LAIOS-iiAC

A partir da análise de documentos, o artigo compara três casos pioneiros de grupos de pesquisa em antropologia a serviço do setor elétrico brasileiro a partir de fins dos anos 1970, mesmo período de consolidação de cursos de pós-graduação na área. Mostramos como se articulam, em cada caso, representações sobre o ator indígena, concepções sobre o direito à terra e perspectivas de autonomia dos povos indígenas. A análise insere esses posicionamentos na construção de um campo de atuação que está para além da universidade e contextualiza posições críticas em disputa nos aparatos de poder e faz proposições acerca do lugar dos antropólogos e da antropologia. Assim, o artigo contribui para elucidar a gênese de um campo de produção de conhecimento e os limites e possibilidades dessa atuação profissional crescente na disciplina.

The purpose of this article is to argue that sexual consent is a social phenomenon with a gender framework that collaborates with male domination by reproducing the dichotomous ac- tive male/passive female model. The phenome- non gives women the responsibility for setting limits on male advances, and which are cultu- rally naturalized and manifested as inevitable. The text presents and discusses the main theore- tical currents on the basis of which research on sexual consent is researched. It also illustrates the everyday nature of the phenomenon, with reference to expressions drawn from the popular repertoire.

This paper disserts about the link between ethics in social anthropology and economic retribution to informants during fieldwork. After feeling guilty to use money and gifts in our work as a 'technique' to establish, to keep, to build and to rebuild relationships with research subjects we also noticed that there is a contradiction between what it is said and what it is done among co-workers. They condemn publicly the use of incentives, compensations or rewards to approach research subjects; nevertheless, they use them. Hence, we did a research and found that it is not only an insufficient debated issue, also a taboo. Moreover, none of the ethical codes revised offer guidelines to conduct ethically the process of economic retribution to informants. We begin the essay by comparing experimental and social sciences while recruiting informants for their researches. Then, we present some evidence about the use of money and gifts to recruit participants, as some anthropologist, such as Malinowski and Rabinow, have done, to show that it has been a useful technique during history of social anthropology. Finally, we discuss differences between voluntary, altruist and paid and unpaid informants.

Resumen: En años recientes, el consentimiento sexual ha sido considerado una llave maestra para evitar la violencia sexual en las relaciones sexuales. En 2014, Jerry Brown, gobernador de California, aprobó una ley para agregar la sección 67386 al Código de Educación. Ésta inclu- ye la primera definición de “consentimiento afirmativo” en Estados Unidos de América. Para ser válido, la aquiescencia debe ser explícita, afirmativa, consciente, voluntaria y la existencia de un noviazgo no debe asumirse como indicador implícito de consentimiento. Este artículo muestra, desde una perspectiva de género, la complejidad mayúscula de dicha definición.
Palabras clave: consentimiento sexual; violación; perspectiva de género; sexualidad; acción práctica

Califórnia define o que é “consentimento sexual”
Resumo: Nos últimos anos, o consentimento sexual tem sido considerado uma chave-mestra para evitar a violência sexual nas relações sexuais. Em 2014, Jerry Brown, governador da Califórnia, aprovou uma lei a ser agregada à seção 67386 do Código Educacional. Ela in- cluía a primeira definição de “consentimento afirmativo” nos Estados Unidos. Para ser váli- da, a aquiescência deve ser explícita, afirmativa, consciente, voluntária e a existência de um relacionamento sexual/emocional não deve ser um indicador implícito de consentimento. Este artigo mostra, a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero, que a complexidade deste fenô- meno vai além desta definição.
Palavras-chave: consentimento sexual, estupro, perspectiva de gênero, sexualidade, teoria da ação prática de Bourdieu

California defines what is “sexual consent”
Abstract: In recent years, sexual consent has been considered the master key to avoid sexual violence in sexual intercourse. In 2014, Jerry Brown, Governor of California, approved a law to add Section 67386 to the Educational Code. It includes the first North American defini- tion of “affirmative consent”. In order to be valid, acquiescence must be explicit, affirmative, conscious, voluntary, and the existence of a sexual/emotional relationship should never by itself be assumed to be an indicator of consent. Approaching the issue from a gender perspec- tive, this paper demonstrates that the phenomenon is more complex than the given definition.
Keywords: sexual consent, rape, gender perspective, sexuality, Bourdieu’s theory of practical action

INTRODUCCIÓN
La cuestión ética en las diversas ramas de la ciencia, sean éstas mé- dicas o de la vida (experimentales) emerge de un contexto histórico particular y se ha establecido como condición inobjetable de las in- vestigaciones en humanos. Tiene su origen en un proceso de toma de conciencia asociado a los abusos cometidos —sobre todo, aunque no exclusivamente— por médicos en los campos de concentración en la Alemania nazi.1 En esta dirección, cobra sentido la existencia de organismos internacionales, cuyas comisiones y códigos éticos con- trolan, regulan y vigilan los experimentos realizados en seres huma- nos. En la actualidad, los códigos éticos internacionales se orientan básicamente a la protección de los participantes, buscando evitar- les daño o resarcir los posibles daños causados y promover prácticas respetuosas.

Etnografias do afeto: construindo relações de parentesco, aliança e sexualidade em sociedades em transformação. Etnografías del afecto: construyendo relaciones de parentesco, alianza y sexualidad en sociedades en transformación. 1ª edição Belém, 2018 Editora IFPA

En anos recientes, el consentimiento sexual ha sido considerado una llave maestra para evitar la violencia sexual en las relaciones sexuales. En 2014, Jerry Brown, gobernador de California, aprobo una ley para agregar la seccion 67386 al Codigo de Educacion. Esta incluye la primera definicion de “consentimiento afirmativo” en Estados Unidos de America. Para ser valido, la aquiescencia debe ser explicita, afirmativa, consciente, voluntaria y la existencia de un noviazgo no debe asumirse como indicador implicito de consentimiento. Este articulo muestra, desde una perspectiva de genero, la complejidad mayuscula de dicha definicion.

This paper examines how women accessing social egg freezing (SEF), medical egg freezing (MEF), and egg sharing (ESH) imagine becoming a mother (normative motherhood) in contrast to how they become a mother (reproductive trajectory). It uses data collection from 43 semi-structured in-depth interviews with French women who have had their eggs cryopreserved in France and abroad, five of whom have had children. It was found that most of the women interviewed associate motherhood with heterosexual coupledom, the nuclear family, and a normalized desire for biogenetic motherhood. Nevertheless, ontological disruptions caused by infertility, singlehood, or illness introduce the possibility that they will be unable to have children as expected, which leads them to imagine (and consider) both medical and non-medical ways of having a child. Women’s narrations of alternative paths toward motherhood describe a fragmentation of motherhood into genetic, biological, and social components, which are combined and hierarchized in unexpected ways. I argue that, although alternative reproductive trajectories might modify the kinship ties between the parties involved, they do not necessarily defy normative motherhood. To my knowledge, this is the first empirical study conducted among French women undertaking egg freezing. It seeks to contribute to a growing corpus of empirical research that analyzes egg freezing and its links with motherhood. Second, it mobilizes an innovative approach by examining similarities between SEF, MEF, and ESH. Furthermore, it proposes that women who freeze their eggs for medical reasons or in exchange for an egg donation also inscribe their egg freezing procedure within a heteronormative, biogenetic ideal of motherhood, and a normalized desire for a nuclear family. Finally, it contributes to analyzing the decision-making processes of women who become a mother after egg freezing.

Genetic relatedness figures heavily in contemporary ethical debates on egg freezing, although the arguments lack empirical-based evidence. Rather than adding another theoretical view on the moral relevance of genetic connections, this paper instead proposes an empirically grounded perspective based on two independent qualitative interview-based studies conducted in Belgium and France. Three themes emerge from our empirical data: (1) prioritizing family building; (2) centering the gestational experience of motherhood; and (3) identifying the complexities and limitations of adoption. Those themes suggest that the relationship between egg freezing, genetics, biological motherhood, and adoption is highly complex and less straightforward than what is often assumed in the egg freezing debate. Our study provides more detailed insights into women's ambivalent experiences regarding those reproductive options. We discuss the ethical implications of our empirical findings and hold that pursuing genetic desire is not necessarily the main moral reason why women freeze their eggs.

This paper disserts about the link between ethics in social anthropology and economic retribution to informants during fieldwork. After feeling guilty to use money and gifts in our work as a ‘technique’ to establish, to keep, to build and to rebuild relationships with research subjects we also noticed that there is a contradiction between what it is said and what it is done among co-workers. They condemn publicly the use of incentives, compensations or rewards to approach research subjects; nevertheless, they use them. Hence, we did a research and found that it is not only an insufficient debated issue, also a taboo. Moreover, none of the ethical codes revised offer guidelines to conduct ethically the process of economic retribution to informants. We begin the essay by comparing experimental and social sciences while recruiting informants for their researches. Then, we present some evidence about the use of money and gifts to recruit participants, as some anthropologist, such as Mal...