Do Factor Misallocations Affect Food Security? Evidence from China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Theoretical Analysis and Research Hypotheses
3.1. The Impact of Agricultural Factor Misallocations on Food Security
3.2. Spatial Spillover Effects of Agricultural Factor Misallocations on Food Security
3.3. The Mechanism Role of Transportation Infrastructure Construction and Rural Labor Outflow between Factor Misallocations and Food Security
4. Model Setting, Variable Description, and Data Sources
4.1. Model Setting
4.2. Selection of Variables
4.2.1. The Explanatory Variable
4.2.2. The Explained Variable
4.2.3. The Moderating Variables
4.2.4. The Control Variables
4.3. Source of Data
5. Empirical Results and Analysis
5.1. Impact of Factor Misallocations on Food Security
5.2. Analysis of the Moderating Effect of Heterogeneous Transportation Infrastructure Construction and Rural Labor Outflow
5.3. Robustness Tests
5.4. Reginal Heterogeneity Test
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions and Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Primary Index | Secondary Index | Index Calculation Method | Nature of Indicators |
---|---|---|---|
Quantity security | X1 Volatility of grain output | (total grain output for the year—5-year moving average of grain output)/total grain output for the year | + |
X2 Grain output per unit area | Total grain output/total sown area | + | |
X3 Per capita grain output | Total grain output/total population at year-end | + | |
Quality security | X4 Pesticide use per unit of cultivated land area | Pesticide use per unit of cultivated land area | − |
X5 Amount of fertilizer applied per unit of cultivated land area | Amount of fertilizer applied per unit of cultivated land area | − | |
X6 Amount of agricultural film applied per unit of cultivated land area | Amount of agricultural film applied per unit of cultivated land | − | |
Economic security | X7 Amount of financial support for agriculture | State financial expenditure on agriculture, forestry and water × grain sown area/total sown area | + |
X8 Food prices | Retail food commodity price index | + | |
X9 Engel coefficient | Urban Engel coefficient × proportion of urban population + rural Engel coefficient × proportion of rural population | + | |
Environmental security | X10 Drainage area | Drainage area | + |
X11 Water-saving irrigated area | Effective irrigated area of cultivated land | + | |
X12 Proportion of grain affected area | Proportion of grain affected area/total sown area | − | |
Circulation security | X13 Railway freight mileage | Railway freight mileage | + |
X14 Road density | Road density | + |
Variable | Obs | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food security | 465 | 0.281 | 0.139 | 0.084 | 0.748 |
465 | 0.594 | 0.744 | 0.002 | 6.434 | |
465 | 3.691 | 2.618 | 1.088 | 13.499 | |
465 | 3.305 | 3.917 | 0.888 | 33.548 | |
Infra | 465 | 13.469 | 7.537 | 0.810 | 33.710 |
Labortr | 465 | 0.699 | 0.561 | 0.015 | 2.412 |
Mac | 465 | 7.585 | 1.085 | 4.542 | 9.499 |
Wat | 465 | 7.124 | 1.762 | 1.386 | 9.553 |
Open | 465 | 0.298 | 0.339 | 0.012 | 1.494 |
Ind | 465 | 0.898 | 0.057 | 0.672 | 0.997 |
Finan | 465 | 0.138 | 0.245 | 0.000 | 1.811 |
Year | Moran’s I | p Value | Year | Moran’s I | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 | 0.232 | 0.001 | 2013 | 0.221 | 0.001 |
2006 | 0.241 | 0.001 | 2014 | 0.208 | 0.003 |
2007 | 0.219 | 0.002 | 2015 | 0.208 | 0.003 |
2008 | 0.216 | 0.002 | 2016 | 0.219 | 0.002 |
2009 | 0.228 | 0.002 | 2017 | 0.222 | 0.002 |
2010 | 0.212 | 0.003 | 2018 | 0.198 | 0.004 |
2011 | 0.219 | 0.002 | 2019 | 0.199 | 0.004 |
2012 | 0.219 | 0.002 |
Variables | Food Security | Variables | Food Security |
---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | ||
−4.293 ** | W × | −12.172 * | |
(2.116) | (6.998) | ||
−10.600 *** | W × | −17.167 *** | |
(1.464) | (3.994) | ||
−4.044 *** | W × | −1.533 | |
(0.846) | (2.415) | ||
mac | 50.528 *** | rho | 0.459 *** |
(6.902) | (0.071) | ||
wat | 19.461 *** | sigma2_e | 0.287 *** |
(6.934) | (19.206) | ||
open | −30.302 *** | N | 465 |
(11.548) | R2 | 0.437 | |
ind | −202.693 *** | Control Variables | YES |
(58.900) | |||
finan | −23.970 *** | Fixed Effect | YES |
(5.993) |
Variables | Infra | Labortr |
---|---|---|
−0.651 *** | −50.292 *** | |
(0.176) | (8.746) | |
−0.480 *** | −14.816 *** | |
(0.108) | (5.337) | |
0.236 *** | 15.733 *** | |
(0.055) | (2.701) | |
W × | −1.458 *** | 97.832 *** |
(0.561) | (27.714) | |
W × | −0.545 ** | −21.789 * |
(0.266) | (13.050) | |
W × | 0.140 | 14.051 ** |
(0.135) | (6.767) | |
rho | 0.336 *** | 0.520 *** |
(0.078) | (0.069) | |
sigma2_e | 2.088 *** | 507.569 *** |
(0.141) | (34.034) | |
N | 465 | 465 |
R2 | 0.116 | 0.220 |
Control Variables | YES | YES |
Fixed Effect | YES | YES |
Variable | Endogenous Check | Food Security | Factor Misallocation | SAR | SEM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
−20.427 *** | −3.836 * | −4.528 * | −4.743 ** | −4.327 * | |
(6.933) | (2.004) | (2.429) | (2.405) | (2.225) | |
−0.499 ** | −8.478 *** | −11.352 *** | −7.652 *** | −6.383 *** | |
(0.253) | (1.386) | (1.451) | (1.541) | (1.414) | |
−6.411 ** | −1.626 * | −1.981 * | −3.891 *** | −2.645 *** | |
(2.731) | (0.955) | (1.150) | (0.910) | (0.970) | |
_cons | 206.937 | ||||
(133.973) | |||||
rho | 0.453 *** | 0.463 *** | 0.435 *** | ||
(0.071) | (0.071) | (0.072) | |||
lambda | 0.566 *** | ||||
(0.068) | |||||
sigma2_e | 254.670 *** | 280.391 *** | 0.362 *** | 341.276 *** | |
(17.299) | (19.069) | (24.188) | (23.504) | ||
Control Variable | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
W × Control Variable | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
N | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 |
R2 | 0.945 | 0.224 | 0.284 | 0.350 | 0.313 |
AndersonLM | 169.916 *** | ||||
C-D WaldF | 422.685 *** | ||||
Hansen | 0.865 |
Variables | Major Grain-Producing Areas | Nonmajor Grain-Producing Areas | Southeast of the Hu Line | Northwest of the Hu Line |
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
−26.207 *** | 2.087 | −2.830 * | −44.017 ** | |
(7.181) | (1.628) | (1.621) | (18.429) | |
−57.144 *** | 1.833 | −13.899 *** | −21.455 * | |
(13.405) | (1.190) | (1.181) | (12.422) | |
−1.730 ** | −1.165 *** | −1.095 ** | 8.002 | |
(0.876) | (0.381) | (0.539) | (5.133) | |
W × | −25.981 *** | −52.788 | −53.612 *** | −5.672 |
(6.013) | (47.313) | (58.799) | (9.117) | |
W × | −25.080 *** | −6.935 | 16.967 *** | −36.939 *** |
(3.409) | (6.854) | (51.421) | (9.279) | |
W × | −8.394 *** | −21.697 | 64.751 ** | −1.189 |
(1.515) | (16.054) | (27.496) | (1.549) | |
rho | −0.508 *** | −0.145 | 0.426 *** | 0.048 |
(0.121) | (0.089) | (0.081) | (0.143) | |
sigma2_e | 0.119 *** | 0.876 *** | 0.153 *** | 0.237 *** |
(12.110) | (9.037) | (12.805) | (26.394) | |
Control Variable | YES | YES | YES | YES |
W × Control Variable | YES | YES | YES | YES |
N | 195 | 270 | 300 | 165 |
R2 | 0.340 | 0.283 | 0.284 | 0.160 |
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Jiang, T.; Zhong, M.; Gao, A.; Ma, G. Do Factor Misallocations Affect Food Security? Evidence from China. Agriculture 2024, 14, 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050729
Jiang T, Zhong M, Gao A, Ma G. Do Factor Misallocations Affect Food Security? Evidence from China. Agriculture. 2024; 14(5):729. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050729
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Tuanbiao, Min Zhong, Anrong Gao, and Guoqun Ma. 2024. "Do Factor Misallocations Affect Food Security? Evidence from China" Agriculture 14, no. 5: 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050729