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AccScience Publishing / IJB / Volume 10 / Issue 1 / DOI: 10.36922/ijb.0965
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REVIEW

3D (bio)printing of magnetic hydrogels: Formulation and applications in tissue engineering

Duarte Almeida1 ,  Paola Sanjuan-Alberte1,2* ,  João C. Silva1,2* ,  Frederico Castelo Ferreira1,2
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1 Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
2 Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
IJB 2024, 10(1), 0965 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0965
Submitted: 20 May 2023 | Accepted: 20 June 2023 | Published: 23 August 2023
© 2023 by the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Hydrogels have been widely explored in tissue engineering due to their versatile and customizable properties in terms of their mechanical, biological, and chemical features. These properties allow them to recreate the physiological structures of the extracellular matrix in a highly hydrated state. Particularly, magnetic hydrogels have shown great promise due to their biocompatibility, mechanical attributes, and possibility to be controlled remotely. Three-dimensional (3D) (bio)printing has emerged as an efficient method to fabricate 3D complex scaffolds from hydrogels with a defined structure and porous microarchitecture, which is crucial for cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Therefore, combining magnetic-responsive biomaterials with bioprinting strategies offers numerous advantages for tissue engineering applications. Despite the large number of reviews on magnetic hydrogels available in the literature, they lack a clear focus on the fabrication of hydrogels through a 3D (bio)printing process. Thus, this review highlights not only the main characteristics and fabrication methods of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), but also the strategies for their incorporation into hydrogels. Furthermore, we also provide an overview of the current state of the art in injectable magnetic hydrogels, which have the potential to be used as bioinks for 3D (bio)printing, envisaging several applications in the regenerative medicine and biomedical engineering fields.

Keywords
Magnetic hydrogels
Magnetic stimulation
Tissue engineering
3D (bio)printing
Magnetic nanoparticles
Funding
The authors acknowledge funding from FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT/MCTES), with dedicated funding from the projects InSilico4OCReg (PTDC/EME-SIS/0838/2021), OptiBioScaffold (PTDC/ EME-SIS/4446/2020) and eOnco (2022.07252.PTDC) and also through institutional funds to iBB (UIDB/04565/2020 and UIDP/04565/2020) and Associate Laboratory i4HB (LA/P/0140/2020). This project also received financial support from “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434) LCF/ BQ/PI22/11910025.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
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International Journal of Bioprinting, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8002 Print ISSN: 2424-7723, Published by AccScience Publishing
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