Advances in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Detection of Endocrine Disruptors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Analyte | IUPAC Name | Chemical Structure | Molecular Weight (g/mol) | Source | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
17β-estradiol (E2) | (8R,9S,13S,14S,17S)-13-Methyl-6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,17-diol | | 272.388 | endogenous hormone, medication | [13] |
Acetamiprid (AAP) | N-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N′-cyano-N-methyl-acetamidine | | 222.678 | insecticide | [14] |
Atrazine (ATZ) | 6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine | | 215.69 | herbicide for grassy weeds in crops | [15] |
Pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) | 2,2′,4,4′-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether | | 485.79 | flame retardant | [16] |
Bisphenol A (BPA) | 4,4′-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol | | 228.291 | precursor to polycarbonates, plastic and epoxy resins | [17] |
Carbendazim (CBZ) | methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate | | 191.187 | fungicide | [18] |
Cortisol | 11β,17α,21-Trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione | | 362.46 | endogenous hormone, medication | [19] |
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) | Dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate | | 278.348 | plasticizer | [20] |
Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) | 1-chloro-4-[2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene | | 354.48 | pesticide | [21] |
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) | Bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate | | 390.564 | plasticizer | [22] |
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) | (5R,8S,11R,12S,15S,18S,19S,22R)-15-[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)propyl]-18-[(1E,3E,5S,6S)-6-Methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-7-phenylhepta-1,3-dienyl]-1,5,12,19-tetramethyl-2-methylidene-8-(2-methylpropyl)-3,6,9,13,16,20,25-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,14,17,21-heptazacyclopentacosane-11,22-dicarboxylic acid | | 995.189 | cyanobacteria toxin | [23] |
Norfluoxetine (NorFLX) | (S)-3-Phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine | | 295.305 | antidepressant | [24] |
3,3’,4,4’-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-77) | 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloro-1,1′-biphenyl | | 291.99 | flame retardants, plasticizers, dielectric and heat transfer fluids | [25] |
Testosterone | (8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)-17-Hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one | | 288.431 | endogenous hormone, anabolic steroid | [26] |
Tributyltin hydride | tributylstannane | | 291.06 | precursor in organic synthesis | [27] |
Zearalenone (ZEN) | (3S,11E)-14,16-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-3,4,5,6,9,10-hexahydro-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecine-1,7(8H)-dione | | 318.369 | mycotoxin | [28] |
2. Basic Elements of EIS-Based Sensors
2.1. Principle of EIS Detection
2.2. Types of Impedance Sensors
2.3. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Biosensing Applications
3. EIS Sensors for EDs Detection
3.1. Molecular-Imprinted Polymer Sensors
3.2. Metal Composite-Based Sensors
3.3. Graphene, Carbon-Nanotubes and Cyclodextrins Based Sensors
4. EIS Biosensors for the Detection of EDs
4.1. Immunosensors
4.2. Aptamer-Based Biosensors
Analyte | Platform | Linear Range | LOD | Real Sample | Advantages | Limitations | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E2 | mAb/11-MUA/Ag wire electrode | 1–200 pg/mL | 1 pg/mL | water | Fast response time; Label-free; Low sample volume; High sensitivity | Low stability compared to MIP and aptamer-based systems; Risk of cross-reactivity | [61] |
E2 | Ag-ZnONRs-16-PHA-mAb-E2 | 0.1–200 pg/mL | 0.1 pg/mL | tap and packaged water | Label-free; Low sample volume; High sensitivity; Fast response time | Multiple preparation and optimization steps | [67] |
ATZ | GCE/MNF/MPA/EDC-NHS/Ab | 1 zg/mL–1 μg/mL | 0.22 zg/mL | water | Label-free; High sensitivity; Simple protocol; Wide linear range | Requires blocking of non-specific sites | [68] |
ATZ | Ab-SPA-MWCNT-ZnO/GCE | 10 zM–1 µM | 5.368 zM | - | Label-free; Low detection limit; Wide linear range | Multiple preparation steps; Requires blocking of non-specific sites | [62] |
BDE-47 | Ab/11-MUA/Au electrode | 0.01–0.40 μg/mL | 1.3 ng/mL | - | Facile antibody regeneration | Narrow linear ranges; Risk of non-specific binding | [69] |
NorFLX | 0.02–0.32 μg/mL | 8.5 ng/mL | - | [69] | |||
BPA | Ab-nano-CP/GCE | 1–100 ng/mL | 0.3 ± 0.07 ng/mL | human serum | Label-free | Narrow linear ranges | [70] |
Cortisol | Ab/β-MnO2 CNs/GCE | 0.1 pM–1500 pM | 0.023 pM | human sweat and saliva | High stability; Wide linear range | Requires blocking of non-specific sites; Requires sample deoxygenation | [71] |
DBP | antigen/CS/MWCNTs@GONRs/GCE; Ab2-AuNP conjugate | 5–500 ng/L | 7 ng/mL | pure, tap, pond and river water | Low detection limit; Low sample volume | Risk of non-specific binding | [72] |
MC-LR | Ab/MC-LR/3D GF electrode | 0.05–20 μg/L | 0.05 μg/L | tap water | High sensitivity; Low detection limit | Additional preparation steps for the electrode materials; Low stability of bound antibodies | [73] |
ZEN | Ab2@ssCo3O4/ZEN/Ab1/HA-TiO2 MC/GCE | 0.1 fg/mL–10 pg/mL | 33 ag/mL | beer | Low detection limit; Use of enzyme mimic | Low resolution of sensing system; Requires redox label | [74] |
ZEN | peptide@Tyr-RMC, Ab/poly(Gly)/AuNCs/CNHs/GCE | 10−6–10 ng/mL | 10−6 ng/mL | soybean sauce | Fast response time; Wide linear range | Multiple preparation and optimization steps; Requires blocking of non-specific sites; Requires redox label | [63] |
Analyte | Platform | Linear Range | LOD | Real Samples | Advantages | Limitations | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E2 | Apt/dendritic Au/BDD electrode | 1 × 10−14–1 × 10−9 M | 5 × 10−15 M | river water | High sensitivity; High specificity | - | [75] |
E2 | Apt/CDs/SPCE | 1.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−12 M | 0.5 × 10−12 M | river water | High selectivity; High stability | Additional preparation steps for the electrode materials | [76] |
AAP | MCH/Apt/AuNPs/Au electrode | 5–600 nM | 1 nM | wastewater, tomatoes | Simple modification protocol | Relatively low sensitivity; Relatively narrow linear range | [77] |
AAP | MCH/Apt/Au/MWCNT-rGONR/GCE | 5 × 10−14–1 × 10−5 M | 1.7 × 10−14 M | - | Wide linear range | Long preparation procedure | [78] |
AAP | MCH/Apt/GOPTS/PtNPs/PMMA/IDE | 10 pM–100 nM | 1 pM | tap and bottled mineral water | High sensitivity | Long incubation time (60min) due to large custom-made electrochemical cell | [79] |
ATZ | 100 pM–1 μM | 10 pM | [79] | ||||
BPA | Apt-Au/AOO, capacitive biosensor | 1 × 10−9–1 × 10−7 M | 100 pM | - | High sensitivity; Microfluidic system | Requires custom-made electrodes; Single-use device | [64] |
BPA | Apt/Cu2+/PPY-NTA/GCE | 10−11–10−6 M | 1.24 × 10−12 M | - | Simple modification protocol; Wide linear range | - | [80] |
BPA | MCH/Apt/Au-NPs/BDD | 1 × 10−14–1 × 10−9 M | 7.2 × 10−15 M | spiked milk | Low detection limit; Simple modification protocol | [81] | |
BPA | Apt/interdigitated aluminum microelectrode, capacitive biosensor | 1 fM–1 pM | 10 fM | human serum | Fast response time (20s); High sensitivity; Low sample volume | - | [65] |
BPA | PPY/BPA@p-63/AuNP/GCE | 0.5 fM–5 pM | 80 aM | fresh milk, milkpowder, tap and pretreated water in baby glass | Low detection limit; Short assay time | - | [52] |
BPA | Apt/IDE, capacitive biosensor | 1 fM–10 pM | 152.93 aM | - | Fast response time (20s); Low detection limit | - | [66] |
BPA | MB-DNA/MWCNTs-CS/PdNPs/C60/GCE | 0.5–25 μM | 0.35 μM | - | Detection of DNA damage induced by ED | Relatively low sensitivity; Narrow linear range | [82] |
CBZ | MCH/Apt/Au electrode | 10 pg/mL–10 ng/mL | 8.2 pg/mL | mango juice, soya milk, tomato, plum | Simple modification protocol | Long preparation time | [83] |
CBZ | MCH/Apt/AuNPs/1-AP-CNHs/GCE | 1–1000 pg/mL | 0.5 pg/mL | lettuce andorange juice | High selectivity | Long preparation time | [84] |
DEHP | Apt/AuNPs/MCH/Au | 7.629 pg/mL–2 µg/mL | 0.103 pg/mL | tap water | High sensitivity; Low detection limit | - | [85] |
4.3. Estrogen Receptor-Based Biosensors
4.4. Enzyme-Based Biosensors
4.5. Peptide-Based Biosensors
4.6. Microbial Biosensors
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Analyte | Platform | Linear Range | LOD | Real Sample | Advantages | Limitations | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E2 | MIP/GCE | 1 aM–1 μM | 0.36 aM | human serum | Low detection limit; High stability | Multiple preparation and optimization steps | [44] |
ATZ | MIP/GFE | 5–20 ppm | - | - | High selectivity; Simple modification protocol | Narrow linear range | [45] |
BPA | E-MIP/ITO | 1–12 mM | 0.42 mM | - | Selectivity | Low sensitivity; High detection limit; Narrow linear range | [46] |
DBP | MIP-PPY/PGE | 0.01–1 μM | 4.5 nM | - | Simple modification protocol | Relatively high detection limit | [47] |
DDT | PDA@Fe3O4-MIP MNPs in solution, EIS measurements on GCE | 1 × 10−11–1 × 10−3 M | 6 × 10−12 M | radish | Reusability; Wide linear range | Long assay time; Multiple preparation and separation steps; Requires a magnet | [42] |
DEHP | MIP-APTES SAM/AuIDE | 10–100 ppm | - | - | Low sample volume | Narrow linear range; Requires electrode fabrication | [48] |
DEHP | MIP/AuIDE, capacitive sensor | 10–200 ppm | - | - | Simple modification protocol | Limited sensor reusability; Narrow linear range | [49] |
Testosterone | poly(o-PD) MIP/GO/GCE | 1 fM–1 μM | 0.4 fM | human serum | Fast response time; Low detection limit; High stability | - | [50] |
Tributyltin | MIP-Fe3O4NPs/SPE | 5 pM–5 μM | 5.37 pM | sea water | Large active surface area; High sensitivity; Wide linear range | Multiple separation and washing steps; Requires a magnet | [51] |
ZEN | poly(o-PD) MIP/SPGE | 2.5–200 ng/mL | 2.5 ng/mL | corn flakes | High selectivity; Simple modification protocol; Short incubation time | Narrow linear range | [43] |
Analyte | Platform | Linear Range | LOD | Real Samples | Advantages | Limitations | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BPA | Fe(III)TMPP/TRGO/Au | 1 × 10−12–1 × 10−8 M | 2.1 × 10−13 M | fresh milk | High selectivity; Wide linear range | Additional preparation steps for the electrode materials | [56] |
DEHP | β-CD–GO/ GCE | 2–18 μM | 0.12 μM | wastewater from plastics factory | High selectivity | Narrow linear range; Requires sample deoxygenation | [57] |
DEHP | DEHP/β-CD/G/DAD/ GCE | 0.2–1.2 μM | 0.01 μM | river water | Good stability | Multiple preparation and optimization steps; Narrow linear range | [58] |
PCB-77 | PyCD/SWCNT/GCE | 2–10 μM | 1 nM | - | High selectivity | Long preconcentration time (3h); Narrow linear range | [55] |
Analyte | Platform | Linear Range | LOD | Real Samples | Advantages | Limitations | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E2 | ER-α/AuNPs/s-BLM/Pt | 5–150 ng/L | 1 ng/L | river water | Does not require blocking of non-specific sites; Label-free; Simple modification protocol | Low stability; Narrow linear range; Only detects total estrogenic activity | [87] |
E2 | ER-α/3-MPA/Au | - | - | - | Label-free; Simple modification protocol | Only detects total estrogenic activity; Requires blocking of non-specific sites | [88] |
E2 | ER-α/3-MPA/Au | 1 × 10−13–1 × 10−9 M | 1 × 10−13 M | human urine | Label-free; Simple modification protocol; Wide linear range | Longer incubation time (90 min); Only detects total estrogenic activity; Requires blocking of non-specific sites | [89] |
E2 | ER-α/3-MPA/Au | 3.7 × 10−4–3.7 ng/L | 3.7 × 10−4 ng/L | - | Label-free; Simple modification protocol | Only detects total estrogenic activity; Requires blocking of non-specific sites | [90] |
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Zamfir, L.-G.; Puiu, M.; Bala, C. Advances in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Detection of Endocrine Disruptors. Sensors 2020, 20, 6443. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226443
Zamfir L-G, Puiu M, Bala C. Advances in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Detection of Endocrine Disruptors. Sensors. 2020; 20(22):6443. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226443
Chicago/Turabian StyleZamfir, Lucian-Gabriel, Mihaela Puiu, and Camelia Bala. 2020. "Advances in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Detection of Endocrine Disruptors" Sensors 20, no. 22: 6443. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226443