Infection of Human Tracheal Epithelial Cells by H5 Avian Influenza Virus Is Regulated by the Acid Stability of Hemagglutinin and the pH of Target Cell Endosomes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Viruses and Cells
2.3. Reagents
2.4. Focus-Forming Assay to Measure Infectious Titers
2.5. Establishment of HTEpC-Derived Cell Clones
2.6. Generation of Recombinant H5N3 Viruses
2.7. Viral Infection of Cells
2.8. Immunofluorescence Analysis
2.9. Assessment of Sialic Acid (SA) Expression by Flow Cytometry
2.10. Western Blot Analysis of Virus Binding to HTEpC-T and SAEC-T Clones
2.11. Evaluation of the Endosomal pH
2.12. Virus Infection Inhibition Assay
2.13. Production of Progeny Viral Particles in HTEpCs and HTEpC-T Clones
2.14. Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR
2.15. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Establishment of Human HTEpC-T Clones
3.2. Susceptibility of HTEpC-Ts to Infection by AIVs
3.3. Binding of Viruses to HTEpC-T Clones
3.4. Comparison of the Endosomal pH in HTEpC-T and SAEC-T Clones
3.5. Viral Infectivity Is Regulated by Gradual Changes in Endosomal pH
3.6. The Effect of HA Acid Stability on the Susceptibility of HTEpC-Ts to Infection
3.7. The Effect of HA Acid Stability on the Susceptibility of Primary HTEpCs to Infection
3.8. Viral Growth Kinetics in Primary HTEpCs and Their Established Clones
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Daidoji, T.; Kajikawa, J.; Arai, Y.; Watanabe, Y.; Hirose, R.; Nakaya, T. Infection of Human Tracheal Epithelial Cells by H5 Avian Influenza Virus Is Regulated by the Acid Stability of Hemagglutinin and the pH of Target Cell Endosomes. Viruses 2020, 12, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010082
Daidoji T, Kajikawa J, Arai Y, Watanabe Y, Hirose R, Nakaya T. Infection of Human Tracheal Epithelial Cells by H5 Avian Influenza Virus Is Regulated by the Acid Stability of Hemagglutinin and the pH of Target Cell Endosomes. Viruses. 2020; 12(1):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010082
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaidoji, Tomo, Junichi Kajikawa, Yasuha Arai, Yohei Watanabe, Ryohei Hirose, and Takaaki Nakaya. 2020. "Infection of Human Tracheal Epithelial Cells by H5 Avian Influenza Virus Is Regulated by the Acid Stability of Hemagglutinin and the pH of Target Cell Endosomes" Viruses 12, no. 1: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010082