Exogenous Application of Green Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) to Improve the Germination, Physiochemical, and Yield Parameters of Wheat Plants under Salinity Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Biofabrication and Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles
2.2. Germination Experiment
2.3. Physiological Attributes
2.4. Biochemical Parameters
2.4.1. Production of Osmolytes
2.4.2. Soluble Proteins and Amino Acid
2.4.3. Antioxidant Activity
2.4.4. Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Contents
2.5. Yield Attributes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of the Plant Extract
4.2. Biofabrication of the Targeted TiO2 Nanoparticles
4.3. Physicochemical Characterization of the Biofabricated TiO2 NPs
4.4. Experimental Layout and Treatment Application
4.5. Germination % Age
4.6. Seedling Vigor Index (SVI)
4.7. Analysis of Physiological and Biochemical Parameters
4.7.1. Water Potential
4.7.2. Osmotic Potential
4.7.3. Carotenoid Contents
4.7.4. Proline Content
4.7.5. Soluble Sugar Content
4.7.6. Protein Content
4.7.7. Amino acid Content
4.7.8. Malondialdhehyde Content
4.7.9. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity
4.7.10. Total Phenolic Content
4.7.11. Total Flavonoid Content
4.8. Yield Parameters
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Germination % Age | Germination Index | Seedling Vigor Index | Seedling Length | Fresh Weight | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | V1 | V2 | V1 | V2 | V1 | V2 | V1 | V2 | V1 | V2 |
To | 80 ± 0.88 | 78 ± 0.35 | 2.11 ± 0.38 | 2.08 ± 0.054 | 1158.3 ± 0.18 | 1153.3 ± 0.78 | 14.5 ± 0.28 | 13.5 ± 0.88 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.54 |
T1 | 70 ± 0.51 | 68 ± 0.00 | 1.34 ± 0.77 | 1.3 ± 0.73 | 945.3 ± 0.59 | 941.3 ± 0.20 | 13.44 ± 0.28 | 12.4 ± 0.28 | 0.1 ± 0.11 | 0.08 ± 0.15 |
T2 | 90 ± 0.75 | 87 ± 0.00 | 2.35 ± 0.36 | 2.4 ± 0.54 | 1499.6 ± 0.05 | 1490.66 ± 0.05 | 16.64 ± 0.30 | 15.67 ± 0.30 | 0.15 ± 0.18 | 0.13 ± 0.47 |
T3 | 50 ± 0.86 | 48 ± 0.54 | 1.21 ± 0.75 | 1.17 ± 0.03 | 561 ± 0.36 | 524.3 ± 0.36 | 11.2 ± 0.57 | 10.25 ± 0.25 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.06 ± 0.45 |
T4 | 20 ± 0.45 | 18 ± 0.88 | 0.96 ± 0.57 | 0.9 ± 0.00 | 179 ± 0.75 | 175 ± 0.56 | 9 ± 0.00 | 8 ± 0.86 | 0.06 ± 0.17 | 0.04 ± 0.32 |
T5 | 18 ± 0.06 | 17 ± 0.06 | 0.53 ± 0.57 | 0.52 ± 0.57 | 165.6 ± 0.21 | 161.7 ± 0.77 | 8 ± 0.00 | 7 ± 0.61 | 0.07 ± 0.35 | 0.06 ± 0.57 |
T6 | 6 ± 0.35 | 5.3 ± 0.31 | 0.4 ± 0.028 | 0.38 ± 0.028 | 29 ± 0.13 | 27 ± 0.00 | 5 ± 0.00 | 4.8 ± 0.35 | 0.06 ± 0.44 | 0.05 ± 0.19 |
T7 | 55 ± 0.52 | 58 ± 0.42 | 1.4 ± 0.047 | 1.41 ± 0.049 | 636.3 ± 0.33 | 626.67 ± 0.61 | 11.62 ± 0.23 | 11.5 ± 0.67 | 0.11 ± 0.008 | 0.093 ± 0.11 |
T8 | 40 ± 0.88 | 38.3 ± 0.88 | 1.1 ± 0.049 | 1.08 ± 0.054 | 413.3 ± 0.44 | 408.03 ± 0.79 | 10.5 ± 0.22 | 10.03 ± 0..03 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.08 |
T9 | 65 ± 0.39 | 63 ± 0.00 | 1.8 ± 0.77 | 1.84 ± 0.028 | 816.6 ± 0.30 | 811.81 ± 0.29 | 12.59 ± 0.28 | 12.05 ± 0.67 | 0.13 ± 0.77 | 0.11 ± 0.31 |
T10 | 60 ± 0.00 | 58 ± 0.54 | 1.6 ± 0.75 | 1.63 ± 0.039 | 816.6 ± 0.25 | 691 ± 0.22 | 11.24 ± 0.17 | 11.06 ± 0.88 | 0.11 ± 0.32 | 0.09 ± 0.11 |
T11 | 30 ± 0.00 | 28 ± 0.06 | 1.12 ± 0.05 | 1.10 ± 0.55 | 816.6 ± 0.14 | 285.7 ± 0.04 | 9.5 ± 0.16 | 9 ± 0.26 | 0.07 ± 0.57 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
T12 | 19.6 ± 0.83 | 19 ± 0.00 | 0.75 ± 0.03 | 0.73 ± 0.65 | 816.6 ± 0.03 | 162.66 ± 0.33 | 8.43 ± 0.28 | 8.26 ± 0.18 | 0.04 ± 0.66 | 0.03 ± 0.66 |
T13 | 15 ± 0.86 | 9.3 ± 0.87 | 0.39 ± 0.05 | 0.37 ± 0.82 | 816.6 ± 0.33 | 101.53 ± 0.78 | 7.0 ± 0.66 | 6.7 ± 0.73 | 0.03 ± 0.47 | 0.023 ± 0.21 |
T14 | 7.3 ± 0.15 | 8 ± 0.27 | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.032 | 816.6 ± 0.30 | 29 ± 0.00 | 5.5 ± 0.57 | 5.23 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.05 | 0.013 ± 0.17 |
Treatment Code | Treatments |
---|---|
To | Priming and germination in distilled water |
T1 | Priming and germination in 20 mg/L−1 of TiO2 NPs |
T2 | Priming and germination in 40 mg/L−1 of TiO2 NPs |
T3 | Priming and germination in 60 mg/L−1 of TiO2 NPs |
T4 | Priming and germination in 80 mg/L−1 of TiO2 NPs |
T5 | Priming and germination in 100 mM salt solution |
T6 | Priming and germination in 150 mM salt solution |
T7 | Priming with 20 mg/L−1 of NPs and germinated in 100 mM salt |
T8 | Priming with 20 mg/L−1 of NPs and germinated in 150 mM salt |
T9 | Priming with 40 mg/L−1 of NPs and germinated in 100 mM salt |
T10 | Priming with 40 mg/L−1 of NPs and germinated in 150 mM salt |
T11 | Priming with 60 mg/L−1 of NPs and germinated in 100 mM salt |
T12 | Priming with 60 mg/L−1 of NPs and germinated in 150 mM salt |
T13 | Priming with 80 mg/L−1 of NPs and germinated in 100 mM salt |
T14 | Priming with 80 mg/L−1 of NPs and germinated in 150 mM salt |
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Mustafa, N.; Raja, N.I.; Ilyas, N.; Abasi, F.; Ahmad, M.S.; Ehsan, M.; Mehak, A.; Badshah, I.; Proćków, J. Exogenous Application of Green Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) to Improve the Germination, Physiochemical, and Yield Parameters of Wheat Plants under Salinity Stress. Molecules 2022, 27, 4884. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154884
Mustafa N, Raja NI, Ilyas N, Abasi F, Ahmad MS, Ehsan M, Mehak A, Badshah I, Proćków J. Exogenous Application of Green Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) to Improve the Germination, Physiochemical, and Yield Parameters of Wheat Plants under Salinity Stress. Molecules. 2022; 27(15):4884. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154884
Chicago/Turabian StyleMustafa, Nilofar, Naveed Iqbal Raja, Noshin Ilyas, Fozia Abasi, Muhammad Sheeraz Ahmad, Maria Ehsan, Asma Mehak, Imran Badshah, and Jarosław Proćków. 2022. "Exogenous Application of Green Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) to Improve the Germination, Physiochemical, and Yield Parameters of Wheat Plants under Salinity Stress" Molecules 27, no. 15: 4884. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154884