Color Modifications of a Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomer under the Effect of Cigarette Smoke
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples Preparation and Exposure to the Smoke
2.2. Color Measurements
2.3. DVS Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Powell, S.K.; Cruz, R.L.J.; Ross, M.T.; Woodruff, M.A. Past, Present, and Future of Soft-Tissue Prosthetics: Advanced Polymers and Advanced Manufacturing. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2001122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kuo, A.C.M. Poly(dimethylsiloxane). In Polymer Data Handbook; Mark, J.E., Ed.; Oxford University Press, Inc.: Oxford, UK, 1999; pp. 411–435. [Google Scholar]
- European Center for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Joint Assessment of Commodity Chemicals No. 26, Brussels. 1994. Available online: https://www.ecetoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/JACC-026.pdf (accessed on 3 June 2024).
- Hatamleh, M.M.; Haylock, C.; Watson, J.; Watts, D.C. Maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation in the UK: A survey of maxillofacial prosthetists’ and technologists’ attitudes and opinions. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010, 39, 1186–1192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gradinariu, A.I.; Racles, C.; Stoica, I.; Stelea, C.G.; Simionescu, A.-M.A.; Jehac, A.E.; Costan, V.V. Silicones for Maxillofacial Prostheses and Their Modifications in Service. Materials 2024, 17, 3297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rahman, A.M.; Jamayet, N.B.; Nizami, M.M.U.I.; Johari, Y.; Husein, A.; Alam, M.K. Effect of tropical outdoor weathering on the surface roughness and mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicones. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2022, 127, 937–942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gary, J.J.; Huget, E.F.; Powell, L.D. Accelerated color change in a maxillofacial elastomer with and without pigmentation. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2001, 85, 614–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salloum, M.G.; Ganji, K.K.; Aldajani, A.M.; Sonune, S. Colour stability of two commercially available maxillofacial prosthetic elastomers after outdoor weathering in Al Jouf province. Materials 2023, 16, 4331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panagiota, N.E.; Katsavou, I.; Krokida, M.K.; Polyzois, G.L. Color Stability of Facial Silicone Prosthetic Elastomers after Artificial Weathering. Dent. Res. J. 2008, 5, 71–79. [Google Scholar]
- Pesqueira, A.A.; Coelho Goiato, M.; dos Santos, D.M.; Haddad, M.F.; Ribeiro, P.D.P.; Coelho Sinhoreti, M.A.; Sundefeld, M.L.M.M. Effect of Disinfection and Accelerated Aging on Color Stability of Colorless and Pigmented Facial Silicone. J. Prosthodont. 2011, 20, 305–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tanveer, W. Biomaterials for maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation, Chapter 23. In Advanced Dental Biomaterials; Khurshid, Z., Najeeb, S., Zafar, M.S., Sefat, F., Eds.; Woodhead Publishing: New Delhi, India, 2019; pp. 615–641. [Google Scholar]
- Guiotti, A.M.; Coelho Goiato, M.; dos Santos, D.M.; Vechiato-Filho, A.J.; Guandalini Cunha, B.; Borghi Paulini, M.; Moreno, A.; Gottardo de Almeida, M.T. Comparison of conventional and plant-extract disinfectant solutions on the hardness and color stability of a maxillofacial elastomer after artificial aging. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2016, 115, 501–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hatamleh, M.M.; Polyzois, G.L.; Nuseir, A.; Hatamleh, K.; Alnazzawi, A. Mechanical Properties and Simulated Aging of Silicone Maxillofacial Elastomers: Advancements in the Past 45 Years. J. Prosthodont. 2016, 25, 418–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eleni, P.N.; Katsavou, I.; Krokida, M.K.; Polyzois, G.L.; Gettleman, L. Mechanical behavior of facial prosthetic elastomers after outdoor weathering. Dent. Mater. 2009, 25, 1493–1502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Radey, N.S.; Al Shimy, A.M.; Ahmed, D.M. Effect of extraoral aging conditions on mechanical properties of facial silicone elastomer reinforced with titanium-oxide nanoparticles (in vitro study). Alex. Dent. J. 2021, 45, 29–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cruz, R.L.J.; Ross, M.T.; Powell, S.K.; Woodruff, M.A. Advancements in Soft-Tissue Prosthetics Part B: The Chemistry of Imitating Life. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2020, 8, 147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hatamleh, M.M.; Polyzois, G.L.; Silikas, N.; Watts, D.C. Effect of Extraoral Aging Conditions on Mechanical Properties of Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomer. J. Prosthodont. 2011, 20, 439–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gary, J.J.; Smith, C.T. Pigments and their application in maxillofacial elastomers: A literature review. J. Prosthet. Dent. 1998, 80, 204–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- There Are 4000 Chemicals in Every Cigarette. Available online: https://www.lung.ca/lung-health/smoking-and-tobacco/whats-cigarettes/there-are-4000-chemicals-every-cigarette (accessed on 3 June 2024).
- Bertoldo, C.E.; Miranda, D.; Souza-Júnior, E.J.; Aguiar, F.H.B.; Lima, D.A.N.L.; Ferreira, R.L. Surface hardness and colour change of dental enamel exposed to cigarette smoke. Int. J. Dent. Clin. 2011, 3, 1–4. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, R.; Koran, A.; Raptis, C.N.; Craig, R.G. Cigarette staining and cleaning of a maxillofacial silicone. J. Dent. Res. 1983, 62, 853–855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ozyemisci, N.; Kurt, M. Economical and easy methods of smoke stain removal from maxillofacial prostheses. Ann. Med. Res. 2022, 29, 363–368. [Google Scholar]
- Gradinariu, A.I.; Racles, C.; Stelea, C.G.; Stoica, I.; Silion, M.; Varganici, C.-D.; Pinteala, T.; Jehac, A.E.; Simionescu, A.-M.A.; Costan, V.V. The effect of cigarettes smoke on the color and properties of a silicone for maxillofacial prostheses. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2024; accepted. [Google Scholar]
- Mahross, H.Z.; Mohamed, M.D.; Hassan, A.M.; Baroudi, K. Effect of Cigarette Smoke on Surface Roughness of Different Denture Base Materials. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2015, 9, ZC39–ZC42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nistor, A.; Stiubianu, G.; Racles, C.; Cazacu, M. Evaluation of the Water Sorption Capacity of Some Polymeric Materials by Dynamic Vapour Sorption. Mater. Plast. 2011, 48, 33–37. [Google Scholar]
- Lai, J.Y.; Tu, I.H. Adhesion, phenotypic expression, and biosynthetic capacity of corneal keratocytes on surfaces coated with hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8, 1068–1079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kibet, J.; Kurgat, C.; Limo, S.; Rono, N.; Bosire, J. Kinetic modeling of nicotine in mainstream cigarette smoking. Chem. Cent. J. 2016, 10, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tambe, N.; Cao, J.; Xu, K.; Willoughby, J.A. Surface Design, Fabrication and Properties of Silicone Materials for Use in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, chapter 23. In Concise Encyclopedia of High Performance Silicones; Tiwari, A., Soucek, M.D., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA; Scrivener Publishing LLC: Salem, MA, USA, 2014; pp. 355–369. [Google Scholar]
- Warrick, E.L.; Pierce, K.E.; Polmanteer, K.E.; Saam, J.C. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. Rubber Rev. 1979, 52, 437. [Google Scholar]
- Thommes, M.; Kaneko, K.; Neimark, A.V.; Olivier, J.P.; Rodriguez-Reinoso, F.; Rouquerol, J.; Sing, K.S.W. Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2015, 87, 1051–1069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bankoğlu, M.; Oral, I.; Gül, E.B.; Yilmaz, H. Influence of pigments and pigmenting methods on color stability of different silicone maxillofacial elastomers after 1-year dark storage. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2013, 24, 720–724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stewart, K. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. Encyclopedia Britannica. Available online: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pearsons-correlation-coefficient (accessed on 8 May 2024).
Code | L | a | b | ΔL | Δa | Δb | ΔE | ΔE* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unpigmented | ||||||||
0.10 | 96.54 | 1.01 | 7.04 | |||||
0.20 | 84.31 | 6.48 | 24.29 | −12.22 | 5.47 | 17.26 | 21.85 | 18.11 |
0.0 film | 97.67 | −0.47 | 3.29 | |||||
0.60 film | 89.50 | 9.37 | 33.63 | −8.16 | 9.85 | 30.34 | 32.93 | 31.90 |
red | ||||||||
1.0 | 79.79 | 50.52 | 22.83 | |||||
1.10 | 75.62 | 53.25 | 29.73 | −4.17 | 2.72 | 6.90 | 8.51 | 7.42 |
1.20 | 74.63 | 51.80 | 32.87 | −5.16 | 1.28 | 10.04 | 11.36 | 10.12 |
red matte | ||||||||
2.0 | 78.84 | 52.90 | 25.66 | |||||
2.20 | 75.31 | 50.69 | 29.81 | −3.54 | −2.20 | 4.16 | 5.89 | 4.70 |
red makeup matte | ||||||||
3.0 | 77.76 | 40.05 | 24.01 | |||||
3.20 | 77.31 | 41.60 | 25.89 | −0.46 | 1.54 | 1.88 | 2.474 | 2.43 |
blush | ||||||||
4.0 | 92.05 | 8.24 | 16.48 | |||||
4.60 | 81.74 | 18.09 | 32.18 | −10.31 | 9.85 | 15.70 | 21.21 | 18.53 |
Code | Color | R | G | B |
---|---|---|---|---|
unpigmented | ||||
0.0 (film) | 248 | 249 | 242 | |
0.60 (film) | 251 | 217 | 159 | |
0.10 | 249 | 244 | 231 | |
0.20 | 229 | 205 | 164 | |
red | ||||
1.0 | 255 | 146 | 162 | |
1.10 | 255 | 131 | 139 | |
1.20 | 255 | 130 | 130 | |
red matte | ||||
2.0 | 255 | 140 | 155 | |
2.20 | 255 | 134 | 137 | |
red makeup matte | ||||
3.0 | 255 | 154 | 152 | |
3.20 | 255 | 151 | 148 | |
blush | ||||
4.0 | 253 | 226 | 200 | |
4.60 | 244 | 188 | 143 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gradinariu, A.I.; Stoica, A.-C.; Bargan, A.; Racles, C.; Stelea, C.G.; Costan, V.V. Color Modifications of a Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomer under the Effect of Cigarette Smoke. Materials 2024, 17, 4089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164089
Gradinariu AI, Stoica A-C, Bargan A, Racles C, Stelea CG, Costan VV. Color Modifications of a Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomer under the Effect of Cigarette Smoke. Materials. 2024; 17(16):4089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164089
Chicago/Turabian StyleGradinariu, Anca Irina, Alexandru-Constantin Stoica, Alexandra Bargan, Carmen Racles, Carmen Gabriela Stelea, and Victor Vlad Costan. 2024. "Color Modifications of a Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomer under the Effect of Cigarette Smoke" Materials 17, no. 16: 4089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164089