Address: Medical and Molecular Microbiology Division, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
This is an Editorial that raises the concern on the plausibility of mycotoxins producing some adv... more This is an Editorial that raises the concern on the plausibility of mycotoxins producing some adverse reproductive health effects in exposed individuals, and might be implicated in the declining male fertility rate, especially in Africa. This is an issue that should not be overlooked in the research arena as there are emerging reports indicating that mycotoxins, especially aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and ochratoxin A negatively affects fertility and reproductive potential of animals and human beings. The use of valid mycotoxins exposure biomarkers and properly designed epidemiological study would certainly provide stronger evidence for establishing a causal association.
Penicillin antibiotics have been the main-stay armamentarium in the fight against bacterial disea... more Penicillin antibiotics have been the main-stay armamentarium in the fight against bacterial diseases due to their availability and ease of use. Penicillin resistance has been attributed to modification of penicillin-binding proteins, production of β-lactamases, overexpression of efflux pumps and reduced permeability. In the past 10 years, research was centred on Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The key determinant of resistance in MRSA strains is the penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a). Currently, the production of β-lactamases by Gram-negative bacteria has garnered a degree of attention that seems to be rising rapidly. Gram-negative bacteria pose the greatest risk to public health because of the global emergence and spread of metallo-β-lactamases, including Imipenemase (IMP-types), Verona integrin-encoded-metallo-β–lactamases (VIM-types) and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDM-types). Not only is the increase in resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to beta-lactams faster than in Gram-positive bacteria, but also there are no current and developmental antibiotics active against metallo-β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria. This review critically examines the current issues in beta-lactamases responsible for penicillins resistance in relation to the current clinically important bacteria pathogens.
Keywords:
Penicillins Resistance, β-lactamases, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Public Health
Parasitic diseases constitute major public health challenges worldwide, especially in developing... more Parasitic diseases constitute major public health challenges worldwide, especially in developing countries. It is estimated that more than one billion people worldwide are infected by parasites presenting with different disease conditions. The routine laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections in most tropical countries involves conventional methods, such as optical microscopy, used for the morphological identification of parasites. Although the development and adaptation of new technologies for the genetic characterisation and identification of parasites continue to accelerate, providing an increasing number of epidemiological research and diagnostic tools in developed countries, little or none is available in most developing countries. This review examines the main current and new diagnostic techniques for confirmation of parasite infections, namely polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and Luminex xMAP technology. Molecular assays have comprehensively assisted in the diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological studies of parasitic diseases that affect people worldwide, helping to control parasitic disease mortality.
Citation: Ukpai Agwu Eze, Ngozi Monica Eze. Emerging Molecular Methods for the Diagnosis and Epidemiological Study of Parasitic Infections. AASCIT Journal of Health. Vol. 2, No. 4, 2015, pp. 32-43.
Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the airways which subsequently results in increas... more Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the airways which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing. As at 2011, World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that approximately 235 million people worldwide were affected by asthma. This study aims to evaluate and determine the susceptibility of ABO and Rh blood groups to asthma. A total of 200 clinically confirmed asthmatic patients and 100 apparently healthy individuals within Sokoto metropolis were prospectively enrolled and their blood group status were determined using red blood cell agglutination method. In this research work, the result obtained shows that 74 asthmatic patients constituting 37.0% out of the total 200 patients who participated in the study are blood group A, 56 (28.0%) are blood group B, 26 (13.0%) are blood group AB and 44 (22.0%) are blood group O. For Rh blood group, out of the 200 study subjects, 181 (90.5%) are Rh positive and 19 (9.5%) are Rh negative. Among 100 control participants 26 (26.0%) have A blood group, 24 (24.0%) have B blood group, 2 (2.0%) have AB blood group, and 48 (48.0%) have O blood group. No statistical difference was observed between Rh system in study subjects and controls, but blood group A was significantly higher in asthma patients compared to controls (P<0.05). International Journal of Immunology 3 (3), 37-41 Keywords: Asthma, ABO Blood Group, Rhesus Blood Group, Nigeria
This paper was published in Microbiology Research International
Vol. 1(3), pp. 48-53, December 2... more This paper was published in Microbiology Research International
Vol. 1(3), pp. 48-53, December 2013.
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a global threat to human race due to its multidrug resistance propensity and avalanche of diseases associated with it. Though nasal carriage of MRSA has been reported amongst meat sellers and animal handlers elsewhere, carriage of this organism amongst this population in Ebonyi State has not been documented. In this study, eighty seven nasal swab samples were randomly collected from meat sellers in Abakaliki ‘meat market’ following informed consent. The samples were subjected to standard microbiological techniques to identify S. aureus. Resistance to methicillin was obtained using cefoxitin. A total of 20 isolates of S. aureus were recovered, representing an overall nasal carriage of 23% (20/87) while MRSA carriage of 15% (3/20). The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates to commonly used drugs show high resistance to tetracycline (80%), cotrimoxazole (70%) and erythromycin (65%). All isolates were susceptible to imipenem and vancomycin. The presence of MRSA in the nostrils of meat sellers screened in this study portends potential danger to this group, their families and the general public due to the versatility and intransigence of this organism in human infections. It is therefore recommended that more studies involving larger population be carried out to establish the
prevalence of this organism in the wider Ebonyi society in order to enable healthcare providers to design preventive measures.
Haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a non immune haemolytic anaemia characterised by low platelet... more Haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a non immune haemolytic anaemia characterised by low platelet count and kidney failure. It can be attributed to the presence of Shiga toxin produced by enterohaemorragic Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 which causes approximately 70% of the HUS cases in developed countries and the shiga-like toxin of Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 which causes the Shiga-toxin HUS in developing countries from Asia and Africa. Sequencing of housekeeping genes indicates that Shigella dysenteriae and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli are closely related. As Shigella dysenteriae and some serotypes of Escherichia coli produces similar toxin which results to the same disease condition in humans, so the question is whether they are of the same origin or species and were wrongly classified by taxonomists. The authors examined the molecular genetics and biochemical characteristics of the genus Shigella, particularly S. dysenteriae with the different pathogenic groups of E.coli as well as make a critical revision of the current taxonomical way to classify bacteria.
This paper was published in International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-11 December 2014... more This paper was published in International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-11 December 2014.
Trypanosomiasis is a disease of varying severity, it is caused by a unicellular flagellated protozoan parasite of the family Trypanosomatidae, and genus Trypanosoma. This study review the mouse models to examine and analyze infections with African trypanosomes which provides an insight on the possible mechanisms by which African trypanosomes can be destroyed. With the introduction of gene targeted mouse, immune response in humans that are potentially suggestive of protective immunity, can be tested in mouse models to understand and verify the importance of particular immunological pathway. When comparing the susceptibility and resistance of mouse strains infected with African trypanosomes, the balance between Th1 cytokines such as TNF, IFNγ, and the induction of nitric oxide release in addition to IL 10 appear to be very important.
This study investigates the incidence of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) and some factors ... more This study investigates the incidence of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) and some factors associated with increased risk of suffering NVP. The results showed that an early menarcheal age, higher level of education, increased parity and age at menopause associated significantly (P<0.05) with NVP in one group but not in the other. An increased proportion of women born in wet season, having higher economic status, had an early child birth and carrying female foetuses reported having NVP. So also were variations in the ethnic report of NVP among the study population. This study also suggest a high prevalence (43.71%) of NVP among Nigerian women and an increased incidence over the years with women of Igbo origin having the highest incidence (53.91%) and Hausa’s the least incidence (34.80%).
This study investigated some demographic and reproductive characteristics associated with menopau... more This study investigated some demographic and reproductive characteristics associated with menopause among Nigerian women. The eligible population for the study numbered 324. Factors found to associate significantly with the age at menopause are religion, ethnicity, parity and age at marriage (P<0.0001). Other variables that also showed significant association were season of birth, nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP), breastfeeding, contraception, educational level and number of older male siblings (P<0.05). All other variable found no association although age at menopause increased with age at first birth.
This is an Editorial that raises the concern on the plausibility of mycotoxins producing some adv... more This is an Editorial that raises the concern on the plausibility of mycotoxins producing some adverse reproductive health effects in exposed individuals, and might be implicated in the declining male fertility rate, especially in Africa. This is an issue that should not be overlooked in the research arena as there are emerging reports indicating that mycotoxins, especially aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and ochratoxin A negatively affects fertility and reproductive potential of animals and human beings. The use of valid mycotoxins exposure biomarkers and properly designed epidemiological study would certainly provide stronger evidence for establishing a causal association.
Penicillin antibiotics have been the main-stay armamentarium in the fight against bacterial disea... more Penicillin antibiotics have been the main-stay armamentarium in the fight against bacterial diseases due to their availability and ease of use. Penicillin resistance has been attributed to modification of penicillin-binding proteins, production of β-lactamases, overexpression of efflux pumps and reduced permeability. In the past 10 years, research was centred on Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The key determinant of resistance in MRSA strains is the penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a). Currently, the production of β-lactamases by Gram-negative bacteria has garnered a degree of attention that seems to be rising rapidly. Gram-negative bacteria pose the greatest risk to public health because of the global emergence and spread of metallo-β-lactamases, including Imipenemase (IMP-types), Verona integrin-encoded-metallo-β–lactamases (VIM-types) and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDM-types). Not only is the increase in resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to beta-lactams faster than in Gram-positive bacteria, but also there are no current and developmental antibiotics active against metallo-β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria. This review critically examines the current issues in beta-lactamases responsible for penicillins resistance in relation to the current clinically important bacteria pathogens.
Keywords:
Penicillins Resistance, β-lactamases, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Public Health
Parasitic diseases constitute major public health challenges worldwide, especially in developing... more Parasitic diseases constitute major public health challenges worldwide, especially in developing countries. It is estimated that more than one billion people worldwide are infected by parasites presenting with different disease conditions. The routine laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections in most tropical countries involves conventional methods, such as optical microscopy, used for the morphological identification of parasites. Although the development and adaptation of new technologies for the genetic characterisation and identification of parasites continue to accelerate, providing an increasing number of epidemiological research and diagnostic tools in developed countries, little or none is available in most developing countries. This review examines the main current and new diagnostic techniques for confirmation of parasite infections, namely polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and Luminex xMAP technology. Molecular assays have comprehensively assisted in the diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological studies of parasitic diseases that affect people worldwide, helping to control parasitic disease mortality.
Citation: Ukpai Agwu Eze, Ngozi Monica Eze. Emerging Molecular Methods for the Diagnosis and Epidemiological Study of Parasitic Infections. AASCIT Journal of Health. Vol. 2, No. 4, 2015, pp. 32-43.
Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the airways which subsequently results in increas... more Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the airways which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing. As at 2011, World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that approximately 235 million people worldwide were affected by asthma. This study aims to evaluate and determine the susceptibility of ABO and Rh blood groups to asthma. A total of 200 clinically confirmed asthmatic patients and 100 apparently healthy individuals within Sokoto metropolis were prospectively enrolled and their blood group status were determined using red blood cell agglutination method. In this research work, the result obtained shows that 74 asthmatic patients constituting 37.0% out of the total 200 patients who participated in the study are blood group A, 56 (28.0%) are blood group B, 26 (13.0%) are blood group AB and 44 (22.0%) are blood group O. For Rh blood group, out of the 200 study subjects, 181 (90.5%) are Rh positive and 19 (9.5%) are Rh negative. Among 100 control participants 26 (26.0%) have A blood group, 24 (24.0%) have B blood group, 2 (2.0%) have AB blood group, and 48 (48.0%) have O blood group. No statistical difference was observed between Rh system in study subjects and controls, but blood group A was significantly higher in asthma patients compared to controls (P<0.05). International Journal of Immunology 3 (3), 37-41 Keywords: Asthma, ABO Blood Group, Rhesus Blood Group, Nigeria
This paper was published in Microbiology Research International
Vol. 1(3), pp. 48-53, December 2... more This paper was published in Microbiology Research International
Vol. 1(3), pp. 48-53, December 2013.
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a global threat to human race due to its multidrug resistance propensity and avalanche of diseases associated with it. Though nasal carriage of MRSA has been reported amongst meat sellers and animal handlers elsewhere, carriage of this organism amongst this population in Ebonyi State has not been documented. In this study, eighty seven nasal swab samples were randomly collected from meat sellers in Abakaliki ‘meat market’ following informed consent. The samples were subjected to standard microbiological techniques to identify S. aureus. Resistance to methicillin was obtained using cefoxitin. A total of 20 isolates of S. aureus were recovered, representing an overall nasal carriage of 23% (20/87) while MRSA carriage of 15% (3/20). The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates to commonly used drugs show high resistance to tetracycline (80%), cotrimoxazole (70%) and erythromycin (65%). All isolates were susceptible to imipenem and vancomycin. The presence of MRSA in the nostrils of meat sellers screened in this study portends potential danger to this group, their families and the general public due to the versatility and intransigence of this organism in human infections. It is therefore recommended that more studies involving larger population be carried out to establish the
prevalence of this organism in the wider Ebonyi society in order to enable healthcare providers to design preventive measures.
Haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a non immune haemolytic anaemia characterised by low platelet... more Haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a non immune haemolytic anaemia characterised by low platelet count and kidney failure. It can be attributed to the presence of Shiga toxin produced by enterohaemorragic Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 which causes approximately 70% of the HUS cases in developed countries and the shiga-like toxin of Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 which causes the Shiga-toxin HUS in developing countries from Asia and Africa. Sequencing of housekeeping genes indicates that Shigella dysenteriae and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli are closely related. As Shigella dysenteriae and some serotypes of Escherichia coli produces similar toxin which results to the same disease condition in humans, so the question is whether they are of the same origin or species and were wrongly classified by taxonomists. The authors examined the molecular genetics and biochemical characteristics of the genus Shigella, particularly S. dysenteriae with the different pathogenic groups of E.coli as well as make a critical revision of the current taxonomical way to classify bacteria.
This paper was published in International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-11 December 2014... more This paper was published in International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-11 December 2014.
Trypanosomiasis is a disease of varying severity, it is caused by a unicellular flagellated protozoan parasite of the family Trypanosomatidae, and genus Trypanosoma. This study review the mouse models to examine and analyze infections with African trypanosomes which provides an insight on the possible mechanisms by which African trypanosomes can be destroyed. With the introduction of gene targeted mouse, immune response in humans that are potentially suggestive of protective immunity, can be tested in mouse models to understand and verify the importance of particular immunological pathway. When comparing the susceptibility and resistance of mouse strains infected with African trypanosomes, the balance between Th1 cytokines such as TNF, IFNγ, and the induction of nitric oxide release in addition to IL 10 appear to be very important.
This study investigates the incidence of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) and some factors ... more This study investigates the incidence of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) and some factors associated with increased risk of suffering NVP. The results showed that an early menarcheal age, higher level of education, increased parity and age at menopause associated significantly (P<0.05) with NVP in one group but not in the other. An increased proportion of women born in wet season, having higher economic status, had an early child birth and carrying female foetuses reported having NVP. So also were variations in the ethnic report of NVP among the study population. This study also suggest a high prevalence (43.71%) of NVP among Nigerian women and an increased incidence over the years with women of Igbo origin having the highest incidence (53.91%) and Hausa’s the least incidence (34.80%).
This study investigated some demographic and reproductive characteristics associated with menopau... more This study investigated some demographic and reproductive characteristics associated with menopause among Nigerian women. The eligible population for the study numbered 324. Factors found to associate significantly with the age at menopause are religion, ethnicity, parity and age at marriage (P<0.0001). Other variables that also showed significant association were season of birth, nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP), breastfeeding, contraception, educational level and number of older male siblings (P<0.05). All other variable found no association although age at menopause increased with age at first birth.
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Keywords:
Penicillins Resistance, β-lactamases, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Public Health
Keywords: Parasitic Diseases, Microscopy, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (Lamp), Luminex xMAP Technology
Citation:
Ukpai Agwu Eze, Ngozi Monica Eze. Emerging Molecular Methods for the Diagnosis and Epidemiological Study of Parasitic Infections. AASCIT Journal of Health.
Vol. 2, No. 4, 2015, pp. 32-43.
International Journal of Immunology 3 (3), 37-41
Keywords: Asthma, ABO Blood Group, Rhesus Blood Group, Nigeria
Vol. 1(3), pp. 48-53, December 2013.
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a global threat to human race due to its multidrug resistance propensity and avalanche of diseases associated with it. Though nasal carriage of MRSA has been reported amongst meat sellers and animal handlers elsewhere, carriage of this organism amongst this population in Ebonyi State has not been documented. In this study, eighty seven nasal swab samples were randomly collected from meat sellers in Abakaliki ‘meat market’ following informed consent. The samples were subjected to standard microbiological techniques to identify S. aureus. Resistance to methicillin was obtained using cefoxitin. A total of 20 isolates of S. aureus were recovered, representing an overall nasal carriage of 23% (20/87) while MRSA carriage of 15% (3/20). The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates to commonly used drugs show high resistance to tetracycline (80%), cotrimoxazole (70%) and erythromycin (65%). All isolates were susceptible to imipenem and vancomycin. The presence of MRSA in the nostrils of meat sellers screened in this study portends potential danger to this group, their families and the general public due to the versatility and intransigence of this organism in human infections. It is therefore recommended that more studies involving larger population be carried out to establish the
prevalence of this organism in the wider Ebonyi society in order to enable healthcare providers to design preventive measures.
Keywords: Nasal carriage, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotics, susceptibility, cefoxitin,
vancomycin.
Key words: Haemolytic uremic syndrome, Shiga toxin, Shiga-like toxin, Shigella dysentriae, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli.
Trypanosomiasis is a disease of varying severity, it is caused by a unicellular flagellated protozoan parasite of the family Trypanosomatidae, and genus Trypanosoma. This study review the mouse models to examine and analyze infections with African trypanosomes which provides an insight on the possible mechanisms by which African trypanosomes can be destroyed. With the introduction of gene targeted mouse, immune response in humans that are potentially suggestive of protective immunity, can be tested in mouse models to understand and verify the importance of particular immunological pathway. When comparing the susceptibility and resistance of mouse strains infected with African trypanosomes, the balance between Th1 cytokines such as TNF, IFNγ, and the induction of nitric oxide release in addition to IL 10 appear to be very important.
with increased risk of suffering NVP. The results showed that an early menarcheal age, higher level of education,
increased parity and age at menopause associated significantly (P<0.05) with NVP in one group but not in the other. An
increased proportion of women born in wet season, having higher economic status, had an early child birth and carrying
female foetuses reported having NVP. So also were variations in the ethnic report of NVP among the study population.
This study also suggest a high prevalence (43.71%) of NVP among Nigerian women and an increased incidence over
the years with women of Igbo origin having the highest incidence (53.91%) and Hausa’s the least incidence (34.80%).
Nigerian women. The eligible population for the study numbered 324. Factors found to associate significantly with the
age at menopause are religion, ethnicity, parity and age at marriage (P<0.0001). Other variables that also showed
significant association were season of birth, nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP), breastfeeding, contraception,
educational level and number of older male siblings (P<0.05). All other variable found no association although age at
menopause increased with age at first birth.
Keywords:
Penicillins Resistance, β-lactamases, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Public Health
Keywords: Parasitic Diseases, Microscopy, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (Lamp), Luminex xMAP Technology
Citation:
Ukpai Agwu Eze, Ngozi Monica Eze. Emerging Molecular Methods for the Diagnosis and Epidemiological Study of Parasitic Infections. AASCIT Journal of Health.
Vol. 2, No. 4, 2015, pp. 32-43.
International Journal of Immunology 3 (3), 37-41
Keywords: Asthma, ABO Blood Group, Rhesus Blood Group, Nigeria
Vol. 1(3), pp. 48-53, December 2013.
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a global threat to human race due to its multidrug resistance propensity and avalanche of diseases associated with it. Though nasal carriage of MRSA has been reported amongst meat sellers and animal handlers elsewhere, carriage of this organism amongst this population in Ebonyi State has not been documented. In this study, eighty seven nasal swab samples were randomly collected from meat sellers in Abakaliki ‘meat market’ following informed consent. The samples were subjected to standard microbiological techniques to identify S. aureus. Resistance to methicillin was obtained using cefoxitin. A total of 20 isolates of S. aureus were recovered, representing an overall nasal carriage of 23% (20/87) while MRSA carriage of 15% (3/20). The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates to commonly used drugs show high resistance to tetracycline (80%), cotrimoxazole (70%) and erythromycin (65%). All isolates were susceptible to imipenem and vancomycin. The presence of MRSA in the nostrils of meat sellers screened in this study portends potential danger to this group, their families and the general public due to the versatility and intransigence of this organism in human infections. It is therefore recommended that more studies involving larger population be carried out to establish the
prevalence of this organism in the wider Ebonyi society in order to enable healthcare providers to design preventive measures.
Keywords: Nasal carriage, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotics, susceptibility, cefoxitin,
vancomycin.
Key words: Haemolytic uremic syndrome, Shiga toxin, Shiga-like toxin, Shigella dysentriae, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli.
Trypanosomiasis is a disease of varying severity, it is caused by a unicellular flagellated protozoan parasite of the family Trypanosomatidae, and genus Trypanosoma. This study review the mouse models to examine and analyze infections with African trypanosomes which provides an insight on the possible mechanisms by which African trypanosomes can be destroyed. With the introduction of gene targeted mouse, immune response in humans that are potentially suggestive of protective immunity, can be tested in mouse models to understand and verify the importance of particular immunological pathway. When comparing the susceptibility and resistance of mouse strains infected with African trypanosomes, the balance between Th1 cytokines such as TNF, IFNγ, and the induction of nitric oxide release in addition to IL 10 appear to be very important.
with increased risk of suffering NVP. The results showed that an early menarcheal age, higher level of education,
increased parity and age at menopause associated significantly (P<0.05) with NVP in one group but not in the other. An
increased proportion of women born in wet season, having higher economic status, had an early child birth and carrying
female foetuses reported having NVP. So also were variations in the ethnic report of NVP among the study population.
This study also suggest a high prevalence (43.71%) of NVP among Nigerian women and an increased incidence over
the years with women of Igbo origin having the highest incidence (53.91%) and Hausa’s the least incidence (34.80%).
Nigerian women. The eligible population for the study numbered 324. Factors found to associate significantly with the
age at menopause are religion, ethnicity, parity and age at marriage (P<0.0001). Other variables that also showed
significant association were season of birth, nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP), breastfeeding, contraception,
educational level and number of older male siblings (P<0.05). All other variable found no association although age at
menopause increased with age at first birth.