Physical, Bio-Optical State and Correlations in North–Western European Shelf Seas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Underway Sampling Remote Sensing Reflectance
2.3. Forel–Ule Colorimetric Calculation
2.4. Station Sampling
2.4. Uncertainty and Statistics
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Variation of CPAs in Northwest European Shelf Seas
3.2. Colored Dissolved Organic Material (CDOM) and Salinity
3.3. Ocean Color Product Forel–Ule Index (FUI) and Secchi–Disk Depth (SDD)
3.4. Ocean Color Product Forel–Ule Index FUI and Salinity/Temperature
3.5. Color of Seawater
3.5.1. Using Underway Hyperspectral Radiometric Information
3.5.2. Using Station Hyperspectral Radiometric Information
3.6. Forel–Ule Index (FUI) Colors and Color Producing Agents CPAs
3.7. Absorption Budgets
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Appendix
Region | CDOM 375 nm (L/m) | Chl–a (μ/L) | iSPM (mg/L) | Forel–Ule Index | Salinity (psu) | Secchi Disk Depth (m) | Temperature (°C) | Turbidity (FTU) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
German Bight | 0.63 ± 0.51 | 9.09 ± 5.88 | 3.62 ± 4.58 | 6 ± 5 | 33.03 ± 2.60 | 8.6 ± 4.5 | 8.41 ± 1.22 | 0.31 ± 0.20 |
North Sea | 0.22 ± 0.10 | 7.33 ± 11.58 | 14.00 ± 12.36 | 5 ± 2 | 34.81 ± 0.21 | 7.83 ± 2.06 | 8.01 ± 0.42 | 0.20 ± 0.19 |
Inner Seas | 0.33 ± 0.07 | 6.16 ± 4.25 | 18.54 ± 6.99 | 6 ± 2 | 34.39 ± 0.54 | 7.64 ± 2.40 | 8.94 ± 0.57 | 0.38 ± 0.42 |
Irish Sea | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 2.08 ± 0.95 | 18.58 ± 6.95 | 7 ± 2 | 33.98 ± 0.17 | 4.46 ± 1.81 | 9.58 ± 0.42 | 0.68 ± 0.56 |
Celtic Sea | 0.27 ± 0.12 | 2.28 ± 1.14 | 16.31 ± 5.34 | 6 ± 1 | 34.89 ± 0.26 | 5.95 ± 0.91 | 10.07 ± 0.52 | 0.39 ± 0.43 |
Conflicts of Interest
- Author ContributionsShungudzemwoyo P. Garaba wrote the paper and performed the data analysis. Daniela Voß was responsible for data collection and laboratory analysis on in situ samples and radiometric quantities. Oliver Zielinski was chief scientist of the field campaign, provided the laboratory equipment and radiometers as well as proof reading of manuscript.
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Region | N | CDOM (m−1) | Chl–a (μg/L) | iSPM (mg/L) | FUl | Salinity (psu) | SDD (m) | Temperature (°C) | Turbidity (FTU) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
German Bight | 8 | 0.23–1.71 | 1.1–19.0 | 0.16–12.59 | 3–17 | 28.13–35.16 | 2.0–15.2 | 7.4–11.2 | 0.06–0.56 |
North Sea | 18 | 0.05–0.38 | 1.1–45.3 | 0.11–25.79 | 3–9 | 34.40–35.14 | 5.1–12.0 | 7.4–8.8 | 0.05–0.85 |
Inner Seas | 8 | 0.17–0.43 | 1.46–13.47 | 11.64–27.29 | 4–11 | 33.73–35.37 | 5.2–11.6 | 8.4–10.2 | 0.08–1.37 |
Irish Sea | 9 | 0.31–0.44 | 1.20–3.56 | 11.12–25.18 | 4–9 | 33.70–34.20 | 2.2–7.2 | 9.0–10.3 | 0.14–1.91 |
Celtic Sea | 17 | 0.05–0.48 | 0.61–3.97 | 11.92–25.10 | 4–8 | 34.23–35.25 | 5.1–7.9 | 9.2–10.9 | 0.16–1.90 |
Region | Salinity | N | R | MSE | MAPD | p–value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
German Bight | 36.1 − 4.8 × aCDOM | 8 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 1.90 ± 1.62 | ≤0.05 |
North Sea | 35.0 − 0.9 × aCDOM | 18 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.45 ± 0.28 | >0.05 |
Inner Seas | 36.4 − 6.1 × aCDOM | 8 | 0.69 | 0.11 | 0.55 ± 0.65 | ≤0.05 |
Irish Sea | 35.1 − 3.1 × aCDOM | 9 | 0.44 | 0.19 | 0.27 ± 0.25 | ≤0.05 |
Celtic Sea | 35.2 − 1.1 × aCDOM | 14 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.58 ± 0.33 | >0.05 |
All Seas | 35.8 − 4.4 × aCDOM | 57 | 0.83 | 0.22 | 1.11 ± 0.91 | ≤0.05 |
Region | SDD | N | R | MSE | MAPD | p–value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
German Bight | 13.5 − 0.8 × FUI | 8 | 0.63 | 8.90 | 35 ± 24 | ≤ 0.05 |
North Sea | 10.6 − 0.6 × FUI | 18 | 0.17 | 3.78 | 19 ± 13 | > 0.05 |
Inner Seas | 10.8 − 0.5 × FUI | 8 | 0.20 | 5.37 | 27 ± 11 | > 0.05 |
Irish Sea | 10.7 − 0.9 × FUI | 8 | 0.96 | 0.16 | 8 ± 3 | ≤ 0.05 |
Celtic Sea | 8.7 − 0.5 × FUI | 13 | 0.33 | 0.60 | 11 ± 6 | ≤ 0.05 |
All Seas | 11.2 − 0.7 × FUI | 55 | 0.37 | 5.13 | 27 ± 28 | ≤ 0.05 |
Region | FUI | N | R | UPD | p–value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
German Bight | 2.82 + 5.97 × CDOM − 0.1 × chl–a + 0.01 × iSPM | 7 | 0.83 | 15 ± 10 | 0.11 |
North Sea | 6.28 − 6.28 × CDOM − 0.13 × chl–a + 0.02 × iSPM | 12 | 0.54 | 27 ± 28 | 0.17 |
Inner Seas | 15.36 − 26.63 × CDOM + 0.09 × chl–a − 0.05 × iSPM | 8 | 0.66 | 19 ± 7 | 0.19 |
Irish Sea | 6.08 − 5.16 × CDOM − 0.59 × chl–a + 0.20 × iSPM | 8 | 0.76 | 11 ± 9 | 0.10 |
Celtic Sea | 12.16 + 1.43 × CDOM − 1.18 × chl–a − 0.25 × iSPM | 12 | 0.39 | 18 ± 1 | 0.29 |
All Seas | 4.09 + 2.98 × CDOM − 0.09 × chl–a + 0.07 × iSPM | 47 | 0.24 | 22 ± 14 | 0.01 |
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Garaba, S.P.; Voß, D.; Zielinski, O. Physical, Bio-Optical State and Correlations in North–Western European Shelf Seas. Remote Sens. 2014, 6, 5042-5066. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6065042
Garaba SP, Voß D, Zielinski O. Physical, Bio-Optical State and Correlations in North–Western European Shelf Seas. Remote Sensing. 2014; 6(6):5042-5066. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6065042
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaraba, Shungudzemwoyo P., Daniela Voß, and Oliver Zielinski. 2014. "Physical, Bio-Optical State and Correlations in North–Western European Shelf Seas" Remote Sensing 6, no. 6: 5042-5066. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6065042