Analysis of Co-Channel Coexistence Mitigation Methods Applied to IEEE 802.11p and 5G NR-V2X Sidelink
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Related Work
- Each vehicle is equipped with one of the two technologies, which are IEEE 802.11p and NR-V2X;
- All stations share the same channel and therefore potentially interfere with each other;
- Without loss of generality, we focus on vehicles only (and not road side units).
1.2. Contribution and Innovation of the Paper
- NR-V2X introduces numerology; different numerologies lead to different subcarrier spacing (SCS) and transmission time interval (TTI);
- In NR-V2X, the resource selection process is mainly based on reservations indicated in the control information, rather than on the average measured power over the last time interval.
1.3. Paper Organization
2. Radio Access Technologies for Direct V2X
2.1. IEEE 802.11p
2.2. NR-V2X
3. Co-Channel Coexistence Mitigation Methods
3.1. Superframe and Slot
3.2. -Time-Split
3.3. -E-Signals
- ES-1 is sent during a TTI in that is not used by any ; the signal is transmitted by all that do not transmit data and sense the TTI as idle;
- ES-2 is sent just before the slot to avoid initiating a transmission at the end of the last part of , which would then partially overlap with the following ; the signal is transmitted by all that sense the channel idle during that interval;
- ES-3 is sent during the last OFDM symbol of each TTI in by all that transmitted during that TTI, with the scope to avoid , assuming that the channel is idle during that gap.
3.4. -Preamble
3.5. -CTS-to-Self
3.6. Methods with Channel Reservation
4. Simulations and Results
4.1. Simulation Settings and Results Format
- (1)
- Transmission range (TR): The maximum distance to have an average PRR higher than 0.9, where the PRR at a given distance (with granularity 50 m) is defined as the ratio between the number of vehicles receiving the packet correctly at the given distance from the receiver and the total number of target vehicles at the same distance;
- (2)
- End-to-end delay (EED): The time interval between the generation time of a packet at the transmitter and its reception time at the receiver. As shown in Figure 9a, only correct reception contributes to this metric;
- (3)
- Data age (DA): The time interval between the generation of a packet that is correctly received and the time when the next correct reception occurs (from the same source to the same receiver); this time is also equal to the time between two consecutive received packets generated from the same transmitter plus the EED of the first packet. As shown in Figure 9b, errors increase the DA, which therefore takes into account the correlation between errors.
4.2. Results with Balanced Technology Distribution
4.3. Results with Unbalanced Technology Distribution
4.4. Impact of Periodicity of Packet Generation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method Name | Letter | Modifications to NR-V2X | Modifications to 11p | Known Superframe | Limitation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-time-split | A | None | Need to align to the superframe; Delay transmission artificially | NR-V2X and 11p | Need high-level synchronization |
-E-signals | B | Sending 3 types of energy signals | Reducing CCA threshold from −65 dBm to −85 dBm | NR-V2X | More energy consumption at |
-preamble | C | IEEE 802.11p PHY header insertion and technology proportion estimation | None | NR-V2X | With numerology 2 reduces NR-V2X efficiency; unaware of slots |
-preamble-no-SF | (variant) | Only IEEE 802.11p PHY header insertion | None | None | With numerology 2 reduces NR-V2X efficiency |
-CTS-to-Self | F | Add CTS-to-Self message at the beginning of | Be able to recognize the CTS-to-Self message and set the NAV accordingly | NR-V2X | CTS-to-Self messages may collide; complexity is added to NR-V2X |
Message | Required Methods | Characteristics |
---|---|---|
Energy signal | -E-signals | • Energy without information • Transmitted in all of the idle intervals in the time domain of |
11p-preamble | -preamble; -reservation-&-preamble | • Not really a message, but only a portion of signal which is always identical; can be implemented as a fixed sequence of IQ samples • Appended just before each NR-V2X packet |
Reservation | -reservation; -reservation-&-preamble | • 11p-type message with CSMA/CA channel access protocol • Sent before each NR-V2X packet |
CTS-to-Self | -CTS-to-Self | • 11p-type message without CSMA/CA channel access protocol • Different from transmitter to transmitter • Sent at the beginning of each by selected |
Numerology | TTI Duration [µs] | [µs] | Fitting Preamble | v [µs] | Fitting Preamble |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1000 | 71.4 | ✓ | 142.9 | ✓ |
1 | 500 | 35.7 | ✗ | 71.4 | ✓ |
2 | 250 | 17.9 | ✗ | 35.7 | ✗ |
Common Settings | |
---|---|
Scenario | Highway, 3 + 3 lanes, variable vehicle density, average speed 120 km/h with 12 km/h std. deviation |
Data traffic | Packets with 350 bytes payload generated periodically every 100 ms or following the CAM generation rules |
Channel and power | Single 10 MHz channel at 5.9 GHz, Tx power 23 dBm (not including antenna gain), antenna gain 3 dBi, noise Figure 6 dB |
Propagation | Modified ECC Report 68 rural [27] path-loss model, log-normal shadowing with 3 dB variance and decorr. dist. 25 m |
Other settings | Ideal synchronization, congestion control disabled |
For IEEE 802.11p | |
MAC settings | Contention window 15, AIFS 110 µs, SIFS 32 µs |
MCS-11p Rx thresholds | −65 dBm with unknown signals; −85 dBm with known signals or when -E-signals is assumed |
For NR-V2X | |
MCS-NR | MCS 8 (QPSK, ), with SINR threshold 7.7 dB [15] Each packet (350 bytes) occupies 2 subchannels |
PHY layer | SCS 30 kHz, 12 physical resource blocks (PRBs) in each subchannel, which means 2 subchannels in the 10 MHz channelThe first-stage sidelink control information (SCI) occupies 3 OFDM symbols and 12 PRBs18 resource elements (REs) are used as demodulation reference signal (DMRS) during each TTIBlind retransmissions are disabled |
Coexistence | |
Superframe | ms, ms, ms |
Technology Ratio | Balanced (: = 1:1) or unbalanced with More- (: = 1:2) or unbalanced with More- (: = 2:1) |
Method | Transmission Range | End-to-End Delay | Data Age |
---|---|---|---|
e-time-split | NR-V2X: ↑↑, ↑↑, ↑ 11p: ↑↑, ↓(high dens.), | NR-V2X: =, =, = 11p: ↓↓, ↓↓, ↓↓ | NR-V2X: ↑↑, ↑↑, ↑ 11p: ↓, ↓, ↓ |
-E-signals | NR-V2X: ↑, ↑, ↓ 11p: ↓, ↓↓, ↓ | NR-V2X: =, =, = 11p: ↓, ↓, ↓ | NR-V2X: ↑, ↑, ↑ 11p: ↓↓, ↓↓, ↓↓ |
d-preamble & -preamble-no-SF | NR-V2X: =, =, = 11p: ↑, ↑, ↑ | NR-V2X: =, =, = 11p: =, =, = | NR-V2X: =, =, = 11p: =, =, = |
-CTS-to-Self | NR-V2X: ↑, ↑, ↓ 11p: ↓(high dens.), ↓, =(high dens.) | NR-V2X: =, =, = 11p: ↓, ↓, ↓ | NR-V2X: ↑, ↑, ↑ 11p: ↓, ↓, ↓ |
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Wu, Z.; Bartoletti, S.; Martinez, V.; Todisco, V.; Bazzi, A. Analysis of Co-Channel Coexistence Mitigation Methods Applied to IEEE 802.11p and 5G NR-V2X Sidelink. Sensors 2023, 23, 4337. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094337
Wu Z, Bartoletti S, Martinez V, Todisco V, Bazzi A. Analysis of Co-Channel Coexistence Mitigation Methods Applied to IEEE 802.11p and 5G NR-V2X Sidelink. Sensors. 2023; 23(9):4337. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094337
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Zhuofei, Stefania Bartoletti, Vincent Martinez, Vittorio Todisco, and Alessandro Bazzi. 2023. "Analysis of Co-Channel Coexistence Mitigation Methods Applied to IEEE 802.11p and 5G NR-V2X Sidelink" Sensors 23, no. 9: 4337. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094337