Assessment of Geographical Distribution of Emerging Zoonotic Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Women Patients Using Geographical Information System (GIS) in Various Regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristics | Prevalence of Infection | 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Host | N | % | Positive | % | |
Women | 3586 | 881 | 24.56 | 0.2176–0.2744 | |
Maternal Age | p-value | ||||
17–36 years | 3015 | 84.07 | 729 | 24.18 | 0.09182 |
37–45 years | 571 | 15.92 | 152 | 26.62 | ---- |
Residential statues of patients | ---- | ||||
Rural region | 2589 | 72.19 | 675 | 26.07 | 0.0007474 |
Urban region | 997 | 27.81 | 206 | 20.66 | ---- |
Obstetric statues of women patients | ---- | ||||
Pregnant | 1068 | 29.78 | 246 | 23.03 | 0.09113 |
Non-Pregnant | 2518 | 70.22 | 635 | 25.21 | ---- |
Divisions in Province | Patients | Prevalence of Toxoplasma Infection | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 881 | 24.56% | p-Value | |
Malakand | 1074 | 287 | 26.72 | 1.000 |
Peshawar | 584 | 80 | 13.69 | 1.000 |
Hazara | 609 | 177 | 29.06 | 1.000 |
Kohat | 429 | 129 | 30.06 | 1.000 |
Mardan | 380 | 81 | 21.31 | 1.000 |
D.I Khan | 287 | 80 | 27.87 | 1.000 |
Bannu | 223 | 47 | 21.07 | 1.000 |
p-value | 0.000 * | 0.000 * |
Division/District | Patients | Prevalence of Infection | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | Positive | % | p-Value | |
Malakand Division | 1074 | 29.95 | 287 | 26.72 | 1.000 |
Swat | 223 | 6.22 | 90 | 40.36 | 0.998 |
Malakand | 193 | 5.38 | 55 | 28.49 | 1.000 |
Chitral | 105 | 2.93 | 47 | 44.76 | 0.8585 |
Buner | 134 | 3.74 | 23 | 17.16 | 1.000 |
Upper Dir | 172 | 4.79 | 31 | 18.02 | 1.000 |
Lower Dir | 140 | 3.91 | 24 | 17.14 | 1.000 |
Shangla | 107 | 2.98 | 17 | 15.88 | 1.000 |
p-value | ---- | ---- | 0.000 * | 0.000 ** | ---- |
Peshawar Division | 584 | 16.28 | 80 | 13.71 | 1.000 |
Peshawar | 247 | 6.89 | 30 | 12.14 | 1.000 |
Charsadda | 189 | 5.27 | 34 | 17.98 | 1.000 |
Nowshera | 148 | 4.13 | 16 | 10.81 | 1.000 |
p-value | ---- | ---- | 0.106 * | 0.113 ** | ---- |
Kohat Division | 429 | 11.97 | 129 | 30.07 | 1.000 |
Kohat | 192 | 5.35 | 50 | 26.04 | 1.000 |
Karak | 109 | 3.04 | 49 | 44.95 | 0.854 |
Hangu | 128 | 3.57 | 30 | 23.43 | 1.000 |
p-value | ---- | ---- | 0.000 * | 0.001 ** | ---- |
Hazara Division | 609 | 16.98 | 177 | 29.06 | 1.000 |
Mansehra | 139 | 3.87 | 51 | 36.69 | 0.9992 |
Abbottabad | 170 | 4.74 | 46 | 27.05 | 1.000 |
Battagram | 110 | 3.07 | 36 | 32.72 | 0.9999 |
Kohistan | 85 | 2.37 | 26 | 30.58 | 0.9998 |
Haripur | 105 | 2.93 | 18 | 17.14 | 1.000 |
p-value | ---- | ---- | 0.015 * | 0.012 ** | ---- |
Mardan Division | 380 | 10.61 | 81 | 21.21 | 1.000 |
Mardan | 239 | 6.66 | 52 | 21.75 | 1.000 |
Swabi | 141 | 3.93 | 29 | 20.56 | 1.000 |
p-value | ---- | ---- | 0.784 * | 0.784 ** | 0.897 *** |
D.I Khan Division | 287 | 8.01 | 80 | 27.87 | 1.000 |
Dera Ismail Khan | 188 | 5.24 | 64 | 34.04 | 1.000 |
Tank | 99 | 2.76 | 16 | 16.15 | 1.000 |
p-value | ---- | ---- | 0.001 * | 0.001 ** | 0.001 *** |
Bannu Division | 223 | 6.22 | 47 | 21.07 | 1.000 |
Bannu | 120 | 3.35 | 33 | 27.51 | 1.000 |
Lakki Marwat | 103 | 2.87 | 14 | 13.59 | 1.000 |
p-value | ---- | ---- | 0.011 * | 0.010 ** | 0.013 *** |
Month and Season | Prevalence of Infection | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | N | (%) | Positive | (%) | p-Value |
600 | 16.73 | 127 | 21.16 | 1.000 | |
March | 310 | 8.64 | 70 | 22.58 | 1.000 |
April | 290 | 8.08 | 57 | 19.65 | 1.000 |
Summer | 1501 | 41.85 | 380 | 25.31 | 1.000 |
May | 373 | 10.41 | 109 | 29.22 | 1.000 |
June | 251 | 7.11 | 54 | 21.51 | 1.000 |
July | 329 | 9.17 | 40 | 12.15 | 1.000 |
August | 307 | 8.56 | 97 | 31.59 | 1.000 |
September | 241 | 6.72 | 80 | 33.19 | 1.000 |
Autumn October | 232 | 6.46 | 58 | 25.01 | 1.000 |
Winter | 1253 | 34.94 | 316 | 25.21 | 1.000 |
November | 309 | 8.62 | 92 | 29.77 | 1.000 |
December | 323 | 9.01 | 47 | 14.55 | 1.000 |
January | 231 | 6.44 | 70 | 30.31 | 1.000 |
February | 390 | 10.87 | 107 | 27.43 | 1.000 |
Variables | Total Patients | Prevalence of Infections | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Various Seasons in Pakistan | N | % | Positive | % | p-Value |
Spring (March to April) | 600 | 16.73 | 127 | 21.16 | 1.000 |
Summer (May to September) | 1501 | 41.86 | 380 | 25.31 | 1.000 |
Autumn (October) | 232 | 6.47 | 58 | 25.01 | 1.000 |
Winter (November to February) | 1253 | 34.95 | 316 | 25.22 | 1.000 |
Total | 3586 | 881 | 24.56 | 0.211 * 0.201 ** |
Year | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | N | Prevalence % | N | Prevalence % | N | Prevalence % | p-Value | |||
March | 93 | 9 | 9.67 | 127 | 43 | 33.85 | 90 | 18 | 20.00 | 1.000 |
April | 110 | 39 | 35.45 | 107 | 11 | 10.28 | 73 | 7 | 9.58 | 1.000 |
May | 128 | 16 | 12.5 | 138 | 62 | 44.92 | 107 | 31 | 28.97 | 1.000 |
June | 78 | 31 | 39.74 | 54 | 10 | 18.51 | 119 | 13 | 10.92 | 1.000 |
July | 96 | 3 | 3.12 | 98 | 7 | 7.14 | 135 | 30 | 22.22 | 1.000 |
August | 136 | 44 | 32.35 | 118 | 47 | 39.83 | 53 | 6 | 11.32 | 1.000 |
September | 55 | 10 | 18.18 | 103 | 29 | 28.15 | 83 | 41 | 49.39 | 1.000 |
October | 46 | 3 | 6.52 | 70 | 18 | 25.71 | 116 | 37 | 31.89 | 1.000 |
November | 137 | 50 | 36.49 | 124 | 31 | 25.00 | 48 | 11 | 22.91 | 1.000 |
December | 86 | 13 | 15.11 | 146 | 9 | 6.16 | 91 | 25 | 27.47 | 1.000 |
January | 101 | 33 | 32.672 | 101 | 23 | 22.77 | 29 | 14 | 48.27 | 1.000 |
February | 113 | 40 | 35.39 | 162 | 37 | 22.83 | 115 | 30 | 26.08 | 1.000 |
Total | 1179 | 291 | 24.68 | 1348 | 327 | 24.25 | 1059 | 263 | 24.83 | 0.942 * |
Toxoplasma Specific Serological Assays | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Method | N | Prevalence | (%) | p-Value |
Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) | 0.9568 ** | |||
LAT | 3586 | 913 | 25.46 | 0.000 * |
ICT Lateral Flow Chromatography Immunoassay | ||||
ICT | 3586 | 915 | 25.51 | 0.000 * |
IgM | 112 | 3.12 | 0.000 *** | |
IgG | 694 | 19.35 | ||
IgM & IgG | 109 | 3.04 | ||
Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) | ||||
ELISA | 1195 | 881 | 73.72 | 0.000 * |
IgM | 96 | 8.03 | 0.000 | |
IgG | 682 | 57.07 | ||
IgM & IgG | 103 | 8.62 |
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Khan, M.J.; Mubaraki, M.A.; Jahan, S.; Khattak, B.; Khan, M.; Fozia; Khokhar, M.A.H.; Ahmad, I. Assessment of Geographical Distribution of Emerging Zoonotic Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Women Patients Using Geographical Information System (GIS) in Various Regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, Pakistan. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7, 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7120430
Khan MJ, Mubaraki MA, Jahan S, Khattak B, Khan M, Fozia, Khokhar MAH, Ahmad I. Assessment of Geographical Distribution of Emerging Zoonotic Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Women Patients Using Geographical Information System (GIS) in Various Regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, Pakistan. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2022; 7(12):430. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7120430
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Muhammad Jamil, Murad A. Mubaraki, Sarwat Jahan, Baharullah Khattak, Manzoor Khan, Fozia, Malik Abid Hussain Khokhar, and Ijaz Ahmad. 2022. "Assessment of Geographical Distribution of Emerging Zoonotic Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Women Patients Using Geographical Information System (GIS) in Various Regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, Pakistan" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 12: 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7120430