Study on the Effect of Water–Binder Ratio on the Carbonation Resistance of Raw Sea Sand Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete and the Distribution of Chloride Ions after Carbonation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Slag
2.1.2. Sand
2.1.3. Alkali Activator
2.2. The Preparation and Mixing Ratio of Sample
2.3. Testing and Analysis
2.3.1. Fluidity Test
2.3.2. Mechanical Property Test
2.3.3. Carbonation Depth
2.3.4. Compressive Strength after Carbonization
2.3.5. Chloridion Concentration Test
2.3.6. X-ray Diffraction Test
2.3.7. Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.3.8. Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Flowability
3.2. Mechanical Property
3.3. Properties after Carbonization
3.3.1. Carbonation Depth
3.3.2. Compressive Strength after Carbonization
3.3.3. The Distribution of Chloridion under Carbonation
3.4. XRD
3.5. TG
3.6. Pore Structure
4. Conclusions and Prospect
- (1)
- Mortar specimens with a lower W/B ratio demonstrate more complete hydration, resulting in lower porosity and enhanced mechanical properties, though they exhibit poorer flowability.
- (2)
- Increasing the W/B ratio results in a decrease in the quantity of hydration products, higher porosity, accelerated carbonation reaction rates, and faster chloride ion transmission and release.
- (3)
- During carbonation, the C-(A)-S-H gel in the samples initially undergoes decalcification, reducing the porosity and compressive strength. As carbonation continues, the generation of CaCO3 fills the pores, which decreases porosity and gradually enhances strength.
- (4)
- The carbonation process significantly influences the Cl− distribution. In the carbonated interface area of the mortar, chloride ion concentration is substantially higher than in non-carbonated areas. This indicates that carbonation drives the transmission of Cl− from the sea sand towards the carbonation interface, resulting in a peak concentration of chloride ions just ahead of this interface. Notably, samples from groups with higher water–binder ratios exhibit higher peak concentrations and deeper peak locations, suggesting a heightened risk of chloride ion erosion.
- (5)
- Our research on the interaction between carbonation and chloride ions in SSAS concrete has significant implications for developing predictive models and service life estimation tools. By incorporating these interactions into future models, we can more accurately predict the long-term durability of SSAS concrete structures under various environmental conditions.
- (6)
- The research findings of this study have multiple potential practical applications, including the design of more durable marine structures, the development of eco-friendly building materials, and the improvement of the corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete. Future research will focus on optimizing the mix design of SSAS concrete, exploring its long-term performance under various environmental conditions, and developing advanced models for predicting the service life of SSAS concrete structures. Further studies will also investigate the use of different types of sea sand and alkali activators to enhance the performance of SSAS concrete.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Density (g/cm3) | Cl− Concentration (%) | Fluidity Ratio (%) | Loss on Ignition (%) | Specific Surface Area (m2/kg) | Activity Index of 7 Days (%) | Activity Index of 28 Days (%) | Water Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.92 | 0.032 | 103 | 1.02 | 425 | 78 | 96 | 0.36 |
CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MgO | SO3 | TiO2 | Na2O | Fe2O3 | MnO | K2O | Cl | SrO | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
36.84 | 30.27 | 17.18 | 9.67 | 2.79 | 1.25 | 0.60 | 0.48 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.10 |
RS | SS | |
---|---|---|
water content/% | 4.80 | 0.54 |
soil content/% | 2.46 | 1.52 |
Cl− content/% | 0.003 | 0.163 |
Shell content/% | / | 11.20 |
Cumulative Sieve Residue/% | RS | SS |
---|---|---|
A1 | 0.00 | 0.80 |
A2 | 0.20 | 18.98 |
A3 | 5.28 | 37.44 |
A4 | 80.80 | 63.10 |
A5 | 97.72 | 86.74 |
A6 | 99.44 | 96.06 |
Group | B/S (Binder/Sand) | W/B Ratio | Sea Sand Content | Alkali Dosage | Alkali Modulus |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
W0.39 | 1:2 | 0.39 | 30% | 6% | 1.0 |
W0.43 | 1:2 | 0.43 | 30% | 6% | 1.0 |
W0.47 | 1:2 | 0.47 | 30% | 6% | 1.0 |
W0.51 | 1:2 | 0.51 | 30% | 6% | 1.0 |
Group Number | Carbonization Age | Total Porosity/% | Harmless Pore (d ≤ 20 nm) | Less Harmful Pore (20 < d ≤ 50 nm) | Harmful Pore (50 < d ≤ 200 nm) | More Harmful Pore (d > 200 nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W0.43 | 0d | 11.20 | 7.71 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 2.91 |
14d | 13.34 | 4.42 | 2.09 | 2.00 | 4.83 | |
28d | 11.44 | 3.85 | 1.32 | 1.15 | 5.12 | |
W0.51 | 0d | 15.47 | 11.12 | 0.86 | 0.33 | 3.16 |
28d | 15.50 | 4.23 | 2.37 | 2.86 | 6.04 |
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Wu, Y.; Kang, S.; Zhang, F.; Huang, H.; Liu, H.; Zhang, J.; Li, H.; Li, W.; Zheng, Z.; Wu, W. Study on the Effect of Water–Binder Ratio on the Carbonation Resistance of Raw Sea Sand Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete and the Distribution of Chloride Ions after Carbonation. Buildings 2024, 14, 2027. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072027
Wu Y, Kang S, Zhang F, Huang H, Liu H, Zhang J, Li H, Li W, Zheng Z, Wu W. Study on the Effect of Water–Binder Ratio on the Carbonation Resistance of Raw Sea Sand Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete and the Distribution of Chloride Ions after Carbonation. Buildings. 2024; 14(7):2027. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072027
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Yan, Sixiang Kang, Feng Zhang, Haisheng Huang, Haojie Liu, Jianbin Zhang, Hongze Li, Weihong Li, Zhou Zheng, and Wenda Wu. 2024. "Study on the Effect of Water–Binder Ratio on the Carbonation Resistance of Raw Sea Sand Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete and the Distribution of Chloride Ions after Carbonation" Buildings 14, no. 7: 2027. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072027