Mechanical Properties of Recycled Concrete Incorporated with Super-Absorbent Polymer and Machine-Made Stone Powder under the Freeze-Thaw Cycle Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Orthogonal Experiments
2.1. Materials
2.2. Orthogonal Design for the Mix Proportions of Recycled Concrete
2.3. Test Methodology
2.4. Orthogonal Experimental Range Analysis
2.5. Strength Loss
3. Analysis and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of Compressive Strength Test Results
3.2. Analysis of Flexural Strength Test Results
3.3. Regression Analysis
4. Conclusions
- Based on the extreme value analysis of the orthogonal test, it was found that, for both compressive strength and flexural strength, the R-value of SAP was greater than that of MSP before freeze–thaw cycles, while after freeze–thaw cycles, the R-value of MSP exceeded that of SAP. We proposed that the influence of SAP on the mechanical properties was dominant in the normal environment (before freeze–thaw) due to its higher water absorbency and water retention performance. However, after freeze–thaw, the outer water was blocked by MSP through the micro-aggregate effect resulting in the improved mechanical properties of recycled concrete. This indicated that the amount of MSP should be given special attention when designing recycled concrete for freeze–thaw environments. According to the larger value, the optimal levels of the value for compressive strength were SAP at 0.08% and MSP at 6% (before freeze–thaw) or 9% (after freeze–thaw), while the optimal levels of the value for flexural strength were SAP at 0.16% and MSP at 6%.
- From the perspective of compressive strength, as the SAP content increased, compressive strength first increased and then decreased, both before and after freeze–thaw cycles. With increasing MSP content, compressive strength consistently increased before freeze–thaw cycles, and first increased and then decreased after freeze–thaw cycles. The maximum compressive strength before freeze–thaw was observed in S8M9, and after freeze–thaw in S8M6. The minimum strength loss before and after freeze–thaw was found in S16M6. After freeze–thaw cycles, the excessive MSP in S8M9 resulted in increasing defects within the structure, caused a large loss of structural strength, and reduced frost resistance. As the SAP content increased, the density of the structure increased, and the frost resistance improved. However, excessive SAP formed voids in the concrete and reduced the frost resistance of the structure. The mix with the best frost resistance was S16M6 (SAP 0.16%, MSP 6%).
- From the perspective of flexural strength, flexural strength also followed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase in both SAP and MSP content, both before and after freeze–thaw cycles. The S16M6 mix consistently showed the highest flexural strength and the smallest strength loss, both before and after freeze–thaw cycles.
- A linear regression model was established for the compressive and flexural strengths of recycled concrete with the optimal mix ratio of SAP 0.16% and MSP 6%, before and after freeze–thaw cycles. This model provides a valuable reference for predicting the behavior of recycled concrete mixed with SAP in freeze–thaw environments.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mineral Composition | C3S | C2S | C3A | C4AF | Gypsum | Quartz | Periclase | K2SO4 | Free Lime |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content | 60.2 | 14.8 | 3.8 | 12.7 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 |
Water Absorption Ratio (g/g) | Brine Absorption Ratio (g/g) | Pressure Water Absorption Ratio (g/g) | Packing Density (g/mL) | pH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Numeric value | 400–500 | 60 | 26 | 0.65–0.85 | 6.2 |
Quartz | Potassium Feldspar | Plagioclase | Calcite | Dolomite | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSP | 3.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 80.1 | 15.1 |
Sample | SAP (%) | MSP (%) | Cement | River Sand | Machine-Made Sand | Coarse Aggregate | Water | Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S0M0 | 0.00 | 0 | 455.0 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 182.00 | 0.91 |
S8M0 | 0.08 | 0 | 454.7 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 191.09 | 0.91 |
S16M0 | 0.16 | 0 | 454.3 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 191.09 | 0.91 |
S24M0 | 0.16 | 0 | 453.9 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 191.08 | 0.91 |
S0M3 | 0.00 | 3 | 441.4 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 182.00 | 0.91 |
S8M3 | 0.08 | 3 | 441.0 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 190.82 | 0.91 |
S16M3 | 0.16 | 3 | 440.6 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 190.81 | 0.91 |
S24M3 | 0.24 | 3 | 440.1 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 190.80 | 0.91 |
S0M6 | 0.00 | 6 | 427.7 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 182.00 | 0.91 |
S8M6 | 0.08 | 6 | 427.3 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 190.55 | 0.91 |
S16M6 | 0.16 | 6 | 427.0 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 190.54 | 0.91 |
S24M6 | 0.24 | 6 | 426.6 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 190.53 | 0.91 |
S0M9 | 0.00 | 9 | 414.1 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 182.00 | 0.91 |
S8M9 | 0.08 | 9 | 413.7 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 190.27 | 0.91 |
S16M9 | 0.16 | 9 | 413.3 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 190.27 | 0.91 |
S24M9 | 0.24 | 9 | 413.0 | 141 | 564.2 | 1057.8 | 190.26 | 0.91 |
No. | Test Content | Specimen Size/mm |
---|---|---|
1 | Compressive strength | 100 |
2 | Flexural strength | 100 × 100 × 400 |
Sample | Factor | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Strength Loss (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAP (%) | MSP (%) | f1 | f2 | ||
S0M0 | 0.00 | 0 | 54.95 | 38.38 | 30 |
S8M0 | 0.08 | 0 | 59.61 | 50.35 | 16 |
S16M0 | 0.16 | 0 | 55.26 | 48.80 | 12 |
S24M0 | 0.24 | 0 | 52.47 | 44.41 | 15 |
S0M3 | 0.00 | 3 | 55.27 | 44.94 | 19 |
S8M3 | 0.08 | 3 | 61.45 | 55.10 | 10 |
S16M3 | 0.16 | 3 | 58.73 | 54.44 | 7 |
S24M3 | 0.24 | 3 | 53.37 | 47.35 | 11 |
S0M6 | 0.00 | 6 | 57.62 | 52.25 | 9 |
S8M6 | 0.08 | 6 | 62.19 | 56.34 | 9 |
S16M6 | 0.16 | 6 | 59.23 | 55.40 | 6 |
S24M6 | 0.24 | 6 | 57.39 | 50.33 | 12 |
S0M9 | 0.00 | 9 | 58.71 | 50.16 | 15 |
S8M9 | 0.08 | 9 | 62.88 | 50.18 | 20 |
S16M9 | 0.16 | 9 | 60.71 | 52.60 | 13 |
S24M9 | 0.24 | 9 | 57.78 | 45.94 | 20 |
SAP (%) | MSP (%) | |
---|---|---|
-1 | 56.64 | 55.57 |
-1 | 61.53 | 57.21 |
-1 | 58.48 | 59.11 |
-1 | 55.25 | 60.02 |
-2 | 46.43 | 45.49 |
-2 | 52.99 | 50.46 |
-2 | 52.81 | 53.58 |
-2 | 47.01 | 49.72 |
6.28 | 4.45 | |
R-2 | 6.56 | 8.10 |
Sample | Factor | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Strength Loss (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAP (%) | MSP (%) | f1 | f2 | ||
S0M0 | 0.00 | 0 | 5.5 | 1.6 | 71 |
S8M0 | 0.08 | 0 | 5.4 | 3.6 | 33 |
S16M0 | 0.16 | 0 | 5.6 | 3.8 | 32 |
S24M0 | 0.24 | 0 | 4.7 | 2.2 | 53 |
S0M3 | 0.00 | 3 | 5.9 | 2.7 | 54 |
S8M3 | 0.08 | 3 | 5.7 | 4.2 | 26 |
S16M3 | 0.16 | 3 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 25 |
S24M3 | 0.24 | 3 | 4.8 | 2.8 | 42 |
S0M6 | 0.00 | 6 | 6.5 | 3.9 | 40 |
S8M6 | 0.08 | 6 | 6.8 | 5.0 | 26 |
S16M6 | 0.16 | 6 | 7.4 | 6.5 | 12 |
S24M6 | 0.24 | 6 | 6.1 | 4.9 | 20 |
S0M9 | 0.00 | 9 | 6.1 | 3.1 | 41 |
S8M9 | 0.08 | 9 | 6.4 | 3.8 | 49 |
S16M9 | 0.16 | 9 | 6.5 | 3.4 | 48 |
S24M9 | 0.24 | 9 | 4.9 | 2.6 | 47 |
SAP (%) | MSP (%) | |
---|---|---|
-1 | 6.08 | 5.30 |
-1 | 6.00 | 5.60 |
-1 | 6.38 | 6.70 |
-1 | 5.13 | 5.98 |
-2 | 3.00 | 2.80 |
-2 | 3.98 | 3.55 |
-2 | 4.55 | 5.08 |
-2 | 3.13 | 3.23 |
1.25 | 1.40 | |
R-2 | 1.55 | 2.28 |
Strength Value | Before 200 Freeze–Thaw Cycles (MPa) | Experimental Values after 200 Freeze–Thaw Cycles (MPa) | Model Predicted Value after 200 Freeze–Thaw Cycles (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
Compressive strength | 59.230 | 55.400 | 55.398 |
Flexural strength | 7.400 | 6.500 | 6.507 |
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Zhang, L.; Liu, R.; Jiang, F. Mechanical Properties of Recycled Concrete Incorporated with Super-Absorbent Polymer and Machine-Made Stone Powder under the Freeze-Thaw Cycle Environment. Materials 2024, 17, 5006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17205006
Zhang L, Liu R, Jiang F. Mechanical Properties of Recycled Concrete Incorporated with Super-Absorbent Polymer and Machine-Made Stone Powder under the Freeze-Thaw Cycle Environment. Materials. 2024; 17(20):5006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17205006
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Lingling, Ronggui Liu, and Feifei Jiang. 2024. "Mechanical Properties of Recycled Concrete Incorporated with Super-Absorbent Polymer and Machine-Made Stone Powder under the Freeze-Thaw Cycle Environment" Materials 17, no. 20: 5006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17205006