas. 2020. Blocking and filtering techniques for entity resolution: A survey. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 53, 2 (2020), 1--42.
[33]
George Papadakis, Leonidas Tsekouras, Emmanouil Thanos, Nikiforos Pittaras, Giovanni Simonini, Dimitrios Skoutas, Paul Isaris, George Giannakopoulos, Themis Palpanas, and Manolis Koubarakis. 2020. JedAI3: beyond batch, blocking-based Entity Resolution. In EDBT. 603--606.
[34]
D. Paulsen, Y. Govind, and A. Doan. 2022. Homepage of the Sparkly Blocking System. https://github.com/anhaidgroup/sparkly.
[35]
Anna Primpeli, Ralph Peeters, and Christian Bizer. 2019. The WDC Training Dataset and Gold Standard for Large-Scale Product Matching. In Companion of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference, WWW 2019, San Francisco, CA, USA, May 13-17, 2019, Sihem Amer-Yahia, Mohammad Mahdian, Ashish Goel, Geert-Jan Houben, Kristina Lerman, Julian J. McAuley, Ricardo Baeza-Yates, and Leila Zia (Eds.). ACM, 381--386.
[36]
Rudi Seitz. 2022. Understanding tf/idf and BM25. Technical Report. https://kmwllc.com/index.php/2020/03/20/understanding-tf-idf-and-bm-25.
[37]
Michael Stonebraker. 1986. The Case for Shared Nothing. IEEE Database Eng. Bull. 9, 1 (1986), 4--9. http://sites.computer.org/debull/86MAR-CD.pdf
[38]
Saravanan Thirumuruganathan, Han Li, Nan Tang, Mourad Ouzzani, Yash Govind, Derek Paulsen, Glenn Fung, and AnHai Doan. 2021. Deep Learning for Blocking in Entity Matching: A Design Space Exploration. Proc. VLDB Endow. 14, 11 (2021), 2459--2472.
[39]
Frank Wilcoxon. 1945. Individual Comparisons by Ranking Methods. Biometrics Bulletin 1, 6 (1945), 80--83. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3001968
[40]
C. Xiao, W. Wang, X. Lin, and H. Shang. 2009. Top-k set similarity joins. ICDE.
[41]
Wei Zhang, Hao Wei, Bunyamin Sisman, Xin Luna Dong, Christos Faloutsos, and Davd Page. 2020. AutoBlock: A hands-off blocking framework for entity matching. In WSDM. 744--752.

Cited By

View all

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment  Volume 16, Issue 6
February 2023
393 pages
ISSN:2150-8097
Issue’s Table of Contents

Publisher

VLDB Endowment

Publication History

Published: 01 February 2023
Published in PVLDB Volume 16, Issue 6

Check for updates

Badges

Qualifiers

  • Research-article

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)138
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)13
Reflects downloads up to 30 Aug 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Full Access

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media