Spatiotemporal Analysis of Sea Ice Leads in the Arctic Ocean Retrieved from IceBridge Laxon Line Data 2012–2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Dataset
2.1. IceBridge DMS Images and Study Area
2.2. Auxiliary Sea Ice Data
2.2.1. AMSR Data
2.2.2. ATM Surface Height Data (DMS Level)
2.3. Oceanic and Atmospheric Geophysical Parameters
3. Methods
3.1. Batch Classification Processing Workflow
3.2. Sea Ice Leads Parameters Definitions
3.3. Spatiotemporal Analysis with Auxiliary Sea Ice Data
4. Result and Discussion
4.1. Classification Result
4.2. Overall Integrated Statistical Analysis and Trend of Sea Ice Leads and Freeboard
4.2.1. Sea Ice Leads Fraction, Area, and Frequency
4.2.2. Retrieval of Freeboard
4.3. Sea Ice Lead Fraction Modelling with Auxiliary Sea Ice Product
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Date | Image # | # Image with Sea Ice Leads | Selected/Original Image Size (GB) | Lighting Condition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flight 12-426-04 | 14 March 2012 | 16,544 | 1066 | 14.8/260 | Cloudy |
Flight 13-426-05 | 21 March 2013 | 18,480 | 993 | 13.8/290 | Normal |
Flight 14-426-14 | 14 March 2014 | 14,322 | 492 | 5.2/150 | Cloudy |
Flight 15-439-08 | 26 March 2015 | 20,038 | 816 | 9.3/250 | Normal |
Flight 16-043-08 | 20 April 2016 | 15,205 | 1069 | 18.4/270 | Normal |
Flight 17-426-05 | 10 March 2017 | 10,939 | 659 | 8.67/93 | Cloudy |
Flight 18-426-38 | 6 April 2018 | 11,146 | 1040 | 22.2/240 | Normal |
Product Name | Type | Source | Spatial Resolution | Category |
---|---|---|---|---|
AMSR-E/AMSR2 Unified L3 Daily Brightness Temperatures & Sea Ice Concentration | Passive microwave | NSIDC | 25 km | Sea Ice |
IceBridge Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) | Laser altimeter | NSIDC | ~1 m footprint (resampled to 2 m grid) | Sea Ice |
Global sea ice type | Sea ice type | EUMETSAT OSI SAF | 10 km | Sea Ice |
Polar Pathfinder Daily EASE-Grid Sea Ice Motion Vectors | Sea ice motion | NSIDC | 25 km | Dynamic |
ERA5 (air temperature and wind velocity) | Climate reanalysis | European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) | 0.25° | Dynamic and thermodynamic |
Testing Group | # Training Image | # Training Object | # Test Image | # Test object |
---|---|---|---|---|
DMS2012_normal | 6 | 50 | 5 | 114 |
DMS2012_medium | 7 | 90 | 5 | 94 |
DMS2012_ poor | 7 | 65 | 5 | 124 |
DMS2013 | 13 | 196 | 7 | 221 |
DMS2014_normal | 8 | 106 | 6 | 178 |
DMS2014_medium | 6 | 66 | 6 | 119 |
DMS2015 | 11 | 150 | 9 | 254 |
DMS2016 | 8 | 144 | 12 | 444 |
DMS2017 | 12 | 140 | 6 | 150 |
DMS2018 | 13 | 135 | 9 | 319 |
Department | Factors | Description |
---|---|---|
Sea Ice Leads | mean_leads | Mean lead fraction for 25 km segment |
Temperature | tmpXX | Averaged air temperature for last XX days (e.g., tmp03 means average temperature of last 1, 2, 3 days) |
Wind | U10_XX | Averaged u-component of wind velocity for last XX days |
V10_XX | Averaged v-component of wind velocity for last XX days | |
wind_XX | Averaged wind velocity for last XX days (e.g., wind_10 means wind velocity for last 10 days) | |
Sea Ice Motion | u_ice_XX | Averaged u-component of ice velocity for last XX days (e.g., u_ice_10 means u-velocity for last 10 days) |
v_ice_XX | Averaged v-component of ice velocity for last XX days (e.g., v_ice_10 means v-velocity for last 10 days) | |
vel_ice_XX | Averaged ice velocity for last XX days (e.g., v_ice_10 means ice velocity for last 10 days) | |
divXX | Averaged divergence of sea ice motion for last XX days (e.g., div10 means divergence for last 10 days) | |
vorXX | Averaged vorticity of sea ice motion for last XX days (e.g., vor10 means vorticity for last 10 days) | |
shrXX | Averaged shearing deformation of sea ice motion for last XX days (e.g., shr10 means shearing deformation for last 10 days) | |
stcXX | Averaged stretching deformation of sea ice motion for last XX days (e.g., stc10 means stretching deformation for last 10 days) |
Sample Result 1 | Sample Result 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Raw Image | Classified Result | Raw Image | Classified Result | |
Normal | | | | |
Medium | | | | |
Poor | | | | |
|
Testing Group | Overall Accuracy | Kappa Coef. | UA_Thick ** | UA_Thin | UA_Shadow | UA_Water | PA_Thick ** | PA_Thin | PA_Shadow | PA_Water |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DMS2012_normal | 88.9 | 0.83 | 88.0 | 91.7 | 83.8 | nan * | 98.4 | 94.2 | 63.8 | nan |
DMS2012_medium | 93.6 | 0.85 | 97.3 | 85.0 | nan | 95.5 | 93.8 | 93.1 | nan | 97.5 |
DMS2012_poor | 93.8 | 0.86 | 95.0 | 96.0 | nan | 61.9 | 98.9 | 81.2 | nan | 94.9 |
DMS2013 | 96.4 | 0.95 | 92.2 | 100.0 | 99.4 | 95.5 | 99.7 | 96.5 | 88.3 | 99.9 |
DMS2014_normal | 88.0 | 0.82 | 74.7 | 86.2 | 93.9 | 98.0 | 97.1 | 81.3 | 99.7 | 89.0 |
DMS2014_medium | 93.7 | 0.89 | 91.7 | 96.3 | nan | 97.1 | 100.0 | 75.7 | nan | 97.1 |
DMS2015 | 86.4 | 0.78 | 86.6 | 83.5 | 98.6 | 93.4 | 99.8 | 80.9 | 82.2 | 57.9 |
DMS2016 | 87.9 | 0.83 | 82.1 | 89.3 | 95.0 | 95.7 | 99.4 | 68.8 | 89.7 | 90.2 |
DMS2017 | 86.7 | 0.75 | 87.4 | 82.8 | nan | 99.4 | 97.6 | 76.5 | nan | 60.7 |
DMS2018 | 93.5 | 0.88 | 91.9 | 96.5 | 95.2 | 97.9 | 98.5 | 79.1 | 89.4 | 98.4 |
Average Accuracy | 90.9 | 0.84 | 88.7 | 90.7 | 94.3 | 92.7 | 98.3 | 82.7 | 85.5 | 87.3 |
Year | FYI | MYI | Total |
---|---|---|---|
2013 | 0.263 | 0.519 | 0.409 |
2014 | 0.277 | 0.339 | 0.320 |
2015 | 0.275 | 0.470 | 0.407 |
2016 | 0.335 | 0.398 | 0.354 |
2017 | 0.211 | 0.467 | 0.366 |
2018 | 0.320 | 0.505 | 0.414 |
Year | R | RMSD (m) |
---|---|---|
2013 | 0.928 | 0.089 |
2014 | 0.907 | 0.063 |
2015 | 0.755 | 0.140 |
2016 | 0.784 | 0.114 |
2017 | 0.742 | 0.119 |
2018 | 0.869 | 0.082 |
Total | 0.832 | 0.105 |
Year | Approach | R2 | Tmp10 | U10_10 | V10 _10 | Wind_10 | U_Ice_10 | V_Ice_10 | Vel_Ice_10 | Div10 | Vor10 | Shr10 | Stc10 | Constant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | Forward | 0.26 | / | / | / | / | −0.39 | −0.38 | 0.16 | −0.10 | −0.08 | / | / | 0.41 |
Backward | 0.26 | 0.10 | / | / | / | −0.34 | −0.19 | / | −0.12 | / | / | / | 0.31 | |
2013 | Forward | 0.48 | −1.19 | / | / | 0.35 | −6.46 | −2.78 | 9.51 | / | −0.01 | −0.14 | / | 0.60 |
Backward | 0.48 | −1.18 | / | / | 0.35 | −6.44 | −2.75 | 9.45 | / | / | −0.15 | / | 0.08 | |
2014 | Forward | 0.87 | 4.61 | −5.60 | −0.97 | 1.09 | 1.24 | 15.31 | −12.98 | / | 0.89 | −0.55 | / | −2.08 |
Backward | 0.87 | 4.64 | −5.37 | / | / | 1.16 | 13.34 | −11.25 | −0.16 | 0.87 | −0.59 | / | −1.94 | |
2015 | Forward | 0.34 | / | / | −0.53 | / | −1.35 | / | 1.19 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.28 | −0.33 | 0.40 |
Backward | 0.34 | / | / | −0.53 | / | −1.35 | / | 1.19 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.28 | −0.33 | 0.40 | |
2016 | Forward | 0.29 | / | −0.79 | / | / | / | / | 0.29 | 0.30 | −0.39 | 0.57 | 0.15 | 0.21 |
Backward | 0.34 | 0.67 | −4.62 | −0.53 | 4.09 | / | / | / | / | −0.36 | 0.46 | / | 0.22 | |
2017 | Forward | 0.66 | −1.17 | −6.54 | −3.08 | 6.77 | 2.98 | −0.09 | −2.01 | −0.19 | / | / | / | 1.50 |
Backward | 0.66 | −1.15 | −6.57 | −3.11 | 6.86 | 3.02 | / | −2.09 | −0.19 | / | / | / | 1.45 | |
2018 | Forward | 0.30 | 0.34 | −1.40 | −1.40 | 1.83 | / | / | / | / | −0.03 | / | −0.31 | 0.45 |
Backward | 0.30 | 0.34 | −1.31 | −1.33 | 1.72 | / | / | / | / | / | / | −0.32 | 0.42 |
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Sha, D.; Koo, Y.; Miao, X.; Srirenganathan, A.; Lan, H.; Biswas, S.; Liu, Q.; Mestas-Nuñez, A.M.; Xie, H.; Yang, C. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Sea Ice Leads in the Arctic Ocean Retrieved from IceBridge Laxon Line Data 2012–2018. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4177. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204177
Sha D, Koo Y, Miao X, Srirenganathan A, Lan H, Biswas S, Liu Q, Mestas-Nuñez AM, Xie H, Yang C. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Sea Ice Leads in the Arctic Ocean Retrieved from IceBridge Laxon Line Data 2012–2018. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(20):4177. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204177
Chicago/Turabian StyleSha, Dexuan, Younghyun Koo, Xin Miao, Anusha Srirenganathan, Hai Lan, Shorojit Biswas, Qian Liu, Alberto M. Mestas-Nuñez, Hongjie Xie, and Chaowei Yang. 2021. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of Sea Ice Leads in the Arctic Ocean Retrieved from IceBridge Laxon Line Data 2012–2018" Remote Sensing 13, no. 20: 4177. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204177