Unlocking the Diagnostic Potential: A Systematic Review of Biomarkers in Spinal Tuberculosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Quality Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Study Characteristic and Demographics
3.3. Assessment of Risk of Bias and Applicability
3.4. Biomarker Categorization
3.4.1. Blood Cell Ratio and Complete Blood Count Parameters
3.4.2. Immunoproteasome
3.4.3. IFN-y, CXCR3, and Its Ligands (CXCL9 and CXCL10)
3.4.4. Fibrinogen, CRP, IFN-Gamma, NCAM, Ferritin, CXCL8, and GDF-15
3.4.5. ANGPTL-4 (Angiopoietin-like Protein 4)
3.4.6. Classically Activated Macrophages (M1) and Alternatively Activated (M2)
3.4.7. Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein (LBP)
3.4.8. Bacterial Antigen: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis-Specific Antigen/Phytohemagglutinin (TBAg/PHA) Ratio
3.4.9. RNA
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors | Country | Sample | Reference Standard | Index Test | Population Size | Biomarker Performance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu et al., 2022 [5] | China | Blood | Clinical, laboratory, and radiologic evaluations and clinical response to anti-TB drugs or antimicrobial therapy | NLR (neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio) | STB (n = 146; male n = 78; female n = 68; mean age = 55.70 ± 17.16). Control group (PSI) (n = 60; male n = 34; female n = 26; mean age = 63.68 ± 11.52) |
|
Qi et al., 2022 [6] | China | Tissue | Culture and histopathology | Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigen/phytohemagglutinin (TBAg/PHA) ratio with AFBS and GeneXpert MTB/RIF | A total of 519 STB (319 subjects at Tongji Hospital (male n = 200; female n = 119) and 200 subjects at Sino-French New City Hospital (male n = 125; female n = 75) |
|
Liang et al., 2023 [8] | China | Blood | Clinical manifestations, imaging, laboratory examinations, histopathology | Three-plasma miRNA combination (hsa-miR-506-3p, hsamiR-543, hsa-miR-195-5p) | A total of 423 subjects were recruited with 157 cases of STB, 30 cases of active PTB, 83 cases of SDD, and 153 cases of healthy controls |
|
Zheng et al., 2022 [7] | China | Blood | Imaging, laboratory, histopathology | NEAT1 lncRNA in granulomatous tissue vs peripheral blood | STB (n = 120; male n = 63; female n = 57; age range = 14–91 y; (<60 y n = 78; ≥60 y n = 42)) Healthy control group (n = 60; male n = 37; female n = 28; age range = 20–80 y) |
|
Wu et al., 2023 [12] | China | Tissue | Not specified | Proteasome 20 S subunit beta 9 (PSMB9), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), and transporter 1 (TAP1) | STB (n = 5) Thoracolumbar disk herniation as control group (n = 5) |
|
Lou et al., 2022 [13] | China | Blood | Culture and histopathology | LBP | STB (n = 100; male n = 50; female n = 50; mean age = 49.47 ± 16.32 y; age range = 18–77 y). Healthy control group (n = 30; male n = 13; female n = 17, mean age = 53.39 ± 9.67 y; age range = 40–72 y) |
|
Sun et al., 2023 [14] | China | Blood | Not specified | miRNA | STB (n = 10; male n = 3; female n = 7) Control group with disc generation (n = 10; male n = 3; female n = 7) |
|
Shang et al., 2021 [15] | China | Tissue | Laboratory, imaging, and histopathology | IFN-gamma, CXCR3, and its ligands (CXCL9 and CXCL10) | STB (n = 36; male n = 18; female n = 18, mean age 43.14 ± 15.36 y; age range 18–77 y). Healthy control group (n = 20; male n = 10; female n = 10; mean age 46.65 ± 11.82 y) |
|
C. Zhou et al., 2023 [16] | China | Tissue | Laboratory, imaging, and histopathology | MMP9 (matrix metallopeptidase 9) and STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) | STB (n = 164; male n = 95; female n = 69, mean age = 45.16 ± 17.04 y) Control group with lumbar spinal stenosis or disc herniation (n = 162; male n = 93; female n = 69; mean age 47.99 ± 17.21 y) |
|
Siregar et al., 2020 [17] | Indonesia | Blood | Not specified | Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) | STB (n = 5; male n = 1; female n = 4; mean age 41.6 ± 18.8 y). Control group with degenerative spinal disease (n = 5; male n = 3; female n = 2; mean age = 44.79 ± 16.98 years) |
|
T.N. Mann et al., 2021 [1] | South Africa | Blood | Culture and histopathology | Fibrinogen, CRP, IFN-gamma, NCAM, CRP, ferritin, and CXCL8m GDF-15 | STB (n = 26; male n = 12; female n = 14) Control group with mechanical back pain (n = 17; male n = 7; female n = 10) |
|
Lan et al., 2020 [18] | China | Blood | Culture, imaging, and histopathology | ANGPTL-4 (angiopoietin-like protein 4) | STB (n = 27; male n = 10; female n = 17; mean age = 47.33 ± 15.43 y; age range = 18–69 y) Brucellosis spinal (n = 17; male n = 15; female n = 11; mean age was 50.95 ± 13.41 y; age range = 31–72 y) |
|
Daniel, K. and Dunn, R., 2013 [19] | South Africa | Blood | Histopathology, TB culture, and TB PCR | Platelet count | STB (n = 160; male n = 69; female n = 91; mean age = 40.5 y; age range = 13–79 y) Non-STB as control group (n = 210; male n = 85; female n = 125; mean age = 54.5 y; age range = 13–86) |
|
Chen et al., 2022 [20] | China | Blood | Histopathology | Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) | STB (n = 247; male n = 202; female n = 145; mean age = 49.4 ± 17.3 y) Non-STB as a control group (n = 353; male n = 307; female n = 46; mean age = 35.4 ± 10.4 y) |
|
Wang et al., 2020 [21] | China | Blood | Histopathology | M1 and M2 | Patients with STB (n = 36; male n = 17; female n = 19; mean age = 56.20 ± 5.80 y; age range = 4–77 y) Healthy control group (n = 25; male n = 12; female n = 13; mean age = 44.20 ± 11.50 y) |
|
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Siahaan, A.M.P.; Ivander, A.; Tandean, S.; Indharty, R.S.; Fernando, E.T.; Nugroho, S.A.; Milenia, V.; Az Zahra, D.O. Unlocking the Diagnostic Potential: A Systematic Review of Biomarkers in Spinal Tuberculosis. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5028. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175028
Siahaan AMP, Ivander A, Tandean S, Indharty RS, Fernando ET, Nugroho SA, Milenia V, Az Zahra DO. Unlocking the Diagnostic Potential: A Systematic Review of Biomarkers in Spinal Tuberculosis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(17):5028. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175028
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiahaan, Andre Marolop Pangihutan, Alvin Ivander, Steven Tandean, Rr. Suzy Indharty, Eric Teo Fernando, Stefanus Adi Nugroho, Viria Milenia, and Dhea Olivia Az Zahra. 2024. "Unlocking the Diagnostic Potential: A Systematic Review of Biomarkers in Spinal Tuberculosis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 17: 5028. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175028