CAVVPM: Challenge-Based Authentication and Verification of Vehicle Platooning at Motorway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- PoF protocol CAVVPM relies on physical challenges to secure the system. The purpose of these tests is to link the candidate’s digital identification to his or her path, giving the platoon physical access control. Checkpoints that must be achieved within a certain time frame are part of a physical challenge. In order to verify his path, a foe from afar would have to follow the battalion.
- Suppose the malicious candidate does not follow the validator within a specified following distance dref, not even in the same line as the validator, or is split by any other vehicle. In that case, CAVVPM will not be vulnerable to their assaults. As well as providing lane verification, our protocol establishes a clear order between the candidates and the verifiers. The random nature of the physical tasks makes it even more resistant to pre-recording attacks. It is also immune to man-in-the-middle (MitM) assaults if the verifier’s identity is known to the candidate.
- Using Plexe’s platooning simulation [12,13,14], we demonstrate that a proof-of-concept verification for critical motorway situations takes some seconds and provides the best security level. In addition, we guarantee that the user feels practically undetectable variations in the vehicle’s velocity throughout the execution of a PoF by employing an ACC algorithm.
2. System Model
2.1. Platooning Model
2.2. Platoon Physical Access Control
2.3. Threat Model
3. The CAVVPM Pof Protocol
3.1. Overview
3.2. The CAVVPM Protocol
- (1)
- Candidate REQ makes a request for verification V to join the group.
- (2)
- The verifier uses pkCA to verify the authenticity of certificate C, verifying the signature with pkC the certificate authority’s public key pkCA.
- (3)
- V creates K physical problems denoted as:
- (4)
- mV (1) is decrypted by C, and V’s signature is verified by C.
- (5)
- After passing through each checkpoint di by the deadline ti, C returns to dref.
- (6)
- The candidates’ distances are measured and recorded by the verifiers at each deadline. The captured data should be referred to as
3.3. Parameter Selection
- (1)
- At the nth step, the required acceleration is
- (2)
- Speed is applied using input from the preceding phase, rather than .The time interval between the (n−1)-st and n-th steps is denoted by , where is commonly set to 0.5 s.
- (3)
- C’s distance gain during Δt is calculated using this formula.
- (4)
- Step n’s distance [𝑛] to checkpoint d is adjusted to this new value.
- (5)
- Steps 1 to 4 are repeated until the desired result is achieved , In this example, is the checkpoint tolerance. Checkpoint d’s t deadline is extended to t = Δt ∗ n*. This means that n* is the initial value of n, and |[𝑛]| < .
4. Security Analysis
4.1. Correctness
4.2. Remote Adversary
4.2.1. No Vehicles Follow Verifier
4.2.2. A Vehicle Follow Verifier
4.3. A MiTM Adversary
5. Evaluation
5.1. Performance of CAVVPM
5.2. Security of CAVVPM
6. Related Works
7. Simulation Results and Real-World Limitations
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Velocity of V and C | 30 m/s |
dref | 1.6…𝑣𝐶 (46 m) |
Checkpoint range | 1…𝑣𝐶 − 2…𝑣𝐶 (31 m–61 m) |
# Of checkpoints in range (𝑀) | 52 |
Update step of ACC (Δ𝑡) | 0.11 s |
ACC parameter | 0.41 |
Checkpoint error tolerance (𝛾) | 0.31 m |
Work | Methodology | Attack | Strength | Weakness |
---|---|---|---|---|
[4] | Cryptography | Eavesdropping sybil | Lightweight hash-based cryptography | Additional hardware |
[8] | Cryptography | Eavesdropping Sybil | Elliptic Curve cryptography | Additional hardware needed |
[15] | Cryptography | Sybil, Jamming | session key-based certificate | Additional hardware |
[19] | Cryptography | Jamming Impersonation Message altering | Certificate Revocation protocols | Additional hardware |
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Arslan, M.; Majeed, M.F.; Abu Bakar, R.; Khan, J.; Hussain, S.; Lee, Y.; Khan, F. CAVVPM: Challenge-Based Authentication and Verification of Vehicle Platooning at Motorway. Sensors 2022, 22, 7946. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207946
Arslan M, Majeed MF, Abu Bakar R, Khan J, Hussain S, Lee Y, Khan F. CAVVPM: Challenge-Based Authentication and Verification of Vehicle Platooning at Motorway. Sensors. 2022; 22(20):7946. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207946
Chicago/Turabian StyleArslan, Muhammad, Muhammad Faran Majeed, Rana Abu Bakar, Jawad Khan, Shafiq Hussain, Youngmoon Lee, and Faheem Khan. 2022. "CAVVPM: Challenge-Based Authentication and Verification of Vehicle Platooning at Motorway" Sensors 22, no. 20: 7946. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207946