Thixotropic Phenomena in Water: Quantitative Indicators of Casimir-Magnetic Transformations from Vacuum Oscillations (Virtual Particles)

Abstract

The ~1.5 × 10⁻²⁰ J which is considered a universal quantity and is associated with the movement of protons in water also relates to the ratio of the magnetic moment of a proton divided by its unit charge, multiplied by viscosity and applied over the O-H distance. There is quantitative evidence that thixotropy, the “spontaneous” increased viscosity in water when undisturbed, originates from the transformation of virtual particles or vacuum oscillations to real states through conversion of Casimir-magnetic energies that involve the frequency of the neutral hydrogen line and the upper bound threshold value for intergalactic magnetic fields. The results indicate that ½ of a single electron orbit is real (particle) and the other ½ is virtual (wave). The matter equivalent per s for virtual-to-real states for electrons in 1 mL of water with a neutral pH is consistent with the numbers of protons (H⁺) and the measured range of molecules in the coherent domains for both width and duration of growth and is similar to widths of intergalactic dust grains from which planets and stars may condense. The de Broglie momentum for the lower boundary of the width of coherent domains multiplied by the fine structure velocity of an electron is concurrent with the quantum when one proton is being removed from another and when the upper boundary of the rest mass of a photon is transformed by the product of velocities for putative “entanglement” and light. Theoretical and experimental results indicate that components of thixotropy, such as specific domains of intercalated water molecules, could display excess correlations over very large distances. Because the energies of the universal quantity and water converge it may be a special conduit for discrete transformations from virtual to real states.

1. Introduction

The thixotropic phenomenon of water may determine many of the parameters that both create and constrain the conditions for living systems. Thixotropy is an emergent property of liquids and gels whose viscosity slowly increases and appears to involve the intrinsic ordering of large numbers of water molecules. Vybiral and Voracek’s study [1] of water containing ions indicated that the gel-like behavior developed “spontaneously” over time when undisturbed in closed vessels. Mechanical stimuli dissipated the enhanced viscosity and the correlative properties. The history and primary explanations for the thixotropic phenomenon of water have been reviewed recently by Verdel and Bukovec [2]. They concluded that thixotropy is one “of the more complex characteristics associated with the behaviour of non-Newtonian liquids”. One would expect the mechanisms to be relatable to quantum levels of discourse. Here I present quantitative evidence that thixotropic properties of water could reflect a universal interface for the transformation of virtual particles from zero-point, vacuum oscillations to real particles.

The hypothesis by Verdel et al. [3] that thixotropy and proton transfer within water, that is the dynamics of the hydronium ion involving Grotthuss-like mechanisms, are intricately related is revealing. They examined the possibility that a structured network of hydrogen bonds between water molecules and ions in aqueous solutions when left undisturbed for protracted periods near hydrophilic surfaces facilitated this condition. If this were valid, then weak magnetic fields of the appropriate temporal configuration could be contained or “trapped” within these structure networks as predicted by Del Giudice and Preparata [4]. When we [5] exposed spring water containing physiological concentrations of ions to 3 ms point duration weak magnetic fields in the dark, undisturbed for more than two weeks, spectrophotometry measured a marked increase (20%, ~100 counts) in fluorescence within the 400 to 450 nm band. If the water was disturbed excessively (during transport to the fluorescent spectrophotometer) or the duration was less than three days this effect was not observed. The 3 ms point duration had been selected by Koren et al. [6] based upon the solution for the time required for a proton to expand one Planck’s length according to a Hubble expansion parameter.

What was unique about this experiment was there were two identically constructed coils between which the water volumes were exposed. Although the peak wavelength was 399 nm for the activated coil (directly by electric current) compared to the 381 nm peak for the control samples, the non-activated coil which exhibited the characteristics of a “virtual field” displayed a longer peak wavelength of 409 nm. The difference between the peak fluorescent emissions from water that had been exposed undisturbed in the dark for more than two weeks to the activated and the non-activated (or “virtual” field) coil was ~1.4 × 10⁻²⁰ J. Subsequent spectral analyses of the successive 1 nm increments of this band exhibited a clear periodicity at 10 nm, the width of a cell membrane. Neither the enhanced photon emissions nor this spectral profile was displayed by the same volumes of double distilled water exposed to the same conditions.

The energy associated with the increment at 10 nm was calculated to be ~1.5 × 10⁻²⁰ J. This was an important value for several reasons [7]. First, it is consistent with Woutersen and Bakker’s [8] measurements of the resonant intermolecular transfer of excitations from distention of OH excitations over large numbers of water molecules. When the magnetic moment of a proton (1.41 × 10⁻²⁶ A·m²) is divided by the unit charge (1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ A·s) a diffusivity term emerges with a value of 0.88 × 10⁻⁷ m²·s⁻¹. When applied to the viscosity of water around 25 °C (8.94 × 10⁻⁴ kg·m⁻¹·s⁻¹) the force is 7.87 × 10⁻¹¹ kg·m·s⁻². If this force is applied across the distance of two OH bonds (~1.92 × 10⁻¹⁰ m) the available energy would be ~1.5 × 10⁻²⁰ J [9]. This quantity of energy is the value between two potassium ions whose bulk interfacial concentrations have been considered the source of the resting potential of the plasma membrane in mammalian cells as well as the net change of ~120 mV (the axonal action potential) upon a unit charge. It is also within measurement error of the second shell hydrogen bonds that have been shown to contribute to the proton’s mobility in water [10].

The movement of the proton through water is primarily associated with the presence of the hydronium ion. The average life time of a hydronium ion is about a picosecond, although DeCoursey’s brilliant review [10] indicates the experimental range has been between 0.24 to 3 ps. When the average (1 × 10⁻¹² s) is multiplied by the ratio of the proton’s magnetic moment to its unit charge, the resulting value is 8.8 × 10⁻²⁰ m², or, a functional length of 0.297 nm. The actual distance between water molecules is measured to be around 0.29 nm. This identical congruence strongly suggests that the duration of the hydronium ion, defined as the transient sequestering of the proton, is actually determined by the diffusivity of the dynamics of water. Alternatively the duration of the hydronium ion phenomena is a function of the specific distance (space) between source molecules.

If the mobile proton is a contributory source to thixotropy and the proton and an electron, the neutral hydrogen atom, constitute 90% of the matter of the universe as inferred by the hydrogen line of 1.42 GHz, then the properties of thixotropy should share commonalities with this fundamental matter. The spatial dimensions of the ordered domains of water vary depending upon the experimental procedure. Bunkin’s [11] spherical gas cavities, created by dissolving atmospheric gas into ion-containing water, displayed radii between 10 nm and 100 nm. Clusters of these units expand to a radius of 0.5 μm. Incident radiant energy converted the water vesicles into vapour bubbles [12]. For a variety of chemical systems that included acetic acid, D-glucose, NaCl and ethanol within double-distilled water Sedlak [13] found that the number of solute molecules per domain ranged from 10³ to 10⁸. More importantly from the perspective of etiology the developments of the supramolecular structures were a function of time and exhibited a temporal asymptote. After about 80 days the domain structures appeared stable with most sizes between ~30 nm and 0.5 μm with an average of about 100 nm.

As reported by Pagani et al. [14] spaces defined as dust grains with an average size of 0.1 μm (100 nm) are the primary constituents of cold molecular clouds in the interstellar medium. These clouds and their materials contribute (through mechanisms yet to be fully described) to the formation of stars and planets. Estimation of the simple force of the universal set, the known universe, is the product of its mass (~10⁵² kg), its length (~10²⁶ m) and the square of the zero point vacuum oscillation, i.e., 10⁸⁶ s⁻². That value is ~10¹⁶⁴ N [15]. Assuming the smallest volume unit to be a Planck’s voxel (10⁻¹⁰⁵ m²) and the volume of the universe to be 10⁷⁸ m³ here would be 10¹⁸³ Planck’s voxels resulting in ~10⁻¹⁹ N per voxel. Applied across the most frequent space or wavelength, the neutral hydrogen line of 21 cm, the “pervasive” energy would be 10⁻²⁰ J. If current coefficients for the source values are included the likely quantity is ~2 × 10⁻²⁰ J. The similarity of punctate spaces of formative matter and this energy to the structured organization and energies contributing to the proton within water suggests a commonality that could originate from fundamental forces where virtual and real particles interact and transform from and into entropy.

2. Quantum Casimir-Macroscopic Magnetic Field Energies

The Casimir effect has been considered a “pure quantum effect” from zero-point oscillations. According to Bordag et al. [16] it represents the zero-point energy of a quantized field. To transcend and integrate spatial levels from the smallest space (Planck’s Length) the Casimir process should be transformable to macroscopic phenomena, such as matter-level magnetic fields. If this occurs then there should be a convergence of quantitative solutions that relate to the properties of matter within specific boundaries.

Casimir energy is:

E_C = π² 240⁻¹ ħc a⁻⁴ m³

(1)

where ħ is the modified Planck’s constant (1.05 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s), c is the velocity of light in a vacuum, “a” refers to the width between two Casimir plate-like conditions and m³ is functional volume of the separation between the two plates, and, “magnetic field energy” is:

E_M = B² (2μ)⁻¹ m³

(2)

where B is the strength of the magnetic field, μ is magnetic permeability (in a vacuum, 4π × 10⁻⁷ N·A⁻²) and m³ is the volume within which the field is contained. When these energies are set equal and the “inter-plate” distance for the idealized Casimir separation is calculated the relationship is:

a⁴ = [π² 240⁻¹) ħc (2μ)]·B⁻²

(3)

The volume component is cancelled and the only variable (non-constant) is B, the strength of the field. The candidate to relate the two sources of energy must be pervasive. One possibility is the “universal” wave structure and frequency that is ubiquitous: the neutral hydrogen line. The strength of the B field required to converge with the energy from the neutral hydrogen line (1.42 GHz) or 9.41 × 10⁻²⁵ J (the product of frequency and Planck’s regular constant, 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s) for the magnetic moments of an electron’s orbit and spin are quantifiable. These values are μ_B = 9.2740780 × 10⁻²⁴ J·T⁻¹ and μ_e = 9.2847701 × 10⁻²⁴ J·T⁻¹ [17]. For convenience only the first three decimal points will be employed for further analyses.

The magnetic field strength associated with the convergence with the spin or orbit magnetic moment of an electron is ~1.01 × 10−1 T. The resultant value for $\sqrt[4]{a}$ is between 23.7 and 23.8 nm. The Casimir distance (equation 3) derived from the equivalence of Casimir and magnetic energy for the electron orbital magnetic moment μ_B would be 2.373 × 10⁻⁸ m. If it were a wavelength of electromagnetic radiations, such as photons, moving at c (2.998 × 10⁸ m·s⁻¹), the time required for one orbit would be 0.792 × 10⁻¹⁶ s. This duration is almost exactly 1/2 of the time for one orbit of an electron around a Bohr atom. With a standard Bohr radius (52.9 × 10⁻¹¹ m) for an electron moving at the fine structure velocity (2.190 × 10⁶ m·s⁻¹) the time is 1.517 × 10⁻¹⁶ s.

The occurrence of the ½ value has significant implications for the transformation of virtual particles to real particles. If the boundary conditions, that is the single orbital completion, depends upon time and is associated with external magnetic fields, than creation of particles could occur [16]. From a strictly geometric perspective, because the movement is within a circle, the packet of energy is perpetually “accelerating”. If for a given single orbit of an electron around a proton half of the time the electron occurs as a particle (matter) while the other half of the orbit it operates as an emergent virtual particle (wave) derived from the Casimir-magnetic energy transformation, manifestations of random vacuum fluctuations could occur.

3. Virtual to Real Particles as Casimir-Magnetic Transformations

If the single orbit is related by ½ to the transformation from virtual manifestations to “real” particles or matter and the changing boundaries of magnetic fields are present there should be creation of particles from the zero point vacuum oscillations. The transformation vector would be the strength of the magnetic field coupled to the geometry of sub-matter space [18]. Neronov and Vovk [19] have calculated that the lower limit for intergalactic magnetic field strengths is in the order of 3 × 10⁻²⁰ T. According to Kronberg [20] the upper limit for a uniform magnetic field component in the intergalactic medium is ~6 × 10⁻¹⁵ T.

The effect upon the orbital-spin magnetic moments of an electron would be between 2.8 × 10⁻⁴⁴ J for the lower limit and 5.6 × 10⁻³⁹ J for the upper limit per orbit. Because the time for each Bohr orbit is 1.52 × 10⁻¹⁶ s the energy would be 1.83·10⁻²⁸ J·s⁻¹ and 3.68 × 10⁻²³ J·s⁻¹, respectively. The latter value is significant. The equivalent kT solution where k is the Boltzmann constant (1.38 × 10⁻²³ J·T⁻¹) for this energy is equivalent to T = 2.7 K which is identical within measurement error to the Cosmic Microwave Background temperature of 2.725 K. Interestingly, the energy within 1 m³ of space from the upper limit intergalactic medium according to classic formula would be 1.8 × 10⁻²³ J.

The mass equivalent of this quantity of energy associated with the upper limit for the uniform magnetic field within the intergalactic medium is 0.41 × 10⁻³⁹ kg. This value is within the central range of the upper rest mass of photons at the velocity of light within the different ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum as described by Tu et al. [21]. For example the values in their Table 1, which summarizes 10 different publications over a period of 60 years, indicated the value is within the upper mass range for photons from short pulse radiation to gamma ray bursts.

The concept of transformations of Casimir to magnetic energies should exhibit equivalents across the levels of scientific discourse within which specific mechanisms should be discernable. For example the differential presence and absence of the magnetic moment (1,0) in the ortho- and para-isomeric forms of water [22] could be contributory. Yada et al. [23] employed THz Time Domain (Attenuated Total Reflection) Spectroscopy to measure the slow/fast relaxation and intermolecular stretching vibration/libration features of the dielectric constants of water. They found that the fast component existed within the sub-picosecond range and exhibited minimal temperature dependence over an approximately 90 K range that included typical terrestrial surface values.

The fast component had been attributed to the disruption and forming of hydrogen bonds or the inertial motion of water molecules. The fast decay activation energy of hydrogen bonding was ~11.1 ± 0.4 kJ per molecule (~1.8 × 10⁻²⁰ J per molecule). Yada et al. [23] concluded that the fast component was an individual process that transiently appeared within the dynamic hydrogen bonding network and was governed by a collision process. They discerned a fraction (~0.02) of isolated or “free” molecules that occupied the interface between random and non-random distributions. In the balance of probabilities these free molecules would exist as clustered distributions which could maximize the total entropy. These physical conditions and associated quantitative values could be sufficient to encourage Casimir-magnetic field transformations within the types of clusters inferred from other approaches [3,4,12,15,24]. It may be relevant that the product of the lower limit for intergalactic magnetic field strength, 3 × 10⁻²⁰ T [19], unit charge (1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ A·s) and the diffusivity value for light in a vacuum (~9 × 10¹⁶ m²·s⁻¹) is an increment of energy whose equivalent duration (when divided into Planck’s constant) is ~1.5 × 10⁻¹² s.

4. Contribution to Thixotropy

If the dynamic proton from the hydronium ion is contributing to the transformation of particles, specifically the electron, from vacuum oscillations then there should be a quantitative relationship between the numbers of protons in a volume of water and the electrons required for the emergence from the virtual to real states in order to ensure parity. In 1 cc of water which is 0.056 M, the numbers of molecules according to Avogadro’s values would be 6.023 × 10²³ molecules per Mole multiplied by 0.056 M or 3.35 × 10²⁰. Assuming a neutral pH of 7.0 for the water, the numbers of protons would 10⁻⁷ M. Hence the numbers of protons would be 3.35 × 10¹³ H⁺. If there is a one-to-one transformation between the proton and emerging electron there would be 0.41 × 10⁻³⁹ kg per orbit multiplied by 3.35 × 10¹³ reference H⁺ or the equivalence of 1.37 × 10⁻²⁶ kg. Assuming the rest mass of an electron is 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg, this would be 0.15 × 10⁵ electrons per second.

From the current perspective this means that per second approximately 1.5 × 10⁴ virtual electrons could be shifted from virtual to real states. The typical numbers of molecules per Coherent Domain [24] of structured water ranges from 10³ to 10⁸. By the time stability of numbers and expansions of domains occurred around 180 days or 1.5 × 10⁷ s there would be between 10³ largest to 10⁸ smallest domains per cc. This assumes there have been no energies from mechanical agitation or in some instances ambient photons or lighting to disrupt the process.

If one assumes each transformation from virtual to real states involved the universal quantity of 2 × 10⁻²⁰ J, there are 0.15 × 10⁵ virtual electron transformations to real particle equivalents per s and the asymptote is 1.5 × 10⁷ s for the process, then the energy available to 1 cc of water would be 4.5 × 10⁻⁹ J. Simplistically the relationship in units between viscosity and energy (E) is:

(kg·m⁻¹·s⁻¹) = E·(m³·s⁻¹)⁻¹

(4)

For 10⁻⁶ m³ (1 cc) for 1 s unity (1 Hz) the viscosity would be 4.5 × 10⁻³ Pa·s which at 20 °C would be about 5 times more than the typical values of 8.9 × 10⁻⁴ Pa·s. This is within the range of increased viscosity noted in thixotropic reactions [1,2].

If the energy associated with the structuring of water within these domains and any solutes within them occurs as increments of the universal energy value of ~10⁻²⁰ J, then the consequences of these depositions should be also evident. Estimations from Grandbois et al.’s [25] measurement of covalent bond forces for silicon-gold and silicon-carbon was equivalent to about 1.4 × 10⁻²⁰ J in their preparations which is within the range of the second shell hydrogen energies associated with the movement of protons according to DeCoursey [10]. The shift of wavelength in the Murugan et al. studies [5] in which spring water was undisturbed in the dark for more than two weeks was most for samples within the “virtual fields” and was equivalent to 10⁻²⁰ J. Spectral analyses of this shift in peak fluorescent spectrometry indicated a periodicity of about 10 nm. This is the width of the classical plasma cell membrane as well as the lower limit for the coherent domains noted in water [24].

5. Determination of Spatial Limits and Boundaries

One important question is why is the upper limit around 100 nm for both the coherent domains within thixotropic water and the average particle density in intergalactic space. The most obvious answer is that it reflects some fundamental boundary condition. The energy from the upper limit of the intergalactic medium of 6 × 10⁻¹⁵ T within a sphere with a diameter of 100 nm would be 9.4 × 10⁻⁴⁵ J. However if this is coupled to the pervasive neutral hydrogen line of 1.42 × 10⁹ Hz, the energy per s would be 1.35 × 10⁻³⁵ J. The mass equivalent of that quantity of energy is 1.5 × 10⁻⁵² kg or exactly within the upper boundary for the rest mass of a photon [21]. Presumably this upper limit for the rest mass of a photon is at the limen of imaginary (i) to real transitions from virtual (vacuum oscillations) entities with properties of particles and waves.

This approach may accommodate the upper limit of coherent domains in water in the dark. In this instance the photon source is from the virtual space of sub-matter. It might also explain the expansion of the larger aggregates of these domains in some experimental preparations. For example Pollack and his colleagues [26,27,28] have noted that the exclusion zone (EZ) expands during exposure to microscopic lights. When infrared light was removed after only 5 min of exposure the EZ width remained constant but exhibited fluctuations for about 30 min. During the subsequent 15 min its width diminished by half. Radiant energy increased widths of the EZs reversibly and in a wavelength-dependent manner. The authors concluded that “incident radiant energy may be stored in water as entropy loss and charge separation”. Pollack’s EZs [28] could be considered a higher order aggregate of thixotropy which incorporates the geometric properties of two adjacent planes or “plates”. One of the plates would be the interfacial water, the other plate would be the surface of the material and the “plane” or “shell” of protons.

The lower limit of about 20 nm for the coherent domains should also reflect cosmological boundaries. I [29] have considered the “density” of photon-equivalents if all matter were considered in this context. Assuming the current mass of the universe to be about 2 × 10⁵² kg [30] which is similar to values derived from both empirical and theoretical estimates and the upper limit of the rest mass of the photon to be ~2 × 10⁻⁵² kg, the numbers of photon equivalents are 10¹⁰⁴ photons per universe. Assuming the median value for the three-dimensional spatial volume of the universe to be 10⁷⁸ m³ there would be 10⁻²⁶ m³ per photon. If the volume were symmetrical the width would be 10 to 20 nm. This is the lower limit of the coherent domains. Obviously there are alternative explanations for the minimum and maximum values for the coherent domains. There have been many suggestions by thoughtful experimenters and theorists [31,32,33]. One would expect their explanations to compliment and extend the current calculations rather than refute them.

6. The Issue of Entanglement

The principle of superposition indicates that a new state of a system may be composed of two or more states such that the new state shares components of the properties of each of the combined states [34]. It is consistent with de Broglie’s concept of “matter waves”: every particle in the universe is associated with a wave propagating through space. When a quantum system contains more than one particle the superposition potential results in “entanglement”. It can also be expressed empirically as an excess correlation between the behaviour of particle/waves within two loci separated by any distance. When Mach’s Principle [35] is applied the expansiveness of excess correlation becomes apparent. It states that “the law of causality is sufficiently characterized by saying that it is the presupposition of mutual dependence of phenomena” and “every phenomenon is a function of other phenomena and of certain spatial and temporal positions”.

We have demonstrated experimentally that photon emissions from chemiluminescent reactions [36], shifts in pH [37] within spring water and the viability of malignant cells in culture [38] located in spaces separated by 10 m to 3 km displayed excess correlations under conditions that were consistent with a non-zero rest mass for photons [21]. However the excess correlations were only manifested when the reactions within the two volumes of water occurred in the centers of rotating, phase-modulated magnetic fields that shared the same changing angular velocities. When a coupled decreasing phase/frequency-modulated pattern and accelerating group velocity pattern was followed by a coupled increasing phase/frequency modulated pattern immersed in decreasing group velocity the powerful excess correlation occurred. The duration of the excess correlation was about 7 to 8 min. Reverse order presentations or fixed angular velocities did not produce the effect.

Ernst Mach presumed the connection to produce the condition such that the behavior of any part of the cosmos was determined by all of its parts was associated with shared momentums, p. If de Broglie’s pilot waves are applicable at quantum levels then p = h·λ⁻¹ where the former is Planck’s constant and the latter is wavelength. If this were generalized to the 10 nm to 100 nm width of cohesive zones as wavelengths the momentum would range from 6.626 × 10⁻²⁶ to 6.626 × 10⁻²⁷ kg·m·s⁻¹ and when enhanced to the fine structure velocity (2.19 × 10⁶ m·s⁻¹) of the electron the energy would be between 1.5 × 10⁻¹⁹ J to 1.5 × 10⁻²⁰ J. This extends over a band of wavelengths between ~1.36 μm to ~13.6 μm. The lower end of the band includes the wavelengths (2.9–3.3 μm) where liquid water absorbs most strongly and corresponds to the O-H stretching mode [26,27]. It may not be spurious that Bohr’s original frequency [39] for the quantum involved with one proton being removed from another, based upon 1.32·ω₀√ (m·M⁻¹) where m and M are the mass of the electron and proton respectively and ω₀ is 6.2 × 10¹⁵ Hz, is λ = 1.57 μm.

However for excess correlations to occur “simultaneously” from our temporal perspective within the universal boundaries there must be an additional velocity whose value ultimately connects the upper boundaries for photon masses to the energies (~10⁻²⁰ J) congruent with the operations within water that would contribute to increased viscosity. Persinger and Koren [40] equated the product of the four dimensional geometries for circularity, that is, 21.3 π⁴r⁷f with the aggregate m⁷·s⁻¹, to the optimal combination of universal values that balanced this relationship. They were G²·m²·d·t³, where G was the Newtonian Gravitational constant, m was the mass of the universe, d was its diameter and t was its age. The resulting value for this “diffusivity” term for the 7th root was 2.84 × 10²³ m·s⁻¹. They called this value the “entanglement” velocity. Approximately 7 to 8 min would be required for the universe to be traversed.

A process with this velocity moving between the earth and the sun would require ~10⁻¹² s or the life-time of a hydronium ion before the proton moves to the next water molecule. The temperature equivalent for 2 × 10⁻²⁰ J according to the kT relationship to energy where k is the Boltzmann constant (1.38 × 10⁻²³ J·K⁻¹) would be 1400 K. The recent measurement of copious water molecules on the solar surface [41] but only within the umbra of sunspots where T < 4000 K suggests that “excess” correlation of specific dynamics could occur between solar states and those within terrestrial water. If this were valid, then the explanations for the historical variations [31] in relative viscosities of aqueous solutions that vary with the solar cycle, such as the Piccardi effect [42], may have alternative explanations.

Additional analyses [43] indicated that the ratio of the total energy within the universe expressed as a magnetic field, derived from equation (2) and the total electric field in V·m⁻¹ resulted in a similar order of magnitude of ~0.9 × 10²³ m·s⁻¹. When the two equations that had produced similar velocities were set equal, the value for the frequency required for an identity to occur between the two was ~10⁻¹ Hz. This is an interesting derivation because the classical energy of the upper boundary of the rest mass of a photon (2 × 10⁻⁵² kg) from multiplying by the square of the velocity of light is 1.8 × 10⁻³⁵ J. The “frequency” of this quantity when divided by Planck’s constant is within this range. The conclusion [42] was that “diffusion velocity” derived from the appropriate combination of G, and various powers of the width of the universe, its mass, and its age is related to the velocity produced by the ratio of the voltage field to the magnetic field by a frequency that at the quantum level is equivalent to the upper rest mass of the photon.

The entanglement of fundamental entities with particle-wave properties, such as the photon, could contribute to the quantum of universal energy (10⁻²⁰ J) that may be central to the coherent domains which emerge in thixotropic phenomena. If the upper limit of the rest mass photon is ~2 × 10⁻⁵² kg [21], and it is considered imaginary (i) and the diffusivity velocity of 2.8 × 10²³ m·s⁻¹ is considered imaginary then the product of the two becomes a real number. If multiplied by the velocity of light (3 × 10⁸ m·s⁻¹) the resulting energy is 1.8 × 10⁻²⁰ J. This quantity [10] is consistent with the second shell hydrogen bonds and experimental values for mobility of protons in water.

Experimental verification discerns if the concept is operational within specific application geometries. The conditions for “excess correlation” or “entanglement” may exist within one of the most ubiquitous sized life forms: bacteria. According to Pischalnikov, Pershin and Bunkin [44] the transient coherent modulations of absorption spectra isolated from purple bacteria were due to rotational resonances of the ortho-H₂O isomer that exhibits the magnetic moment. They concluded that interaction of rotational modes with the transfer states for charge produced coherent kinetic modulations. If these rotational modes exhibited magnetic fields with changing angular velocities that were tuned variants of those which produced the conspicuous excess correlation for photon radiant flux densities in our experimental settings [36] then the central role of one of the specific heterogeneities of water could also be tested empirically. The validity of this condition could significantly alter the explanations for interactions between physical chemical reactions in water particularly in thixotropic environments.

Similar quantities of energies within the water molecule and across levels of discourse from the photon to intergalactic magnetic fields when coupled partially by the entanglement velocity indicate the prominence of the value of 10⁻²⁰ J as the energy metric for both dynamics and structure within the space that is occupied by all matter including water. It might be considered the conduit by which energy and virtual particles transform from and to entropy. Pagani et al. [14] measured the interstellar dust particles and found that the clusters in the core of the aggregates absorbed background radiation at 8 μm. Assuming the velocity of light the frequency is 0.38 × 10¹⁴ Hz and the equivalent energy is 2.4 × 10⁻²⁰ J. The extinction curve for the scattered light from these cores of 0.1 to 1 μm particles within the interstellar medium indicated the source was from the dense parts of the molecular cloud cores.

Pagani et al. [14] hypothesized that the scattered light within the near infrared could arise from stochastically heated small dust grains such as polycyclic hydrocarbons but there would be an additional requirement for exposure to UV and the optical interstellar radiation field whose current values were not considered sufficient. There may be an alternative possibility. If this involved the transformation of virtual to real particles, based upon the argument developed in Section 3 and Section 4 and was typical of the dichotomy attributable to kinetic and potential energies, ½ of that energy would be distributed more or less equally between the virtual (wave) and particle state. Within water where the bond energies are prominently ~1.5 × 10⁻²⁰ J and the value for proton movement are comparable the conditions would be more favorable to direct transformation from virtual to real matter.

7. Conclusions

The persistent, subtle, and specific properties of thixotropic phenomena in water meet the quantitative criteria for a special condition that could be distributed throughout the sub-matter spatial fabric of the universe. The prevalence of the quantity of energy in the order of 2 × 10⁻²⁰ J derived from the product of the ratio of the proton’s magnetic moment to its unit charge and viscosity applied across the O-H length could mediate the dynamics that connect water to the transformation of vacuum oscillations (or virtual particles) to real states and determine the spatial and temporal boundaries of the coherent domains that create the thixotropic state.

The state could originate from the interaction between the spin-orbit magnetic moments and neutral hydrogen line frequency that sets the condition for a single orbit to display ½ wave (virtual) and ½ real (particle) properties. The mass equivalent of the transformation from virtual to real states from energy converging between Casimir-magnetic field strengths at the limen of the intergalactic background magnetic field compliments the numbers of free protons (pH) in an optimal volume of water and determines the numbers of interactive molecules within the domains. When undisturbed or within minimal radiant influence the conduit of ~2 × 10⁻²⁰ J would conservatively increase the viscosity to five times the usual value.

The involvements of the energies that reflect shifts of photons from rest mass as well as a “diffusivity” or “entanglement” velocity that converge with 10⁻²⁰ J as a universal value emerge across levels of spatial structure and suggest that thixotropic conditions of water could reflect universal conditions. The occurrence of excess correlations between solar and terrestrial water molecules could accommodate the periodicities noted in thixotropic responses reported in various chemical systems over the previous decades.