Small Endemic Birds and Hot Climate: Avian and Environmental Predictors of Avifauna Road Mortality in Santa Cruz Galapagos
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
Additional Findings
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Type | Indicator | Description | Category |
---|---|---|---|
Qualitative-Avian | Age | Age Group | 1: Juvenile 2: Indeterminate + 3: Adult |
Sex | Bird’s Sex | 1: Female 2: Male 3: Indeterminate + | |
Endemism | Origen of the bird in the Galapagos Islands | 1: Endemic ++/Native +++/ 2: Introduced * 3: Migrant ** | |
Size | Bird Size in relation to weight (grams) | 1: Small (8–35) 2: Medium (36–100) 3: Heavy (200–650) | |
Qualitative-Environmental | Ecosystem | Ecosystem surrounding the road | 1: Agricultural Land 2: Deciduous Forest 3: Forest and Shrubland and Evergreen forest 4: Evergreen seasonal forest 5: Deciduous Shrubland |
Season | Climatic Season during data collection | 1: Hot 2: Transition 3: Cold | |
Slope | The slope of the road (%) | 1: Very Strong (25–55) 2: Strong (12–25) 3: Moderate (7–12) 4: Gentle (3–7) | |
Quantitative-environmental | NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index | Value of green color in relation with vegetation | Continuous Variable (from 0 to 8875) |
Precipitation | Sum of rainfall of two days during data collection (mm) | Continuous Variable (from 0.0 to 2.0) |
Bird (Local Name) Scientific Name | Endemism | Red List ECU | 2004 n | 2005 n | 2006 n | 2018 n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yellow Warbler (Canario María) Setophaga petechia aureola | E | LC | 190 | 87 | 122 | 170 |
Small Ground-Finch (Pinzón de Tierra Pequeño) Geospiza fuliginosa | E | LC | 24 | 61 | 42 | 25 |
Medium Ground-Finch (Pinzón de Tierra Mediano) Geospiza fortis | E | LC | 22 | 23 | 28 | 32 |
Unidentified finch (Pinzón no identificado) | E | n/a | 18 | 22 | 13 | 17 |
Smooth-billed Ani (Garrapatero) Crotophaga ani | I | n/a | 8 | 17 | 11 | 6 |
Galapagos Mockingbird (Cucuve de Galápagos) Mimus parvulus | E | LC | 9 | 4 | 12 | 14 |
Galapagos Flycatcher (Papamoscas) Myiarchus magnirostris | E | LC | 2 | 11 | 15 | 8 |
Dark-billed Cuckoo (Cuclillo) Coccyzus melacoryphus | N | LC | 2 | 9 | 7 | 1 |
Small Tree-Finch (Pinzón de Árbol Pequeño) Camarhynchus parvulus | E | LC | 2 | 8 | 3 | 3 |
Paint-billed Crake (Gallareta) Mustelirallus erythrops | N | LC | 5 | 2 | 5 | |
Cattle Egret (Garza Bueyera) Bubulcus ibis | I | n/a | 4 | |||
Galapagos Dove (Paloma de Galápagos) Zenaida galapagoensis | E | NT | 1 | 2 | ||
Woodpecker Finch (Pinzón Artesano/Carpintero) Camarhynchus pallidus | E | NT | 1 | 2 | ||
Large Ground-Finch (Pinzón de Tierra Grande) Geospiza magnirostris | E | LC | 1 | 1 | 4 | |
Barn Owl (Lechuza de Campanario) Tyto alba punctatissima | E | EN | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
Short-eared Owl (Lechuza de Campo) Asio flammeus galapagoensis | E | EN | 1 | 1 | ||
Yellow-crowned Night-Heron (Huaque) Nyctanassa violacea pauper | E | VU | 1 | |||
Wilson’s Phalarope (Falaropo) Phalaropus tricolor | M | LC | 1 | |||
Green Warbler-Finch (Pinzón cantor verde) Certhidea olivacea | E | VU | 1 | |||
Common Gallinule (Gallinula) Gallinula galeata | N | NT | 1 | |||
Common Cactus-Finch (Pinzón de Cactus Común) Geospiza scandens | E | LC | 1 | |||
Galapagos Rail (Pachay) Laterallus spilonota | E | VU | 1 | |||
Total per year | 278 | 252 | 265 | 294 | ||
Number of sampled months | 7 | 10 | 12 | 11 |
Variable Type | Indicators of Avian Road Mortality * | 2005 | 2006 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Avian | Age | −0.18 | −0.67 | −0.85 |
Sex | −0.42 | 0.12 | 0.44 | |
Endemism | −0.77 | −0.69 | −0.40 | |
Size | −0.84 | −0.70 | −0.42 | |
Environmental | Ecosystem | 0.59 | 0.36 | −0.31 |
Season | −0.41 | −0.47 | −0.59 | |
Slope | −0.10 | −0.11 | −0.25 | |
NDVI_1 | −0.16 | −0.13 | 0.35 | |
Precipitation | 0.15 | 0.50 | −0.33 |
Variable Type | Indicator | 2004, N = 278 n (%) | 2005, N = 252 n (%) | 2006, N = 265 n (%) | 2018, N = 294 n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Avian | Age group | ||||
Juvenile | 95 (34) | 82 (33) | 80 (30) | 129 (44) | |
Indeterminate | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 5 (1.7) | |
Adult | 183 (66) | 169 (67) | 185 (70) | 160 (54) | |
Sex | |||||
Female | 123 (44) | 81 (32) | 71 (27) | 60 (20) | |
Male | 67 (24) | 41 (16) | 58 (22) | 85 (29) | |
Indeterminate | 88 (32) | 130 (52) | 136 (51) | 149 (51) | |
Endemism | |||||
Endemic/Native | 270 (97) | 235 (93) | 250 (94) | 270 (92) | |
Introduced | 8 (2.9) | 17 (6.7) | 15 (5.7) | 6 (2.0) | |
Migrant | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 18 (6.1) | |
Size | |||||
Small bird (8–35 g) | 258 (93) | 214 (85) | 226 (85) | 261 (89) | |
Medium bird (36–100 g) | 19 (6.8) | 36 (14) | 34 (13) | 28 (9.5) | |
Heavy bird (200–650 g) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.8) | 5 (1.9) | 5 (1.7) | |
Environmental | Ecosystem | ||||
Agricultural Land | 168 (60) | 57 (23) | 37 (14) | 119 (40) | |
Deciduous Forest | 55 (20) | 172 (68) | 168 (63) | 142 (48) | |
Forest and Shrubland and Evergreen Forest | 5 (1.8) | 12 (4.8) | 29 (11) | 18 (6.1) | |
Evergreen Seasonal Forest | 45 (16) | 4 (1.6) | 9 (3.4) | 12 (4.1) | |
Deciduous Shrubland | 5 (1.8) | 7 (2.8) | 22 (8.3) | 3 (1.0) | |
Season | |||||
Hot | 230 (83) | 145 (58) | 208 (78) | 255 (87) | |
Transition | 26 (9.4) | 68 (27) | 28 (11) | 5 (1.7) | |
Cold | 22 (7.9) | 39 (15) | 29 (11) | 34 (12) | |
Month | |||||
January | 16 (5.8) | 9 (3.6) | 16 (6.0) | 18 (6.1) | |
February | n.a | n.a | 7 (2.6) | 11 (3.7) | |
March | 91 (33) | n.a | 23 (8.7) | 24 (8.2) | |
April | 82 (29) | 69 (27) | 53 (20) | 41 (14) | |
May | n.a | 25 (9.9) | 60 (23) | 95 (32) | |
June | 41 (15) | 31 (12) | 40 (15) | 63 (21) | |
July | 16 (5.8) | 45 (18) | 24 (9.1) | n.a | |
August | 22 (7.9) | 23 (9.1) | 18 (6.8) | 16 (5.4) | |
September | n.a | 13 (5.2) | 5 (1.9) | 7 (2.4) | |
October | n.a | 3 (1.2) | 6 (2.3) | 11 (3.7) | |
November | 10 (3.6) | 23 (9.1) | 4 (1.5) | 5 (1.7) | |
December | n.a | 11 (4.4) | 9 (3.4) | 3 (1.0) |
Type | Determinants | 2005 | 2006 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Avian | Age * | Juvenile | Adults | |
Sex * | Male | Female | ||
Environmental | Ecosystem area | Deciduous Forest | Agricultural Land | Evergreen Forest |
Season | Hot | |||
Slope | High | Low | High | |
NDVI_1 | High | Low | High | |
Precipitation | Low | High | High |
Type | Determinants | 2005 | 2006 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Avian | Age | Adults | ||
Sex | Indeterminate | |||
Environmental | Precipitation | High | Low | Low |
Ecosystem area | Agricultural | Deciduous Forest | ||
Season | Cold | Hot | Cold | |
Slope | Mid | High | Slightly | |
NDVI_1 (Vegetation) | High | Low | High |
Vertebrate (Local Name) Scientific Name | Endemism | Red List ECU |
---|---|---|
Birds Galapagos Vermilion Flycatcher (Pájaro Brujo) Pyrocephalus nanus | E | VU |
Vegetarian Finch (Pinzón Vegetariano) Platyspiza crassirostris | E | NT |
Reptile Indefatigable Lava Lizard (Lagartija Indefatigable) Microlophus indefatigabilis | E | NT |
Steindacher Racer (Culebra de Steindachner o rayada) Pseudalsophis steindachneri | E | EN |
Mammals Black rat (Rata Negra) Rattus rattus | I | n.a |
Feral cat (Gato feral) Felis catus | I | n.a |
n.a: not applicable |
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Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G.; Roa-López, H.; Penafiel, D.; Quezada, G.; Loyola, A.; Delgado, B.; Moity, N.; Devineau, O.; Betancourt, F. Small Endemic Birds and Hot Climate: Avian and Environmental Predictors of Avifauna Road Mortality in Santa Cruz Galapagos. Birds 2024, 5, 453-468. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds5030031
Jiménez-Uzcátegui G, Roa-López H, Penafiel D, Quezada G, Loyola A, Delgado B, Moity N, Devineau O, Betancourt F. Small Endemic Birds and Hot Climate: Avian and Environmental Predictors of Avifauna Road Mortality in Santa Cruz Galapagos. Birds. 2024; 5(3):453-468. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds5030031
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiménez-Uzcátegui, Gustavo, Heydi Roa-López, Daniela Penafiel, Galo Quezada, Andrea Loyola, Byron Delgado, Nicolas Moity, Olivier Devineau, and Franklyn Betancourt. 2024. "Small Endemic Birds and Hot Climate: Avian and Environmental Predictors of Avifauna Road Mortality in Santa Cruz Galapagos" Birds 5, no. 3: 453-468. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds5030031