In Bangladesh, artisanal or traditional fishing is still higher than industrial fish production a... more In Bangladesh, artisanal or traditional fishing is still higher than industrial fish production as the latter generally involves higher investment and recurring costs.
In the time of COVID-19 pandemic, the success of a business or any venture depends almost entirel... more In the time of COVID-19 pandemic, the success of a business or any venture depends almost entirely on proper business planning and proactive business partners who are eager to pursue the same business vision. Many successful entrepreneurs like LinkedIn Co founder and Executive Chairperson, Reid Hoffman had waited for years to start a business while going through experimenting with several small projects to come up with an innovative business plan.
Aman is a rain-fed crop that is the second-largest rice crop in Bangladesh in general and in part... more Aman is a rain-fed crop that is the second-largest rice crop in Bangladesh in general and in particular, in the study area with respect to the volume of production. It also carries significant value in the case of food security as well as livelihoo d options for many farmers. At this backdrop, the study focuses on exploring the relationship between climate change variables (Average Maximum Temperature, Average Minimum Temperature, Total rainfall, Average Relative Humidity) and Yield of Aman in Bogra and Joypurhat districts of Bangladesh. In this case, quantile regression at the median is used to examine climate change and Aman rice interrelations using time series data from 1969 to 2013. The findings of the study reveal that Average Maximum Temperature and Total Rainfall has a positive impact on the Aman yield production in the study area. Considering the future severe adverse effects of climate change on food security and nutrition, and employment aspects in the study area, the study, therefore, recommends the concerned authorities to strengthen their efforts to develop, and distribute of drought-tolerant HYV of Aman rice among the farmers at an affordable rate. Meanwhile, the farmers should be encouraged to cultivate drought-tolerant and less water-fed crops.
For building a vibrant Regional Value Chain, India will require to improve its cross-border infra... more For building a vibrant Regional Value Chain, India will require to improve its cross-border infrastructure, remove tariff and non-tariff barriers, speed up harmonization of regulations and technical standards by recognizing the existing standards and tests conducted by the designated counterparts in Bangladesh, which, in turn, could make trade between the two countries more vibrant.
Globally, thalassemia is a major health problem. Every year on the 8th of May, World Thalassemia ... more Globally, thalassemia is a major health problem. Every year on the 8th of May, World Thalassemia Day is celebrated with so as to increase awareness about the diseases among the general people across the world.affects as many as 1 in 30 pregnancies in China, India, and Pakistan, 1 in 100 pregnancies in Thailand, and 1 in 1000 pregnancies in Northern Europe and the United States (Cole and peter, 2016).Like other parts of the global, thalassemia is the most common inherited diseases that are prevalent in children, causing severe anemia problem in Bangladesh.In order to gain the upper hand in the diseases what is the most needed initiative is building up awareness about the dire consequences and promoting the practice of premarital screening regarding this.
Bangladesh RMG sector has the huge potential not only to grasp China’s leaving RMG market but als... more Bangladesh RMG sector has the huge potential not only to grasp China’s leaving RMG market but also to meet the most part of the global demand for apparel as it has some core strengths: availability of labor forces, around 100per cent local ownership, the long business experience of RMG producers, ability to produce quality products at competitive prices, adoption of “go green” approach in keeping pace with the global sustainable apparel production, ensuring of social compliance issues, on-going new market exploration efforts, and most importantly, the government’s supportive attitude towards it, etc. And all those strengths will certainly place it in an advantageous position to grab the lion share of the global apparel market.
To estimate the annual recreational value provided by the Foy's Lake, using the most applicable m... more To estimate the annual recreational value provided by the Foy's Lake, using the most applicable model for on-site data, is the main objective of this study. To adhere to the objective of this study, individual travel cost method (ITCM) has been applied and zero truncated poisson regression model has been found plausible among other models to estimate the consumer surplus. Based on the estimate, the consumer surplus or recreational benefits per trip per visitor can be recommended as BDT 5,875 or US $ 73.44 and counting the consumer surplus per trip per visitor, the annual recreational value (total consumer surplus) provided by the lake is found to be BDT 321 million or US $ 40.2 million.
International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 2019
The paper evaluates the competitiveness of Bangladesh Readymade Garments (RMG) sector in the glob... more The paper evaluates the competitiveness of Bangladesh Readymade Garments (RMG) sector in the global RMG market through Market share analysis using two-digit classifications of Harmonized System (HS)data for the period covering 2012 to 2016 to understand the actual condition of sector’s export comparison with its competitors. While Trade Entropy index has also been calculated to make an attempt to understand the geographical dispersion of export market scenario using two-digit classifications of HS data for the time period between 2006 and 2016. The findings of the paper based on market share analysis illustrate that Bangladesh’s RMG export share in the global market reached 7.50 percent in 2016, a shot up by 2.73 percentage points, indicating an increase in export competitiveness, whereas China’s share declined to 33.75 percent in 2016, with an exception to 2013. During this period, Vietnam and India’s market share increased by 2.24, and 0.72 percentage points respectively, making them the 3rd and 6th largest RMG exporter in the world. Trade Entropy index calculation indicates that the geographical diversification of Bangladesh’s RMG export has increased considering the value of the index, it has increased more than two times during this time period. But, in spite of increasing geographical diversification of the RMG sector market, its export is still heavily concentrated on two markets: the European Union EU (28), and the United States of America (USA). The paper also provides a set of policy recommendations that would be helpful to both RMG sector stakeholders and policymakers to move forward the sector towards more export competitiveness.
According to EPA, major potential export markets to realize additional or untapped export values ... more According to EPA, major potential export markets to realize additional or untapped export values for Bangladesh’s all potential exporting products including USA (US$ 2.4bn), Germany (US$ 2.4bn), China(US$ 1.3bn), France (US$ 1.2bn),UK (US$ 1.1bn), Spain (US$ 1.1 bn), Netherlands(US$ 1 bn), Italy (US$ 0.85bn), Belgium(US$ 0.67bn), and Canada(US$ 0.45bn)
The Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effects and mitigating measures to take for Dhaka City are elaboratel... more The Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effects and mitigating measures to take for Dhaka City are elaborately explained.
The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector of the country has been maintaining 57... more The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector of the country has been maintaining 57.21 per cent export growth on an average over the last nine years. In the fiscal year (FY) 2016-17, it registered export earnings worth US$ 0.8 billion from the global market and US$ 1.54 billion from the domestic market span-thereby making around one per cent contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP).
The digital revolution that Bangladesh is going through now is principally backed by its home-grown multi-dimensional ICT industry. To scale up national productivity and efficiency through appropriate use of ICT and in order to maintain 10 per cent GDP growth in next two decades escaping the middle-income country trap, it is required to continue policy reforms. What's highly necessary now is to support the country's thriving ICT industry that is making us proud every day!
China has gradually been shifting from labour-intensive to capital-intensive industries. With has... more China has gradually been shifting from labour-intensive to capital-intensive industries. With has started a drop in its relative share of global readymade garments (RMG) exports. This has created a golden opportunity for countries like Bangladesh. Increasing labour costs, resulting from rapid socioeconomic progress and improvement of the people's living standard, have prompted the global RMG giant to take its strategic policy of preferring capital-intensive industries.
Rainwater harvesting is a technique used for collecting, storing, and using rainwater for potable... more Rainwater harvesting is a technique used for collecting, storing, and using rainwater for potable and various non-potable uses In responses to cope up with the ever-increasing water crisis, particularly freshwater crisis due to various anthropogenic causes and also groundwater depletion problem resulting in the over-extraction of it, harvesting rainwater is now considering as one of the sustainable solutions for different countries or regions of the world that receive a good amount of rain annually. This system is not a new practice as it was a common practice in ancient India and Egypt used for households and agricultural purposes and in Thailand; this practice has prevailed for centuries. But, in recent times, the system, being clean and healthy sources of water, has gained much more popularity in different parts of the world where rainfalls are available in sufficient quantities, taking into consideration of the portable and freshwater inadequacy.
Civilisation itself started with the invention of clothing in one sense, and since then, it has ... more Civilisation itself started with the invention of clothing in one sense, and since then, it has become one of the fundamental needs of human beings. However, the global demand for clothing is always on the rise, most particularity with today's ever-increasing population. But producing the apparels also has a dark side as pesticides are used in growing cotton, toxic dyes are used in manufacturing and a substantial amount of natural resources (i.e. water and energy) are used in processing, manufacturing, and shipping, while a lot of wastages and pollutants are generated in its production process. According to an article in Forbes, the apparel industry with a global market size of $3 trillion is annually accountable for 10 percent of global carbon emission, and remains the second-largest industrial polluter just after the oil industry. Currently, the global apparel sector is in a dilemma in terms of continuing its production on the one hand and minimising its production-related environmentally harmful effects on the other hand. Against this backdrop, it is the hour of need to produce textile and apparel goods in a sustainable or eco-friendly ways so as to achieve green growth. It is encouraging to note that major global leading fashion players such as H&M, Hugo Boss, Nike, Levis Strauss, and Adidas are now conscious about reducing carbon and other emission related to the production of apparels. Indeed, their consciousness and steps in this regard are giving a new shape to the trend of the global apparel business in recent years. When it comes to global consumers, particularly who have the knowledge or are concerned about the environment are willing to pay more for the green apparel clothing. A number of available studies, reports, and surveys have revealed the fact that in the global context, environmentally conscious consumers are increasing day by day. They are ready to make personal scarifies in terms of money or willing to pay more for the socially responsible or eco-friendly consumer products. And most importantly, low-carbon economy and green growth in manufacturing industry has been highly emphasised in several national and international and organisational efforts, strategies, and policies over the years. Among them the efforts of UNIDO, UNEP, UNESCAP, Green Peace, World Bank, Agenda 2030 SDGs, and Green growth efforts in the USA, India, China, Malaysia, Singapore, and South Korea are notable. Green growth means low carbon growth (i.e. tolerable amount of carbon emission), and reduction of greenhouse gasses during the production. According to London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), the widespread use of the term 'green', is a broad consensus about what it means. It is very often treated as a synonym for or an aspect of sustainable development. However, in contrast to conventional growth, it is generally understood that industrial growth is a green one when it uses natural resources in a sustainable manner by taking into consideration of its scarcity while ensuring minimum effects on the natural environment and thus trying to make the world a better and liveable place.
In recent times, the structure of global manufacturing businesses has been taking the new shape o... more In recent times, the structure of global manufacturing businesses has been taking the new shape of eco-friendliness on a sustainable basis. Such a change can be attributed to global warming, climate change, loss of natural resources and biodiversity and various types of pollution resulting from manufacturing activities. It has been a dilemma for decades: the choice between 'massive industrialization' and 'protecting environment' with utmost priority.
This study considers the leading manufacturing firms of the South-West Region1 of Bangladesh. It
... more This study considers the leading manufacturing firms of the South-West Region1 of Bangladesh. It applies the Cobb- Douglas production function to measure input-output relationship, marginal productivity, allocative efficiency and returns to scale. It finds that among the available firms cement, jute, and textile manufacturing firms are in decreasing returns to scale whereas fertilizers and seafood processing firms are enjoying increasing returns to scale. The estimated value of marginal productivity and allocative efficiency reveal that labour productivity of all sorts of manufacturing firms has greater than that of capital productivity. It indicates that if firms invest on labour- intensive techniques, they can expect a positive return on investment. This paper also attempts to explore the best techniques for achieving allocative efficiency in the production process of these firms and also identifies the problems facing by the manufacturers of the region.
In Bangladesh, artisanal or traditional fishing is still higher than industrial fish production a... more In Bangladesh, artisanal or traditional fishing is still higher than industrial fish production as the latter generally involves higher investment and recurring costs.
In the time of COVID-19 pandemic, the success of a business or any venture depends almost entirel... more In the time of COVID-19 pandemic, the success of a business or any venture depends almost entirely on proper business planning and proactive business partners who are eager to pursue the same business vision. Many successful entrepreneurs like LinkedIn Co founder and Executive Chairperson, Reid Hoffman had waited for years to start a business while going through experimenting with several small projects to come up with an innovative business plan.
Aman is a rain-fed crop that is the second-largest rice crop in Bangladesh in general and in part... more Aman is a rain-fed crop that is the second-largest rice crop in Bangladesh in general and in particular, in the study area with respect to the volume of production. It also carries significant value in the case of food security as well as livelihoo d options for many farmers. At this backdrop, the study focuses on exploring the relationship between climate change variables (Average Maximum Temperature, Average Minimum Temperature, Total rainfall, Average Relative Humidity) and Yield of Aman in Bogra and Joypurhat districts of Bangladesh. In this case, quantile regression at the median is used to examine climate change and Aman rice interrelations using time series data from 1969 to 2013. The findings of the study reveal that Average Maximum Temperature and Total Rainfall has a positive impact on the Aman yield production in the study area. Considering the future severe adverse effects of climate change on food security and nutrition, and employment aspects in the study area, the study, therefore, recommends the concerned authorities to strengthen their efforts to develop, and distribute of drought-tolerant HYV of Aman rice among the farmers at an affordable rate. Meanwhile, the farmers should be encouraged to cultivate drought-tolerant and less water-fed crops.
For building a vibrant Regional Value Chain, India will require to improve its cross-border infra... more For building a vibrant Regional Value Chain, India will require to improve its cross-border infrastructure, remove tariff and non-tariff barriers, speed up harmonization of regulations and technical standards by recognizing the existing standards and tests conducted by the designated counterparts in Bangladesh, which, in turn, could make trade between the two countries more vibrant.
Globally, thalassemia is a major health problem. Every year on the 8th of May, World Thalassemia ... more Globally, thalassemia is a major health problem. Every year on the 8th of May, World Thalassemia Day is celebrated with so as to increase awareness about the diseases among the general people across the world.affects as many as 1 in 30 pregnancies in China, India, and Pakistan, 1 in 100 pregnancies in Thailand, and 1 in 1000 pregnancies in Northern Europe and the United States (Cole and peter, 2016).Like other parts of the global, thalassemia is the most common inherited diseases that are prevalent in children, causing severe anemia problem in Bangladesh.In order to gain the upper hand in the diseases what is the most needed initiative is building up awareness about the dire consequences and promoting the practice of premarital screening regarding this.
Bangladesh RMG sector has the huge potential not only to grasp China’s leaving RMG market but als... more Bangladesh RMG sector has the huge potential not only to grasp China’s leaving RMG market but also to meet the most part of the global demand for apparel as it has some core strengths: availability of labor forces, around 100per cent local ownership, the long business experience of RMG producers, ability to produce quality products at competitive prices, adoption of “go green” approach in keeping pace with the global sustainable apparel production, ensuring of social compliance issues, on-going new market exploration efforts, and most importantly, the government’s supportive attitude towards it, etc. And all those strengths will certainly place it in an advantageous position to grab the lion share of the global apparel market.
To estimate the annual recreational value provided by the Foy's Lake, using the most applicable m... more To estimate the annual recreational value provided by the Foy's Lake, using the most applicable model for on-site data, is the main objective of this study. To adhere to the objective of this study, individual travel cost method (ITCM) has been applied and zero truncated poisson regression model has been found plausible among other models to estimate the consumer surplus. Based on the estimate, the consumer surplus or recreational benefits per trip per visitor can be recommended as BDT 5,875 or US $ 73.44 and counting the consumer surplus per trip per visitor, the annual recreational value (total consumer surplus) provided by the lake is found to be BDT 321 million or US $ 40.2 million.
International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 2019
The paper evaluates the competitiveness of Bangladesh Readymade Garments (RMG) sector in the glob... more The paper evaluates the competitiveness of Bangladesh Readymade Garments (RMG) sector in the global RMG market through Market share analysis using two-digit classifications of Harmonized System (HS)data for the period covering 2012 to 2016 to understand the actual condition of sector’s export comparison with its competitors. While Trade Entropy index has also been calculated to make an attempt to understand the geographical dispersion of export market scenario using two-digit classifications of HS data for the time period between 2006 and 2016. The findings of the paper based on market share analysis illustrate that Bangladesh’s RMG export share in the global market reached 7.50 percent in 2016, a shot up by 2.73 percentage points, indicating an increase in export competitiveness, whereas China’s share declined to 33.75 percent in 2016, with an exception to 2013. During this period, Vietnam and India’s market share increased by 2.24, and 0.72 percentage points respectively, making them the 3rd and 6th largest RMG exporter in the world. Trade Entropy index calculation indicates that the geographical diversification of Bangladesh’s RMG export has increased considering the value of the index, it has increased more than two times during this time period. But, in spite of increasing geographical diversification of the RMG sector market, its export is still heavily concentrated on two markets: the European Union EU (28), and the United States of America (USA). The paper also provides a set of policy recommendations that would be helpful to both RMG sector stakeholders and policymakers to move forward the sector towards more export competitiveness.
According to EPA, major potential export markets to realize additional or untapped export values ... more According to EPA, major potential export markets to realize additional or untapped export values for Bangladesh’s all potential exporting products including USA (US$ 2.4bn), Germany (US$ 2.4bn), China(US$ 1.3bn), France (US$ 1.2bn),UK (US$ 1.1bn), Spain (US$ 1.1 bn), Netherlands(US$ 1 bn), Italy (US$ 0.85bn), Belgium(US$ 0.67bn), and Canada(US$ 0.45bn)
The Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effects and mitigating measures to take for Dhaka City are elaboratel... more The Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effects and mitigating measures to take for Dhaka City are elaborately explained.
The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector of the country has been maintaining 57... more The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector of the country has been maintaining 57.21 per cent export growth on an average over the last nine years. In the fiscal year (FY) 2016-17, it registered export earnings worth US$ 0.8 billion from the global market and US$ 1.54 billion from the domestic market span-thereby making around one per cent contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP).
The digital revolution that Bangladesh is going through now is principally backed by its home-grown multi-dimensional ICT industry. To scale up national productivity and efficiency through appropriate use of ICT and in order to maintain 10 per cent GDP growth in next two decades escaping the middle-income country trap, it is required to continue policy reforms. What's highly necessary now is to support the country's thriving ICT industry that is making us proud every day!
China has gradually been shifting from labour-intensive to capital-intensive industries. With has... more China has gradually been shifting from labour-intensive to capital-intensive industries. With has started a drop in its relative share of global readymade garments (RMG) exports. This has created a golden opportunity for countries like Bangladesh. Increasing labour costs, resulting from rapid socioeconomic progress and improvement of the people's living standard, have prompted the global RMG giant to take its strategic policy of preferring capital-intensive industries.
Rainwater harvesting is a technique used for collecting, storing, and using rainwater for potable... more Rainwater harvesting is a technique used for collecting, storing, and using rainwater for potable and various non-potable uses In responses to cope up with the ever-increasing water crisis, particularly freshwater crisis due to various anthropogenic causes and also groundwater depletion problem resulting in the over-extraction of it, harvesting rainwater is now considering as one of the sustainable solutions for different countries or regions of the world that receive a good amount of rain annually. This system is not a new practice as it was a common practice in ancient India and Egypt used for households and agricultural purposes and in Thailand; this practice has prevailed for centuries. But, in recent times, the system, being clean and healthy sources of water, has gained much more popularity in different parts of the world where rainfalls are available in sufficient quantities, taking into consideration of the portable and freshwater inadequacy.
Civilisation itself started with the invention of clothing in one sense, and since then, it has ... more Civilisation itself started with the invention of clothing in one sense, and since then, it has become one of the fundamental needs of human beings. However, the global demand for clothing is always on the rise, most particularity with today's ever-increasing population. But producing the apparels also has a dark side as pesticides are used in growing cotton, toxic dyes are used in manufacturing and a substantial amount of natural resources (i.e. water and energy) are used in processing, manufacturing, and shipping, while a lot of wastages and pollutants are generated in its production process. According to an article in Forbes, the apparel industry with a global market size of $3 trillion is annually accountable for 10 percent of global carbon emission, and remains the second-largest industrial polluter just after the oil industry. Currently, the global apparel sector is in a dilemma in terms of continuing its production on the one hand and minimising its production-related environmentally harmful effects on the other hand. Against this backdrop, it is the hour of need to produce textile and apparel goods in a sustainable or eco-friendly ways so as to achieve green growth. It is encouraging to note that major global leading fashion players such as H&M, Hugo Boss, Nike, Levis Strauss, and Adidas are now conscious about reducing carbon and other emission related to the production of apparels. Indeed, their consciousness and steps in this regard are giving a new shape to the trend of the global apparel business in recent years. When it comes to global consumers, particularly who have the knowledge or are concerned about the environment are willing to pay more for the green apparel clothing. A number of available studies, reports, and surveys have revealed the fact that in the global context, environmentally conscious consumers are increasing day by day. They are ready to make personal scarifies in terms of money or willing to pay more for the socially responsible or eco-friendly consumer products. And most importantly, low-carbon economy and green growth in manufacturing industry has been highly emphasised in several national and international and organisational efforts, strategies, and policies over the years. Among them the efforts of UNIDO, UNEP, UNESCAP, Green Peace, World Bank, Agenda 2030 SDGs, and Green growth efforts in the USA, India, China, Malaysia, Singapore, and South Korea are notable. Green growth means low carbon growth (i.e. tolerable amount of carbon emission), and reduction of greenhouse gasses during the production. According to London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), the widespread use of the term 'green', is a broad consensus about what it means. It is very often treated as a synonym for or an aspect of sustainable development. However, in contrast to conventional growth, it is generally understood that industrial growth is a green one when it uses natural resources in a sustainable manner by taking into consideration of its scarcity while ensuring minimum effects on the natural environment and thus trying to make the world a better and liveable place.
In recent times, the structure of global manufacturing businesses has been taking the new shape o... more In recent times, the structure of global manufacturing businesses has been taking the new shape of eco-friendliness on a sustainable basis. Such a change can be attributed to global warming, climate change, loss of natural resources and biodiversity and various types of pollution resulting from manufacturing activities. It has been a dilemma for decades: the choice between 'massive industrialization' and 'protecting environment' with utmost priority.
This study considers the leading manufacturing firms of the South-West Region1 of Bangladesh. It
... more This study considers the leading manufacturing firms of the South-West Region1 of Bangladesh. It applies the Cobb- Douglas production function to measure input-output relationship, marginal productivity, allocative efficiency and returns to scale. It finds that among the available firms cement, jute, and textile manufacturing firms are in decreasing returns to scale whereas fertilizers and seafood processing firms are enjoying increasing returns to scale. The estimated value of marginal productivity and allocative efficiency reveal that labour productivity of all sorts of manufacturing firms has greater than that of capital productivity. It indicates that if firms invest on labour- intensive techniques, they can expect a positive return on investment. This paper also attempts to explore the best techniques for achieving allocative efficiency in the production process of these firms and also identifies the problems facing by the manufacturers of the region.
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Papers by Md. Sajib Hossain
The digital revolution that Bangladesh is going through now is principally backed by its home-grown multi-dimensional ICT industry. To scale up national productivity and efficiency through appropriate use of ICT and in order to maintain 10 per cent GDP growth in next two decades escaping the middle-income country trap, it is required to continue policy reforms. What's highly necessary now is to support the country's thriving ICT industry that is making us proud every day!
applies the Cobb- Douglas production function to measure input-output relationship, marginal productivity,
allocative efficiency and returns to scale. It finds that among the available firms cement, jute, and textile
manufacturing firms are in decreasing returns to scale whereas fertilizers and seafood processing firms are
enjoying increasing returns to scale. The estimated value of marginal productivity and allocative efficiency
reveal that labour productivity of all sorts of manufacturing firms has greater than that of capital productivity.
It indicates that if firms invest on labour- intensive techniques, they can expect a positive return on investment.
This paper also attempts to explore the best techniques for achieving allocative efficiency in the production
process of these firms and also identifies the problems facing by the manufacturers of the region.
The digital revolution that Bangladesh is going through now is principally backed by its home-grown multi-dimensional ICT industry. To scale up national productivity and efficiency through appropriate use of ICT and in order to maintain 10 per cent GDP growth in next two decades escaping the middle-income country trap, it is required to continue policy reforms. What's highly necessary now is to support the country's thriving ICT industry that is making us proud every day!
applies the Cobb- Douglas production function to measure input-output relationship, marginal productivity,
allocative efficiency and returns to scale. It finds that among the available firms cement, jute, and textile
manufacturing firms are in decreasing returns to scale whereas fertilizers and seafood processing firms are
enjoying increasing returns to scale. The estimated value of marginal productivity and allocative efficiency
reveal that labour productivity of all sorts of manufacturing firms has greater than that of capital productivity.
It indicates that if firms invest on labour- intensive techniques, they can expect a positive return on investment.
This paper also attempts to explore the best techniques for achieving allocative efficiency in the production
process of these firms and also identifies the problems facing by the manufacturers of the region.