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Tom Moore
I completed my PhD on Iron Age societies in the Severn-Cotswolds at the University of Durham in 2003. Between 2004-2006 I was employed as a Lecturer in Prehistoric Archaeology at the University of Newcastle before moving to Durham in January 2006. I have been a key member of a variety of field projects in Britain and Europe and worked for two years in contract archaeology for Cotswold Archaeology.
My research interests focus mainly on the British and French Iron Age, particularly the late Iron Age-Roman transition. I recently completed a co-edited volume which outlines new perspectives on the Later Iron Age in NW Europe, including a co-authored paper assessing the current state and future direction of Later Iron Age studies in Britain and beyond. I am particularly keen on breaking down the theoretical and methodological barriers between different approaches to the European Iron Age and recently co-organised an international conference addressing these issues (Western Europe in the first millennium BC: Crossing the divide) with leading specialists from France, Iberia, USA, Ireland and the UK.
My current research focuses on new approaches to understanding social systems and social networks in Later Prehistory. As part of this, I am currently reassessing how archaeologists and Roman historians have understood the nature and meaning of tribal identities in the Iron Age and Roman period. I am also exploring the roles of material culture production and exchange in creating and maintaining social networks in Later Prehistory.
I am also interested in practical and theoretical approaches to archaeological resource management, particularly the impact of PPG 16. My teaching covers courses on the British and European Iron Age and field archaeology.
Developing from my previous work on landscape and social change in the Iron Age of the Severn-Cotswolds, my current research projects in Britain and France are exploring similar themes: the relationship between the development of oppida and Late Iron Age and early Roman social change, and the reconstruction of Later Iron Age societies. Both use a variety of landscape archaeology techniques:
(1) Aristocratic or sacred landscapes? L’habitat rural à la transition âge du Fer/époque Romaine
This is a collaborative project affiliated to, and funded by, the Centre archéologique européen at Bibracte and the British Academy, led jointly by myself and Dr. Peter Haupt from the Johannes Gutenberg-Universtat Mainz in collaboration with Dr. John Creighton (Reading). Building on the previous Arroux Valley Survey, which examined late La Tène and Gallo-Roman settlement between Bibracte and Autun (Creighton et al. 2008), this new project is using survey and excavation to investigate the immediate environs of the late La Tène oppidum at Bibracte. It aims to understand the nature of landscape development in the later La Tène and Gallo-Roman period, particularly focusing on the development of a major late La Tène/ early Gallo-Roman complex at Les sources de l’Yonne period and its role in social change at the end of the Iron Age. Trial excavations to determine the nature of late La Tène activity at the complex at l’source de l’Yonne took place in 2007 with further excavations in 2009 and 2010.
(2) Negotiating the late Iron Age-Roman transition in the Severn-Cotswolds
This project is exploring the changing nature of power and identity in the later Iron Age of the Severn-Cotswolds focusing on the development of the oppidum at Bagendon and early Roman town of Cirencester, Gloucestershire. The project involves writing up earlier excavations alongside desktop research and new fieldwork.
This includes publication of the late Iron Age enclosure and exceptionally early Roman villa at Ditches, with Dr. Simon James (Leicester) and Dr. Steve Trow (English Heritage), funded by the Hedley Trust/Society of Antiquaries (Trow et al. 2009. also see Current Archaeology Vol. 271: 32-37 April 2008). Current work, led by myself, includes publication of earlier excavations at Bagendon late Iron Age oppidum and further fieldwork on this complex as well as placing these and other late Iron Age and early Roman sites in the region in context. Fieldwork at Bagendon is being funded by the Roman Research Trust. Royal Archaeological institute and the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society.
I am happy to hear from students interested in studying aspects of the Iron Age at postgraduate level.
Address: Department of Archaeology
Durham University
South Road
Durham
DH1 3LE
My research interests focus mainly on the British and French Iron Age, particularly the late Iron Age-Roman transition. I recently completed a co-edited volume which outlines new perspectives on the Later Iron Age in NW Europe, including a co-authored paper assessing the current state and future direction of Later Iron Age studies in Britain and beyond. I am particularly keen on breaking down the theoretical and methodological barriers between different approaches to the European Iron Age and recently co-organised an international conference addressing these issues (Western Europe in the first millennium BC: Crossing the divide) with leading specialists from France, Iberia, USA, Ireland and the UK.
My current research focuses on new approaches to understanding social systems and social networks in Later Prehistory. As part of this, I am currently reassessing how archaeologists and Roman historians have understood the nature and meaning of tribal identities in the Iron Age and Roman period. I am also exploring the roles of material culture production and exchange in creating and maintaining social networks in Later Prehistory.
I am also interested in practical and theoretical approaches to archaeological resource management, particularly the impact of PPG 16. My teaching covers courses on the British and European Iron Age and field archaeology.
Developing from my previous work on landscape and social change in the Iron Age of the Severn-Cotswolds, my current research projects in Britain and France are exploring similar themes: the relationship between the development of oppida and Late Iron Age and early Roman social change, and the reconstruction of Later Iron Age societies. Both use a variety of landscape archaeology techniques:
(1) Aristocratic or sacred landscapes? L’habitat rural à la transition âge du Fer/époque Romaine
This is a collaborative project affiliated to, and funded by, the Centre archéologique européen at Bibracte and the British Academy, led jointly by myself and Dr. Peter Haupt from the Johannes Gutenberg-Universtat Mainz in collaboration with Dr. John Creighton (Reading). Building on the previous Arroux Valley Survey, which examined late La Tène and Gallo-Roman settlement between Bibracte and Autun (Creighton et al. 2008), this new project is using survey and excavation to investigate the immediate environs of the late La Tène oppidum at Bibracte. It aims to understand the nature of landscape development in the later La Tène and Gallo-Roman period, particularly focusing on the development of a major late La Tène/ early Gallo-Roman complex at Les sources de l’Yonne period and its role in social change at the end of the Iron Age. Trial excavations to determine the nature of late La Tène activity at the complex at l’source de l’Yonne took place in 2007 with further excavations in 2009 and 2010.
(2) Negotiating the late Iron Age-Roman transition in the Severn-Cotswolds
This project is exploring the changing nature of power and identity in the later Iron Age of the Severn-Cotswolds focusing on the development of the oppidum at Bagendon and early Roman town of Cirencester, Gloucestershire. The project involves writing up earlier excavations alongside desktop research and new fieldwork.
This includes publication of the late Iron Age enclosure and exceptionally early Roman villa at Ditches, with Dr. Simon James (Leicester) and Dr. Steve Trow (English Heritage), funded by the Hedley Trust/Society of Antiquaries (Trow et al. 2009. also see Current Archaeology Vol. 271: 32-37 April 2008). Current work, led by myself, includes publication of earlier excavations at Bagendon late Iron Age oppidum and further fieldwork on this complex as well as placing these and other late Iron Age and early Roman sites in the region in context. Fieldwork at Bagendon is being funded by the Roman Research Trust. Royal Archaeological institute and the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society.
I am happy to hear from students interested in studying aspects of the Iron Age at postgraduate level.
Address: Department of Archaeology
Durham University
South Road
Durham
DH1 3LE
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Combining the results of a large-scale geophysical survey, with analysis of both historic and new excavations, this volume reassesses Iron Age occupation at Bagendon, revealing evidence for diverse artisanal activities and complex regional exchange networks that saw livestock, and people, travelling to Bagendon from west of the Severn. The results of excavation of two morphologically unusual, banjo-like enclosures, and of one of the previously unexamined dykes, has revealed that the Bagendon oppidum had earlier origins and more complex roles than previously envisaged. The volume also provides new insights into the nature of the Iron Age and Roman landscape in which Bagendon was situated. Detailing the discovery of two, previously unknown, Roman villas at Bagendon, this research also demonstrates the continued significance of this landscape in the early Roman province.
This volume redefines Bagendon as a landscape of power, which offers important insights into the changing nature of societies from the Middle Iron Age to Roman period. It calls for a radical reassessment of how we define oppida complexes and their socio-political importance at the turn of the 1st millennium BC.
This fifth edition has been updated by a new co-author, Tom Moore, and continues to include key references and guidance to help new readers find their way through the ever expanding range of archaeological publications. It conveys the excitement of new archaeological discoveries that appear on television or in newspapers while helping readers to evaluate them by explaining the methods and theories that lie behind them. Above all, while serving as a lucid textbook, it remains a very accessible account that will interest a wide readership. In addition to drawing upon examples and case studies from many regions of the world and periods of the past, it incorporates the authors' own fieldwork, research and teaching and features a new four-colour text design and colour illustrations plus an additional 50 topic boxes.
The comprehensive glossary and bibliography are complemented by a support website hosted by Routledge to assist further study and wider learning. It includes chapter overviews, a testbank of questions, powerpoint discussion questions, web-links to support material for every chapter plus an online glossary and image bank.
Publisher's copyright statement: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.
provide an important dataset for exploring how complex social systems can articulate power in novel ways. The question of whether these can be described as ‘urban’ has overshadowed a deeper understanding of the development and role of such sites, with many studies examining this issue almost wholly against peculiarly classical concepts of urbanism, isolating Iron Age studies from wider debate. Rather
than seek to redefine ‘towns’, this paper explores how and why oppida diverge from traditional concepts of urbanism, arguing that the form of oppida reflects their focus on particular aspects—assembly, theatricality, and the household—which reflect the nature of Late Iron Age societies. It will be suggested that oppida are comparable to a range of mega-sites and low-density settlements recognised throughout the world that represent alternative solutions to the social complications urbanism seeks to address.
‘urban’ has dominated debate over these sites since the nineteenth century. Oppida have been surprisingly absent from comparative urban studies, however, despite increasingly nuanced perspectives on the nature and diversity of the urban phenomenon. In particular, Roland Fletcher’s implication that oppida might represent part of a broader alternative form of low-density urbanism has been largely overlooked, by Iron Age scholars and urbanism specialists alike. With the complex nature of many oppida now becoming increasingly apparent, I
suggest it is a pertinent time to assess Fletcher’s claim and examine whether oppida can be convincingly compared to low-density urbanism elsewhere in the world and, if so, what implications this might have for understanding Iron Age societies. This paper argues that oppida do indeed display aspects of low-density urbanism and that this is likely to be due to the negotiated nature of power in Iron Age societies.
Combining the results of a large-scale geophysical survey, with analysis of both historic and new excavations, this volume reassesses Iron Age occupation at Bagendon, revealing evidence for diverse artisanal activities and complex regional exchange networks that saw livestock, and people, travelling to Bagendon from west of the Severn. The results of excavation of two morphologically unusual, banjo-like enclosures, and of one of the previously unexamined dykes, has revealed that the Bagendon oppidum had earlier origins and more complex roles than previously envisaged. The volume also provides new insights into the nature of the Iron Age and Roman landscape in which Bagendon was situated. Detailing the discovery of two, previously unknown, Roman villas at Bagendon, this research also demonstrates the continued significance of this landscape in the early Roman province.
This volume redefines Bagendon as a landscape of power, which offers important insights into the changing nature of societies from the Middle Iron Age to Roman period. It calls for a radical reassessment of how we define oppida complexes and their socio-political importance at the turn of the 1st millennium BC.
This fifth edition has been updated by a new co-author, Tom Moore, and continues to include key references and guidance to help new readers find their way through the ever expanding range of archaeological publications. It conveys the excitement of new archaeological discoveries that appear on television or in newspapers while helping readers to evaluate them by explaining the methods and theories that lie behind them. Above all, while serving as a lucid textbook, it remains a very accessible account that will interest a wide readership. In addition to drawing upon examples and case studies from many regions of the world and periods of the past, it incorporates the authors' own fieldwork, research and teaching and features a new four-colour text design and colour illustrations plus an additional 50 topic boxes.
The comprehensive glossary and bibliography are complemented by a support website hosted by Routledge to assist further study and wider learning. It includes chapter overviews, a testbank of questions, powerpoint discussion questions, web-links to support material for every chapter plus an online glossary and image bank.
Publisher's copyright statement: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.
provide an important dataset for exploring how complex social systems can articulate power in novel ways. The question of whether these can be described as ‘urban’ has overshadowed a deeper understanding of the development and role of such sites, with many studies examining this issue almost wholly against peculiarly classical concepts of urbanism, isolating Iron Age studies from wider debate. Rather
than seek to redefine ‘towns’, this paper explores how and why oppida diverge from traditional concepts of urbanism, arguing that the form of oppida reflects their focus on particular aspects—assembly, theatricality, and the household—which reflect the nature of Late Iron Age societies. It will be suggested that oppida are comparable to a range of mega-sites and low-density settlements recognised throughout the world that represent alternative solutions to the social complications urbanism seeks to address.
‘urban’ has dominated debate over these sites since the nineteenth century. Oppida have been surprisingly absent from comparative urban studies, however, despite increasingly nuanced perspectives on the nature and diversity of the urban phenomenon. In particular, Roland Fletcher’s implication that oppida might represent part of a broader alternative form of low-density urbanism has been largely overlooked, by Iron Age scholars and urbanism specialists alike. With the complex nature of many oppida now becoming increasingly apparent, I
suggest it is a pertinent time to assess Fletcher’s claim and examine whether oppida can be convincingly compared to low-density urbanism elsewhere in the world and, if so, what implications this might have for understanding Iron Age societies. This paper argues that oppida do indeed display aspects of low-density urbanism and that this is likely to be due to the negotiated nature of power in Iron Age societies.
Oppida, agglomerations and suburbia: The Bibracte environs and new perspectives on Late Iron Age urbanism in central-eastern France.
This paper explores the nature and chronology of La Tène and early Roman unenclosed agglomerations in central-eastern France. It has been prompted by the discovery of a c. 115 ha La Tène D2b/Augustan (c. 50 bc to ad 15) site close to Bibracte in the Morvan, located around the source of the River Yonne. This complex provides a new perspective on the chronology and role of Late La Tène and early Roman unenclosed settlements, adding further complexity to the story of the development of Late La Tène oppida. It indicates that these ‘agglomerations’ followed remarkably varied chronological trajectories, raising important issues concerning the nature of landscape and social change at the end of the Iron Age.
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Find us @ http://www.bagendonproject.org
In Paths to Complexity. Centralisation and Urbanisation in Iron Age Europe. Fernandez-Gotz, M., Wendling, H. & Winger, K. Oxbow books
This volume addresses these issues by bringing together 33 papers by leading Bronze Age and Iron Age scholars from France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, North America, and the United Kingdom. Initial chapters from leading specialists introduce major themes (landscape studies, social organisation, historiography, dynamics of change, and identity), providing overviews on the history of approaches to these areas, personal perspectives on current problems, and possible future research directions. Subsequent chapters by key researchers develop these topics, presenting case studies and in-depth discussions of particular issues relating to the first millennium BC in the Atlantic realm of Western Europe.