Ecological Water Requirement of Natural Vegetation in the Tarim River Basin Based on Multi-Source Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. EWR Model of Vegetation
2.3.2. Vegetation Coefficients (KC) in the Growing Season
2.3.3. Analysis of Fr’s Response to Changes in Meteorological Factors
2.3.4. Thresholds Determination for EWR of Vegetation
2.3.5. Water Surplus and Deficit Index
3. Results
3.1. Fr Response to Changes in Meteorological Factors
3.2. Temporal Variation Characteristics for EWR of Vegetation
3.3. Spatial Variation Characteristics for EWR of Vegetation
3.4. Thresholds for EWR by Growing Season for Different Vegetation Types
3.5. Analysis for WSD of Vegetation EWR at Different Threshold Levels
4. Discussion
4.1. Rationality of Improving the EWR Models for Vegetation in Arid Areas
4.2. Analysis of EWR Spatial and Temporal Changes in the TRB
4.3. Analysis of Water Fulfillment for Vegetation in the TRB
4.4. Uncertainty Analysis
- Given the operational convenience of the single-plant coefficient method in large-scale regional studies, it was chosen as the means of calculating Kc in this study. However, given the significant variation in actual vegetation cover during the growing season, subsequent studies could explore how to efficiently utilize the double-plant coefficient method to achieve higher accuracy in estimating water demand while maintaining reasonable computational inputs [37].
- Although multi-source data enriches the available data sources, there is some uncertainty due to the effects of their own means of access and data algorithms that are not unique, limited measured calibration data, inconsistent spatial and temporal matches, and large variations in data quality. In addition, the measured stations in the study area are sparse and spatially poorly represented, mostly in the plains, which may have some impact on the accuracy of the calculation results. In order to compensate for this deficiency, future research can consider introducing remote sensing meteorological data with higher accuracy.
- The TRB faces a severe conflict between water resources supply and demand, which leads to the complexity of effective utilization and coordination of water resources. When calculating EWR, this study also ignored economic and social factors, which is a shortcoming in previous studies [38]. However, considering the complex interrelationships between the economy, society, and environment, as well as the uncertainty factor, there is a need to conduct further in-depth research into the impact of these factors on EWR.
5. Conclusions
- u2 is the main factor affecting the change of Fr; with the increase of u2, Fr tends to decrease, and there is a negative correlation between u2 and Fr.
- The average EWR of arbor-shrub forests and grasslands were 36.76 × 108 m3 and 459.59 × 108 m3, respectively, and grasslands were the mainstay of the vegetation EWR in the basin. From 2000 to 2020, the EWR of arbor-shrub forests decreased by 0.18 × 108 m3/a, while that of grasslands decreased by 0.5 × 108 m3/a, and this change is primarily attributed to the reduction in the area of natural vegetation.
- The EWR in the study area follows a pattern of being high in the periphery and low in the center. Arbor-shrub forests showed more significant changes in EWR than grasslands, indicating that arbor-shrub forests are more susceptible to external environmental factors.
- The EWRmin and EWRopt required in the natural vegetation growth season were 360.45 × 108 m3 and 550.10 × 108 m3, respectively. In the EWRopt condition, the percentage of EWR in the initial growth stage of the vegetation increased significantly, and the changes in the remaining three periods were small. At different threshold levels, managers should rationally regulate water resources according to the characteristics of vegetation growth stages.
- Precipitation in the study area can meet the basic survival needs of the vegetation but falls short of fully achieving ecological conservation and vegetation restoration objectives. In EWRmin conditions, the total precipitation surplus in the study area was 132.1 × 108 m3. However, due to the spatial heterogeneity of precipitation, the alpine plateau area as a whole shows a water surplus, and the plain area as a whole is in a water shortage, especially in the middle and late stages of growth for arbor-shrub forests suffer from serious water deficit stress, and are more sensitive to anthropogenic factors of interference; In EWRopt conditions, the total area of water shortage area becomes larger, the area change is mainly concentrated in the alpine plateau area, and the precipitation could not realize the goal of ecological conservation and vegetation restoration, with a total water deficit of 57.52 × 108 m3, and the vegetation ecological water deficit rate generally follows a pattern of high levels in spring and fall, but lower levels in summer.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Liu, K.W.; Cao, W.F.; Zhao, D.D.; Liu, S.M.; Liu, J.G. Assessment of Ecological Water Scarcity in China. Environ. Res. Lett. 2022, 17, 104056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, G.Q.; Cheng, Y.T.; Liu, H.D.; Xiao, C.; Nie, H.; Zhu, Z.; Zhao, D.; Zan, Y. Evaluation of the Groundwater Ecological Water Requirement in the Southeast Margin of Otindag Sandy Land Based on Allowable Groundwater Depth Drawdown. Water 2023, 15, 3504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cui, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, X.H.; Jiang, T. Advance in the theories and calculation methods of ecological water requirement. J. Lake Sci. 2010, 22, 465–480. [Google Scholar]
- He, Y.T.; Min, Q.H.; Li, W.H. Progress and Perspectives on Ecological Water Requirement of Vegetation. Resour. Sci. 2005, 27, 8–13. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, R.R.; Zayit, A.; He, X.M.; Han, D.Y.; Yang, G.; Lv, G. Ecological Water Requirement of Vegetation and Water Stress Assessment in the Middle Reaches of the Keriya River Basin. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 4638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Q.Q.; Geng, C.X.; Wang, L.; Zheng, T.T.; Jiang, Q.H.; Yang, T.; Liu, Y.-Q.; Wang, Z. Water Conservation and Ecological Water Requirement Prediction of Mining Area in Arid Region Based on RS-GIS and InVEST: A Case Study of Bayan Obo Mine in Baotou, China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 4238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, H.S.; Shi, P.; Qu, S.M.; Zhang, H.; Ye, T. Establishment of Watershed Ecological Water Requirements Framework: A Case Study of the Lower Yellow River, China. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 820, 153205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Y.B. Valuation of Vegetation Ecological Services in Vulnerable Ecological Region. Ph.D. Thesis, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Zuo, Q.T. Study on Vegetation Ecological Use for Water Resources in Arid and Semiarid Region. J. Soil Water Conserv. 2002, 16, 114–117. [Google Scholar]
- Peng, F.; He, X.M.; Liu, B.; Zhang, S.B.; Zhang, Y. A Study on Estimation Method for Ecological Water Requirement of Desert Vegetation in Arid Area. Water Saving Irrig. 2017, 90–93. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, G.L.; Zhao, W.Z. Reviews on calculating methods of vegetation ecological water requirement in arid and semiarid regions. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2008, 28, 6282–6291. [Google Scholar]
- Chi, D.K.; Wang, H.; Li, X.B.; Liu, H.H.; Li, X.H. Estimation of the Ecological Water Requirement for Natural Vegetation in the Ergune River Basin in Northeastern China from 2001 to 2014. Ecol. Indic. 2018, 92, 141–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, H.Y.; Jiao, X.Y. Research Progress of the Crop Water Demand Calculation. Water Sci. Eng. Technol. 2006, 5, 5–7. [Google Scholar]
- Cleugh, H.A.; Leuning, R.; Mu, Q.; Running, S.W. Regional Evaporation Estimates from Flux Tower and MODIS Satellite Data. Remote Sens. Environ. 2007, 106, 285–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, H.; Wang, S.Q.; Billesbach, D.; Oechel, W.; Zhang, J.H.; Meyers, T.; Martin, T.A.; Matamala, R.; Baldocchi, D.; Bohrer, G.; et al. Global Estimation of Evapotranspiration Using a Leaf Area Index-Based Surface Energy and Water Balance Model. Remote Sens. Environ. 2012, 124, 581–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hao, X.M.; Zhao, Z.Y.; Fan, X.; Zhang, J.J.; Zhang, S. Evaluation Method of Ecological Water Demand Threshold of Natural Vegetation in Arid-Region Inland River Basin Based on Satellite Data. Ecol. Indic. 2023, 146, 109811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, A.H.; Li, W.H.; Chen, Y.N.; Wang, Y.; Hao, H.; Li, Y.; Sun, F.; Zhou, H.; Zhu, C.; Hao, X. The Effects of Ecological Rehabilitation Projects on the Resilience of an Extremely Drought-Prone Desert Riparian Forest Ecosystem in the Tarim River Basin, Xinjiang, China. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 18485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allen, R.G.; Pereira, L.S.; Raes, D.; Smith, M. Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56; FAO: Rome, Italy, 1998; pp. 103–193. [Google Scholar]
- Jensen, M.E. Consumptive Use of Water and Irrigation Water. In Requirements; New York Ny American Society of Civil Engineers; American Society of Civil Engineers: New York, NY, USA, 1973. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Y.H. Spatiotemporal Evolution of Ecological Drought in the Future Over Northwestern China. Master’s Thesis, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China, 2023. [Google Scholar]
- ASCE. Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice. In Hydrology Handbook, 2nd ed.; ASCE: New York, NY, USA, 1996; pp. 203–204. [Google Scholar]
- Hao, T.P.; Li, Q.J.; Zhou, H.P. Research on Ecological Water Demand of Natural Oasis in Plain Region in Xinjiang. Water Resour. Dev. Manag. 2023, 9, 64–70. [Google Scholar]
- Friedman, J.H. Greedy Function Approximation: A Gradient Boosting Machine. Ann. Stat. 2000, 29, 1189–1232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lei, Y.S.; Su, X.L.; Chu, J.D. A Calculation Method and Application of Ecological Water Demand Threshold for Vegetation in Arid Areas Based on Ecosystem Resilience. J. Lake Sci. 2024, 36, 6545–6656. [Google Scholar]
- Li, J.Y. Characteristics of Vegetation Ecological Water Demand in Yanchi County in the Arid Area of Central Ningxia. Arid Land Geogr. 2018, 41, 1064–1072. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, N.X.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, R.; Xin, Y.; Shoujia, S.; Tengfei, Y. The Ecological Water Demand of Different Vegetation Types in the Bashang Area, Northwest Hebei Province. J. Resour. Ecol. 2022, 13, 113–119. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, T.Y.; Wang, J.; Zhang, H.M. A Evapotranspiration of Typical Agroecosystems in the North China Plain Based on Single Crop Coefficient Method. Chin. J. Eco-Agric. 2022, 30, 356–366. [Google Scholar]
- Li, D.H. Estimation and Safety Risk Assessment of Vegetation Ecological Water Demand in Xingjiang. Master’s Thesis, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, Y.N. Ecological Protection and Sustainable Management of the Tarim River Basin; Science Publishing House: Beijing, China, 2015; pp. 119–180. [Google Scholar]
- Kang, L.M.; Teng, X.R.; Che, J.H.; Huai, B.J. Spatio-temporal variation of snow cover on the northern slope of Kunlun Mountains. Arid. Land Geogr. 2024. Available online: https://link.cnki.net/urlid/65.1103.X.20240715.1826.001 (accessed on 17 July 2024).
- Yuan, J.L.; Zhao, H.H.; Liu, X.H.; Li, H.Y.; Jiang, D.; Zhao, C.Y.; Xing, L.Y.; Luo, X.P.; Wang, R.; Wang, C. Driving force analysis and ecological evaluation of spatiotemporal changes in vegetation cover in the Kunlun Mountains from 2000 to 2020. Geol. China 2024. Available online: https://link.cnki.net/urlid/11.1167.p.20240516.0555.003 (accessed on 17 May 2024).
- Chen, Y.H.; Rusuli, Y.; Wusiman, A. Analysis of spatial and temporal variation in grassland vegetation cover in Xinjiang section of Tianshan Mountains and the driving factors from 2001 to 2020. Chin. J. Plant Ecol. 2024, 48, 561–576. [Google Scholar]
- Xue, L.; Wang, J.; Zhang, L.; Wei, G.; Zhu, B. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Ecological Vulnerability and Management in the Tarim River Basin, China. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 649, 876–888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ye, Z.X.; Li, W.H.; Chen, Y.N.; Qiu, J.; Aji, D. Investigation of the Safety Threshold of Eco-Environmental Water Demands for the Bosten Lake Wetlands, Western China. Quat. Int. 2017, 440, 130–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Yang, G.Y.; Jia, Y.W.; Qin, D.Y.; Gan, H.; Wang, J.H.; Han, C.M. Taking the soil water resources in the Yellow River Basin as an example, the necessity and feasibility of modern water resources management with ’ET management ’as the core are illustrated. Sci. Sin. Technol. 2009, 39, 1691–1701. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, R.Y.; Chang, J.X.; Deng, M.J.; Zhou, H.Y.; Guo, A.J.; Wang, Y.J. Multi-Dimensional Response of Hydrological Connectivity to Ecological Water Conveyance Project. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2023, 54, 1359–1370. [Google Scholar]
- Fan, Y.Q.; Cai, H.J. Comparison of crop water requirements computed by single crop coefficient approach and dual crop coefficient approach. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2002, 3, 50–54. [Google Scholar]
- Guo, J.; Zhang, Y.L.; Shi, X.H.; Sun, B.; Wu, L.J.; Wang, W. Driving Mechanisms of the Evolution and Ecological Water Demand of Hulun Lake in Inner Mongolia. Water 2022, 14, 3415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Vegetation Coefficients | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tuokexun | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.39 |
pre-correction | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.65 | 0.45 | 0.51 |
post-correction | 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.33 |
0~0.25 | 0.25~0.5 | 0.5~0.75 | 0.75~1 | 1~1.5 | 1.5~2 | 2~2.5 | >2.5 | |
Fr | 0.92 | 0.82 | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.6 | 0.53 | 0.46 | 0.42 |
Vegetation Type | Initial Stage | Developing Stage | Mid-Stage | Latter Stage | Growing Season | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | |
arbor-shrub forests | 0.01 | 1.53 | 1.77 | 3.41 | 15.48 | 22.21 | 4.51 | 6.24 | 21.76 | 33.39 |
grasslands | 2.53 | 35.84 | 38.24 | 69.44 | 254.62 | 351.95 | 43.30 | 59.47 | 338.69 | 516.70 |
natural vegetation | 2.54 | 37.37 | 40.01 | 72.85 | 270.10 | 374.16 | 47.81 | 65.72 | 360.45 | 550.10 |
Vegetation Type | Initial Stage | Developing Stage | Mid-Stage | Latter Stage | Growing Season | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | |
arbor-shrub forests | 0.67 | 203.33 | 1.66 | 0.94 | −6.99 | −0.45 | −2.47 | −0.55 | −7.13 | −0.33 |
grasslands | 30.02 | 11.86 | 26.75 | 0.70 | 78.60 | 0.31 | 3.90 | 0.09 | 139.26 | 0.41 |
natural vegetation | 30.69 | 0.92 | 28.40 | 0.42 | 71.61 | 0.21 | 1.43 | 0.03 | 132.13 | 0.27 |
Vegetation Type | Initial Stage | Developing Stage | Mid-Stage | Latter Stage | Growing Season | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | |
arbor-shrub forests | −0.85 | −0.56 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −13.72 | −0.62 | −4.20 | −0.67 | −18.76 | −0.56 |
grasslands | −3.29 | −0.09 | −4.46 | −0.06 | −18.73 | −0.05 | −12.28 | −0.21 | −38.75 | −0.07 |
natural vegetation | −4.15 | −0.11 | −4.44 | −0.06 | −32.45 | −0.09 | −16.48 | −0.25 | −57.52 | −0.10 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Huang, M.; Mu, Z.; Zhao, S.; Yang, R. Ecological Water Requirement of Natural Vegetation in the Tarim River Basin Based on Multi-Source Data. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167034
Huang M, Mu Z, Zhao S, Yang R. Ecological Water Requirement of Natural Vegetation in the Tarim River Basin Based on Multi-Source Data. Sustainability. 2024; 16(16):7034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167034
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Mianting, Zhenxia Mu, Shikang Zhao, and Rongqin Yang. 2024. "Ecological Water Requirement of Natural Vegetation in the Tarim River Basin Based on Multi-Source Data" Sustainability 16, no. 16: 7034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167034