Gloria Origgi is a philosopher and works at the CNRS in Paris - Institut Nicod: www.institutnicod.org. Her main interests are in social epistemology, philosophy of social science, philosophy of cognitive science and web studies. She advocates an interdisciplinary approach to research in humanities and social sciences. She has conceived and runs a website of interdisciplinary virtual conferences at www.interdisciplines.org. Her last book is on the philosophy of trust (Qu'est-que la confiance? Vrin, Paris, 2008). She also writes fiction in Italian and is interested in connecting philosophical themes to literary experiments. She has a blog at: http://gloriaoriggi.blogspot.com Phone: +33 1 43202250 Address: Institut Nicod 29 rue d'Ulm 75005 - Paris
This volume brings together the papers presented at a confer- ence held at the Fondazione Adriano... more This volume brings together the papers presented at a confer- ence held at the Fondazione Adriano Olivetti, March 19-20, 2004. The topic of the conference – the concept of authority – lent itself particularly well to its multi-disciplinary approach. Different forms of authority play decisive roles, and ought to be examined not only in the political sphere but also in the areas of social relations more generally and education. Organized collective life would be impossible without forms of authority, however legitimate. It is thus difficult to imagine constructing a shared knowledge without thinking critically about “authority,” even though we simultaneously need it to focus our criticism. Without authority, knowledge itself would become completely subjective, unstructured, incommunicable and unable to build upon itself. From the cognitive sciences to political and legal philosophy, the subject discussed in this volume remains one of the most fascinating areas of research and analysis in the humanities.
Qu’est-ce qu’une réputation ? Pourquoi l’opinion des autres influence-t-elle nos actions et nos j... more Qu’est-ce qu’une réputation ? Pourquoi l’opinion des autres influence-t-elle nos actions et nos jugements ? Quel est le poids des leurs évaluations dans notre accès à l’information et comment en tenir compte d’une façon raisonnée ? Comment éviter les gossips (commérages) et la manipulation ? Le regard des autres, leurs estimations, nous accompagnent dans notre quotidien lorsqu’il s’agit de structurer notre identité, de prendre des décisions, de choisir un produit ou de prendre position sur l’actualité. Sans cette rétroaction permanente de ce qu'ils pensent sur nos jugements, notre vie mentale serait peu différente de celle des animaux. À la différence du comportement rationnel et intéressé - si cher aux modèles de la rationalité classique - qui est une attitude partagée avec bien d’autres espèces, la marque de l’humain semble résider dans sa capacité à prendre en compte les jugements dans ses propres pensées et à être en constante quête de réassurance sur ce que les autres pensent de lui.
La réputation est omniprésente dans notre vie sociale, morale et cognitive, pourtant elle reste un concept difficile à saisir : est-elle mesurable ? Est-elle objectivable ? Le fait de se fier à la réputation nous condamne-t-il à une vision biaisée et subjective de la réalité ?
Exclue des sciences sociales comme reliquat des valeurs d’un monde prémoderne, la réputation s’impose aujourd’hui comme une notion fondamentale pour expliquer les conséquences du jeu des opinions sur le comportement collectif.
En économie, elle est indispensable pour expliquer les conséquences des asymétries informationnelles sur les marchés. En sociologie, elle revient en force pour rendre compte des phénomènes de visibilité. Dans la théorie des jeux stratégiques, la réputation est aujourd’hui une notion clé pour expliquer en termes rationnels l’altruisme. Dans le domaine des relations internationales, on s’interroge sur le rôle de la réputation dans les confrontations entre états. L’usage d’indicateurs, tels les systèmes de notation financière, les classements, et toutes les nouvelles techniques de gouvernance, met la question de la réputation au centre de l’analyse politique. En philosophie morale, la réputation apparaît comme justification du comportement désintéressé, et en psychologie elle est au fondement de la notion même de « caractère » en permettant d’expliquer le développement des émotions sociales comme la honte et l’embarras. Pour finir, le Web et les réseaux sociaux font de la réputation une véritable nouvelle « monnaie » d’échange et un outil puissant d’extraction de l’information. En somme, la réputation semble envahir notre vie d’acteurs sociaux et demande à être repensée, au-delà de sa simple valeur d’étiquette sociale, comme dimension constitutive de notre relation aux autres et au monde.
This collection of essays discusses the theory and practice of interdisciplinarity. Among the aut... more This collection of essays discusses the theory and practice of interdisciplinarity. Among the authors: Dan Sperber, Helga Nowotny, Dominique Pestre, Pierre Jacob, Ian Hacking, Steven Fuller, Howard Gardner and Veronica Boix-Mansilla.
This is a short introduction in French to the philosophy of trust. It deals with three dimensions... more This is a short introduction in French to the philosophy of trust. It deals with three dimensions of trust:
1. the rationality of trust 2. the epistemology of trust 3. the moral dimension of trust
A collection of essays about how Internet is changing our writing practices. It came out of an on... more A collection of essays about how Internet is changing our writing practices. It came out of an online conference organized with the Bibliothèque du Centre Pompidou in Paris. The archives of the conference are still on line at: www.text-e.org
This article presents the results of an exploratory analysis of interviews with 42 founders and m... more This article presents the results of an exploratory analysis of interviews with 42 founders and managers and 34 users of 31 case studies analysed in the research «Sustainable Everyday Practices in the Context of Crisis in Italy: Toward the Integration of Work, Consumption and Partici-pation», with the aim of identifying the meanings attributed by them to the logic and mechanisms of reputation. The analysis is divided into three parts, corresponding to the most important issues raised by the interviews: the role of reputation in collaborative platforms; the logic and risks of peer review; the role of the intermediary and scale-mechanisms. The analysis explores the biases in the construction of online reputation in the sharing economy, like for example homophily, as well as the role of social norms of reciprocity. These biases and norms go far beyond the standard analysis of the value of reputation as indirect reciprocity, and introduce a new dimension to the study of how reputation affects the sharing economies. The role of reputation seems ubiquitous in the sharing economy. Yet, what exactly reputation is, how it is measured and how much it weights in determining crucial aspects of a transaction are still open questions. The standard analysis of the advantages of reputation in cooperative situations involves the idea of «indirect reciprocity». As Novak and Sigmund (2005) and Milinski (2016) show, reputation is a useful «cur-rency» in social cooperation because it allows parties to keep track of the records of each other, this fostering a virtuous dynamic of cumulating good reputation as a posi
In this paper, I analyse the recent changes of academic reputation due to the new dynamics of sch... more In this paper, I analyse the recent changes of academic reputation due to the new dynamics of scho- larly publishing. I distinguish betwe- en two families of incentives that have doubtful consequences on publication practices and on the overall ethics of scientific research: (1) bad incentives that market for- ces dominating academic research and (2) incentives to act badly, that is, the encouragement of practices that harm the credibility of acade- mic reputation. I conclude that only this second kind of incentives is harming research practices, while the first one is transforming them in ways that should be monitored by researchers in order to adjust their production to these new unintended effects.
Scholarly publishing is an essential vehicle for actively participating in the scientific debate ... more Scholarly publishing is an essential vehicle for actively participating in the scientific debate and for sustaining the invisible colleges of the modern research environment, which extend far beyond the borders of individual research institutions. However, its current dynamics have deeply transformed the scientific life and conditioned in new ways the economics of academic knowledge production. They have also challenged the perceived common sense view of scientific research. Method: Analytical approach to set out a comprehensive framework on the current debate on scholarly publishing and to shed light on the peculiar organization and the working of this peculiar productive sector. Result: The way in which scientific knowledge is produced and transmitted has been dramatically affected by the series of recent major technosocietal transformations. Although the effects are many, in particular the current overlap and interplay between two distinct and somewhat opposite stances—scientific and economic—tend to blur the overall understanding of what scholarly publishing is and produces distortion on its working which in turn affect the scientific activities. The outcome is thus a series of intended and unintended effects on the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge. Conclusion: The article suggests that a substantial transformation characterizes science today that seems more like a thrusting, entrepreneurial business than a contemplative, disinterested endeavor. In this essay, we provide a general overview of the pivotal role of the scholarly publishing in fostering this change and its pros and cons connected to the idiosyncratic interplay between social norms and market stances.
A discussion of Fodor and Piattelli Palmarini's argument against Darwinism. With Massimo Piattell... more A discussion of Fodor and Piattelli Palmarini's argument against Darwinism. With Massimo Piattelli Palmarini. Italian Cultural Institute, New York, October 2013
The entrance of the market into scholarly publishing has resulted in the emergence of research in... more The entrance of the market into scholarly publishing has resulted in the emergence of research incentives that approach, in the production model, the traditional business activities. In particular, the norm of the "publish or perish" that should ensure the production of knowledge, intersects with today commercial strategies that alter the choices of researchers. This paper describes the new forces in play, the changes that have already occurred and the future ones, trying to assess the risks of the new market of academic production for the development of scientific research.
Thirty years of gender studies have resulted in a new awareness of a social, biological and cultu... more Thirty years of gender studies have resulted in a new awareness of a social, biological and cultural dimension of our life that must be rethought and reconsidered. Yet, although the impact of these studies on social life and policy-making is obvious, there are many questions that are left to explore and that revolve around the assessment of their epistemological impact:
1) How are they impacting behavioral research, and, more precisely, our vision of what a human being is? 2) To what extent the development of new research paradigms takes into account this dimension and how? What we – researchers - want to measure when we measure difference? 3) How differences in epistemic cultures impact the way in which the gender difference is conceived by research and conceptualized in our folk psychology?
By gathering the results of one year of a research grant at the Institut Nicod in Paris on the epistemology of gender, my paper will explore how the gender dimension has impacted the practices of research in social psychology and cognitive neuroscience by challenging the received views coming from the classical “gender studies” about the gender distinction, the male/female dichotomy and the relation between nature and nurture
Should fear guide our actions and governments’ political decisions? A leitmotiv of common sense ... more Should fear guide our actions and governments’ political decisions? A leitmotiv of common sense is that emotions are tricky, they blur our rational capacity of estimating utilities in order to plan action and thus they should be banned from any account of our rational expectations. Yet, the way in which our judgments are biased by emotional dispositions may sometimes make us end up with better choices than pure rational choices. For example, a huge literature has shown the universality of our risk-aversion and loss-aversion (Tversky and Kahneman, 1974; Kahneman 2011). These universal features don’t harm the evolution of human society. Rather, they explain the emergence of a variety of different complex (and fit!) behaviors . In this paper, I would like to challenge the prejudicial idea that fear of loss should not guide our behavior at all and, especially, our collective behavior when it takes the shape of a principle of general loss-aversion, as in the case of the Precautionary Principle (PP in the following). In particular, I will discuss Cass Sunstein’s rejection of this principle on the basis of its incoherence by arguing that Sunstein’s criticism based on human cognitive biases misses the target of the principle.
This volume brings together the papers presented at a confer- ence held at the Fondazione Adriano... more This volume brings together the papers presented at a confer- ence held at the Fondazione Adriano Olivetti, March 19-20, 2004. The topic of the conference – the concept of authority – lent itself particularly well to its multi-disciplinary approach. Different forms of authority play decisive roles, and ought to be examined not only in the political sphere but also in the areas of social relations more generally and education. Organized collective life would be impossible without forms of authority, however legitimate. It is thus difficult to imagine constructing a shared knowledge without thinking critically about “authority,” even though we simultaneously need it to focus our criticism. Without authority, knowledge itself would become completely subjective, unstructured, incommunicable and unable to build upon itself. From the cognitive sciences to political and legal philosophy, the subject discussed in this volume remains one of the most fascinating areas of research and analysis in the humanities.
Qu’est-ce qu’une réputation ? Pourquoi l’opinion des autres influence-t-elle nos actions et nos j... more Qu’est-ce qu’une réputation ? Pourquoi l’opinion des autres influence-t-elle nos actions et nos jugements ? Quel est le poids des leurs évaluations dans notre accès à l’information et comment en tenir compte d’une façon raisonnée ? Comment éviter les gossips (commérages) et la manipulation ? Le regard des autres, leurs estimations, nous accompagnent dans notre quotidien lorsqu’il s’agit de structurer notre identité, de prendre des décisions, de choisir un produit ou de prendre position sur l’actualité. Sans cette rétroaction permanente de ce qu'ils pensent sur nos jugements, notre vie mentale serait peu différente de celle des animaux. À la différence du comportement rationnel et intéressé - si cher aux modèles de la rationalité classique - qui est une attitude partagée avec bien d’autres espèces, la marque de l’humain semble résider dans sa capacité à prendre en compte les jugements dans ses propres pensées et à être en constante quête de réassurance sur ce que les autres pensent de lui.
La réputation est omniprésente dans notre vie sociale, morale et cognitive, pourtant elle reste un concept difficile à saisir : est-elle mesurable ? Est-elle objectivable ? Le fait de se fier à la réputation nous condamne-t-il à une vision biaisée et subjective de la réalité ?
Exclue des sciences sociales comme reliquat des valeurs d’un monde prémoderne, la réputation s’impose aujourd’hui comme une notion fondamentale pour expliquer les conséquences du jeu des opinions sur le comportement collectif.
En économie, elle est indispensable pour expliquer les conséquences des asymétries informationnelles sur les marchés. En sociologie, elle revient en force pour rendre compte des phénomènes de visibilité. Dans la théorie des jeux stratégiques, la réputation est aujourd’hui une notion clé pour expliquer en termes rationnels l’altruisme. Dans le domaine des relations internationales, on s’interroge sur le rôle de la réputation dans les confrontations entre états. L’usage d’indicateurs, tels les systèmes de notation financière, les classements, et toutes les nouvelles techniques de gouvernance, met la question de la réputation au centre de l’analyse politique. En philosophie morale, la réputation apparaît comme justification du comportement désintéressé, et en psychologie elle est au fondement de la notion même de « caractère » en permettant d’expliquer le développement des émotions sociales comme la honte et l’embarras. Pour finir, le Web et les réseaux sociaux font de la réputation une véritable nouvelle « monnaie » d’échange et un outil puissant d’extraction de l’information. En somme, la réputation semble envahir notre vie d’acteurs sociaux et demande à être repensée, au-delà de sa simple valeur d’étiquette sociale, comme dimension constitutive de notre relation aux autres et au monde.
This collection of essays discusses the theory and practice of interdisciplinarity. Among the aut... more This collection of essays discusses the theory and practice of interdisciplinarity. Among the authors: Dan Sperber, Helga Nowotny, Dominique Pestre, Pierre Jacob, Ian Hacking, Steven Fuller, Howard Gardner and Veronica Boix-Mansilla.
This is a short introduction in French to the philosophy of trust. It deals with three dimensions... more This is a short introduction in French to the philosophy of trust. It deals with three dimensions of trust:
1. the rationality of trust 2. the epistemology of trust 3. the moral dimension of trust
A collection of essays about how Internet is changing our writing practices. It came out of an on... more A collection of essays about how Internet is changing our writing practices. It came out of an online conference organized with the Bibliothèque du Centre Pompidou in Paris. The archives of the conference are still on line at: www.text-e.org
This article presents the results of an exploratory analysis of interviews with 42 founders and m... more This article presents the results of an exploratory analysis of interviews with 42 founders and managers and 34 users of 31 case studies analysed in the research «Sustainable Everyday Practices in the Context of Crisis in Italy: Toward the Integration of Work, Consumption and Partici-pation», with the aim of identifying the meanings attributed by them to the logic and mechanisms of reputation. The analysis is divided into three parts, corresponding to the most important issues raised by the interviews: the role of reputation in collaborative platforms; the logic and risks of peer review; the role of the intermediary and scale-mechanisms. The analysis explores the biases in the construction of online reputation in the sharing economy, like for example homophily, as well as the role of social norms of reciprocity. These biases and norms go far beyond the standard analysis of the value of reputation as indirect reciprocity, and introduce a new dimension to the study of how reputation affects the sharing economies. The role of reputation seems ubiquitous in the sharing economy. Yet, what exactly reputation is, how it is measured and how much it weights in determining crucial aspects of a transaction are still open questions. The standard analysis of the advantages of reputation in cooperative situations involves the idea of «indirect reciprocity». As Novak and Sigmund (2005) and Milinski (2016) show, reputation is a useful «cur-rency» in social cooperation because it allows parties to keep track of the records of each other, this fostering a virtuous dynamic of cumulating good reputation as a posi
In this paper, I analyse the recent changes of academic reputation due to the new dynamics of sch... more In this paper, I analyse the recent changes of academic reputation due to the new dynamics of scho- larly publishing. I distinguish betwe- en two families of incentives that have doubtful consequences on publication practices and on the overall ethics of scientific research: (1) bad incentives that market for- ces dominating academic research and (2) incentives to act badly, that is, the encouragement of practices that harm the credibility of acade- mic reputation. I conclude that only this second kind of incentives is harming research practices, while the first one is transforming them in ways that should be monitored by researchers in order to adjust their production to these new unintended effects.
Scholarly publishing is an essential vehicle for actively participating in the scientific debate ... more Scholarly publishing is an essential vehicle for actively participating in the scientific debate and for sustaining the invisible colleges of the modern research environment, which extend far beyond the borders of individual research institutions. However, its current dynamics have deeply transformed the scientific life and conditioned in new ways the economics of academic knowledge production. They have also challenged the perceived common sense view of scientific research. Method: Analytical approach to set out a comprehensive framework on the current debate on scholarly publishing and to shed light on the peculiar organization and the working of this peculiar productive sector. Result: The way in which scientific knowledge is produced and transmitted has been dramatically affected by the series of recent major technosocietal transformations. Although the effects are many, in particular the current overlap and interplay between two distinct and somewhat opposite stances—scientific and economic—tend to blur the overall understanding of what scholarly publishing is and produces distortion on its working which in turn affect the scientific activities. The outcome is thus a series of intended and unintended effects on the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge. Conclusion: The article suggests that a substantial transformation characterizes science today that seems more like a thrusting, entrepreneurial business than a contemplative, disinterested endeavor. In this essay, we provide a general overview of the pivotal role of the scholarly publishing in fostering this change and its pros and cons connected to the idiosyncratic interplay between social norms and market stances.
A discussion of Fodor and Piattelli Palmarini's argument against Darwinism. With Massimo Piattell... more A discussion of Fodor and Piattelli Palmarini's argument against Darwinism. With Massimo Piattelli Palmarini. Italian Cultural Institute, New York, October 2013
The entrance of the market into scholarly publishing has resulted in the emergence of research in... more The entrance of the market into scholarly publishing has resulted in the emergence of research incentives that approach, in the production model, the traditional business activities. In particular, the norm of the "publish or perish" that should ensure the production of knowledge, intersects with today commercial strategies that alter the choices of researchers. This paper describes the new forces in play, the changes that have already occurred and the future ones, trying to assess the risks of the new market of academic production for the development of scientific research.
Thirty years of gender studies have resulted in a new awareness of a social, biological and cultu... more Thirty years of gender studies have resulted in a new awareness of a social, biological and cultural dimension of our life that must be rethought and reconsidered. Yet, although the impact of these studies on social life and policy-making is obvious, there are many questions that are left to explore and that revolve around the assessment of their epistemological impact:
1) How are they impacting behavioral research, and, more precisely, our vision of what a human being is? 2) To what extent the development of new research paradigms takes into account this dimension and how? What we – researchers - want to measure when we measure difference? 3) How differences in epistemic cultures impact the way in which the gender difference is conceived by research and conceptualized in our folk psychology?
By gathering the results of one year of a research grant at the Institut Nicod in Paris on the epistemology of gender, my paper will explore how the gender dimension has impacted the practices of research in social psychology and cognitive neuroscience by challenging the received views coming from the classical “gender studies” about the gender distinction, the male/female dichotomy and the relation between nature and nurture
Should fear guide our actions and governments’ political decisions? A leitmotiv of common sense ... more Should fear guide our actions and governments’ political decisions? A leitmotiv of common sense is that emotions are tricky, they blur our rational capacity of estimating utilities in order to plan action and thus they should be banned from any account of our rational expectations. Yet, the way in which our judgments are biased by emotional dispositions may sometimes make us end up with better choices than pure rational choices. For example, a huge literature has shown the universality of our risk-aversion and loss-aversion (Tversky and Kahneman, 1974; Kahneman 2011). These universal features don’t harm the evolution of human society. Rather, they explain the emergence of a variety of different complex (and fit!) behaviors . In this paper, I would like to challenge the prejudicial idea that fear of loss should not guide our behavior at all and, especially, our collective behavior when it takes the shape of a principle of general loss-aversion, as in the case of the Precautionary Principle (PP in the following). In particular, I will discuss Cass Sunstein’s rejection of this principle on the basis of its incoherence by arguing that Sunstein’s criticism based on human cognitive biases misses the target of the principle.
PurposeNew technologies allow for efficient dissemination of scientific knowledge objects (SKOs)... more PurposeNew technologies allow for efficient dissemination of scientific knowledge objects (SKOs). Yet they are likely to transform SKOs as well. The aim of this paper is to propose a way to structure SKOs that allows for both a clear individuation of the main scientific ...
The starting point of the paper is a «puzzle of trust»: while social relations in late modern d... more The starting point of the paper is a «puzzle of trust»: while social relations in late modern democracies are characterized by a form of disenchanted trust, that is, trust that comes out of a series of procedures of taming distrust, such as contracts, law enforcements, transparent procedures (concerning vote, attribution of rights, allocation of resources, etc.), the form of trust that seems to reign over the Social Web is the most naïve and wild form of blind trust that we have ever experienced in mature societies. Why is it so? This paper is an attempt to solve the puzzle. My idea is that much discussion about trust and the Web has revolved around a conception of trust that doesn’t reflect the form of trust relationships we are involved on the net. Trust is a multifaceted notion in philosophy and social sciences that tries to capture our willingness to enter risky relationships that are potentially advantageous for both parties. Trust characterizes the fundamental uncertainty of human condition, in which we need to transfer some power of control upon our lives to others in order to survive thus giving them the power to harm us. The literature on trust in social science has tried to capture the nature of this complex and instable relation, and measure its rational bases. Yet, I don’t think that the notion of relational trust says anything about our trust in information-dense environments such as the Internet and the Social Web. Trust in these environments is first of all a form of epistemic trust, that is, trust in persons or systems through which we are able to extract relevant information. In this paper, I provide a definition of epistemic trust suitable to understand the massive trust we observe in social networks and discuss the complex relation between trust and information. The Social Web is first of all an epistemic engine that allows us to extract information about what happens around us. This use of the social web explains why it is so easy to trust in this virtual environment. I conclude that a responsible use of e-environments should encourage the production and spreading of devices whose aim is to assess the credibility of the systems that produce the so-called “trusted information” and protect users from the enchanted forms of trust they tend to develop through the Web in order to get information.
This paper is the result of a collaboration between a philosopher
and a sociologist of health an... more This paper is the result of a collaboration between a philosopher
and a sociologist of health and human rights, both interested in
transdisciplinary approaches to social sciences. While working together in Porto Alegre and in Paris, we realized that sex, more than gender, is one of the most interesting transdisciplinary notions in contemporary social sciences and that the failure of treating it in transdisciplinary terms still has weighty consequences in political and legal decisions regarding the recognition of transsexual identity. In our analysis, we focus on the normative consequences
of ambiguous conceptions of sex by comparing legal sentences on sex change in Brazil and Europe and commenting on the recent Argentinian adoption of a jurisdiction that recognizes transgender rights by clearly distinguishing gender identity from the anatomical/biological sexual identity determined at birth.
We conclude that a fully developed consideration of transsexuality as a human and health right should normatively account for the distinction between sex and gender. This will improve the rights not only of transsexuals but also of all the transgender attitudes towards sexuality (that is attitudes aimed at weakening the sharp opposition between male and female) that struggle to be recognized because of the conceptual confusions between different interpretations of sexual identity.
Questions about the future are very often probability questions. Probability is a fascinating fie... more Questions about the future are very often probability questions. Probability is a fascinating field of philosophical enquiry. On the one hand the philosophy of probability has concentrated on the double face of the concept. It is statistical, concerning itself with stochastic laws of chance processes. It is also epistemological, dedicated to assessing reasonable degrees of belief in propositions quite devoid of statistical background. On the other hand, it has concentrated on the relation between probability estimations and decision theory, that is, the utility functions associated with a certain outcome when a subject has to decide how to act upon an estimate of the future. We argue here that a deeper and, surprisingly neglected, philosophical issue about the double face of probability is the following: the probability of a fact and its impact (objective or subjective) are two distinct phenomena, sometimes confused when talking about probability. I can have a precise measure of the impact of a fact (if a tsunami takes place in Jakarta, there will be 5000 deaths) and yet have a much less precise measure of its probability. Impact questions and probability questions are often confused. We will provide example of this distinction and also, if, possible, some remedies
I argue that ideas have a "prestige" and investigate their reputational dynamics by using Ian Hac... more I argue that ideas have a "prestige" and investigate their reputational dynamics by using Ian Hacking's notion of "style of thought".
Illustrations are ubiquitous in philosophical discourse
They are cognitive facilitators that make... more Illustrations are ubiquitous in philosophical discourse They are cognitive facilitators that make a thesis more vivid by depicting an exemplar scenario. They are a form of exemplifications but are different from examples: they tend to exemplarity in a way that not any example does. They are different from analogies. They are different from thought experiments.
Social passions are a key to access our values. They are strong emotional reactions that reveal o... more Social passions are a key to access our values. They are strong emotional reactions that reveal our attachment to certain values and the way they are respected or not in a society. In this talk I will make the example of humiliation as a passion that reveals our attachment to the fundamental values of dignity and self-respect. Humiliation is a complex social passion that involves in most cases a humiliator, a victim and a witness. How does humiliation reveal our attachment to human dignity? Can humiliation be a collective emotion? What is the difference between shame, humiliation and embarrassment? Is humiliation a subjective or a normative concept? Humiliation is a “statutory” emotion: it is the feeling of having been debased in our status at the point of losing our dignity, that is, the sense of ourselves as human agents. It is a positional value emotion that provokes strong moral upheavals and can lead to demoralization, anger and revenge.
Social passions are a key to access our values. They are strong emotional reactions that reveal o... more Social passions are a key to access our values. They are strong emotional reactions that reveal our attachment to certain values and the way they are respected or not in a society. In this talk I will make the example of humiliation as a passion that reveals our attachment to the fundamental values of dignity and self-respect. Humiliation is a complex social passion that involves in most cases a humiliator, a victim and a witness. How does humiliation reveal our attachment to human dignity? Can humiliation be a collective emotion? What is the difference between shame, humiliation and embarrassment? Is humiliation a subjective or a normative concept? Humiliation is a “statutory” emotion: it is the feeling of having been debased in our status at the point of losing our dignity, that is, the sense of ourselves as human agents. It is a positional value emotion that provokes strong moral upheavals and can lead to demoralization, anger and revenge.
Can democracy survive in the era of social media? This article explores the peculiarities of the ... more Can democracy survive in the era of social media? This article explores the peculiarities of the political use of social media, the new kinds of propaganda and the new forms of cognitive vulnerability exploited by the high tech propaganda that lead to the election of Donald Trump. Keywords: Cognitive Vulnerability – Epistemic Egualitarism – Propaganda – Collective Intelligence – Public Sphere.
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Books by Gloria ORIGGI
Organized collective life would be impossible without forms of authority, however legitimate. It is thus difficult to imagine constructing a shared knowledge without thinking critically about “authority,” even though we simultaneously need it to focus our criticism. Without authority, knowledge itself would become completely subjective, unstructured, incommunicable and unable to build upon itself.
From the cognitive sciences to political and legal philosophy, the subject discussed in this volume remains one of the most fascinating areas of research and analysis in the humanities.
La réputation est omniprésente dans notre vie sociale, morale et cognitive, pourtant elle reste un concept difficile à saisir : est-elle mesurable ? Est-elle objectivable ? Le fait de se fier à la réputation nous condamne-t-il à une vision biaisée et subjective de la réalité ?
Exclue des sciences sociales comme reliquat des valeurs d’un monde prémoderne, la réputation s’impose aujourd’hui comme une notion fondamentale pour expliquer les conséquences du jeu des opinions sur le comportement collectif.
En économie, elle est indispensable pour expliquer les conséquences des asymétries informationnelles sur les marchés. En sociologie, elle revient en force pour rendre compte des phénomènes de visibilité. Dans la théorie des jeux stratégiques, la réputation est aujourd’hui une notion clé pour expliquer en termes rationnels l’altruisme. Dans le domaine des relations internationales, on s’interroge sur le rôle de la réputation dans les confrontations entre états. L’usage d’indicateurs, tels les systèmes de notation financière, les classements, et toutes les nouvelles techniques de gouvernance, met la question de la réputation au centre de l’analyse politique. En philosophie morale, la réputation apparaît comme justification du comportement désintéressé, et en psychologie elle est au fondement de la notion même de « caractère » en permettant d’expliquer le développement des émotions sociales comme la honte et l’embarras. Pour finir, le Web et les réseaux sociaux font de la réputation une véritable nouvelle « monnaie » d’échange et un outil puissant d’extraction de l’information. En somme, la réputation semble envahir notre vie d’acteurs sociaux et demande à être repensée, au-delà de sa simple valeur d’étiquette sociale, comme dimension constitutive de notre relation aux autres et au monde.
NUMÉRO DIRIGÉ PAR GLORIA ORIGGI
1. the rationality of trust
2. the epistemology of trust
3. the moral dimension of trust
Papers by Gloria ORIGGI
of academic knowledge production. They have also challenged the perceived common sense view of scientific research. Method: Analytical approach to set out a comprehensive framework on the current debate on scholarly publishing and to shed light on the peculiar organization and the working of this peculiar productive sector. Result: The way in which scientific knowledge is produced and transmitted has been dramatically affected by the series of recent major technosocietal transformations.
Although the effects are many, in particular the current overlap and interplay between two distinct and somewhat opposite stances—scientific and economic—tend to blur the overall understanding of what scholarly publishing is and produces distortion on its working which in turn affect the scientific
activities. The outcome is thus a series of intended and unintended effects on the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge.
Conclusion: The article suggests that a substantial transformation
characterizes science today that seems more like a thrusting, entrepreneurial business than a contemplative, disinterested endeavor. In this essay, we provide a general overview of the pivotal role of the scholarly publishing in fostering this change and its pros and cons connected to the idiosyncratic interplay between social norms and market stances.
1) How are they impacting behavioral research, and, more precisely, our vision of what a human being is?
2) To what extent the development of new research paradigms takes into account this dimension and how? What we – researchers - want to measure when we measure difference?
3) How differences in epistemic cultures impact the way in which the gender difference is conceived by research and conceptualized in our folk psychology?
By gathering the results of one year of a research grant at the Institut Nicod in Paris on the epistemology of gender, my paper will explore how the gender dimension has impacted the practices of research in social psychology and cognitive neuroscience by challenging the received views coming from the classical “gender studies” about the gender distinction, the male/female dichotomy and the relation between nature and nurture
Organized collective life would be impossible without forms of authority, however legitimate. It is thus difficult to imagine constructing a shared knowledge without thinking critically about “authority,” even though we simultaneously need it to focus our criticism. Without authority, knowledge itself would become completely subjective, unstructured, incommunicable and unable to build upon itself.
From the cognitive sciences to political and legal philosophy, the subject discussed in this volume remains one of the most fascinating areas of research and analysis in the humanities.
La réputation est omniprésente dans notre vie sociale, morale et cognitive, pourtant elle reste un concept difficile à saisir : est-elle mesurable ? Est-elle objectivable ? Le fait de se fier à la réputation nous condamne-t-il à une vision biaisée et subjective de la réalité ?
Exclue des sciences sociales comme reliquat des valeurs d’un monde prémoderne, la réputation s’impose aujourd’hui comme une notion fondamentale pour expliquer les conséquences du jeu des opinions sur le comportement collectif.
En économie, elle est indispensable pour expliquer les conséquences des asymétries informationnelles sur les marchés. En sociologie, elle revient en force pour rendre compte des phénomènes de visibilité. Dans la théorie des jeux stratégiques, la réputation est aujourd’hui une notion clé pour expliquer en termes rationnels l’altruisme. Dans le domaine des relations internationales, on s’interroge sur le rôle de la réputation dans les confrontations entre états. L’usage d’indicateurs, tels les systèmes de notation financière, les classements, et toutes les nouvelles techniques de gouvernance, met la question de la réputation au centre de l’analyse politique. En philosophie morale, la réputation apparaît comme justification du comportement désintéressé, et en psychologie elle est au fondement de la notion même de « caractère » en permettant d’expliquer le développement des émotions sociales comme la honte et l’embarras. Pour finir, le Web et les réseaux sociaux font de la réputation une véritable nouvelle « monnaie » d’échange et un outil puissant d’extraction de l’information. En somme, la réputation semble envahir notre vie d’acteurs sociaux et demande à être repensée, au-delà de sa simple valeur d’étiquette sociale, comme dimension constitutive de notre relation aux autres et au monde.
NUMÉRO DIRIGÉ PAR GLORIA ORIGGI
1. the rationality of trust
2. the epistemology of trust
3. the moral dimension of trust
of academic knowledge production. They have also challenged the perceived common sense view of scientific research. Method: Analytical approach to set out a comprehensive framework on the current debate on scholarly publishing and to shed light on the peculiar organization and the working of this peculiar productive sector. Result: The way in which scientific knowledge is produced and transmitted has been dramatically affected by the series of recent major technosocietal transformations.
Although the effects are many, in particular the current overlap and interplay between two distinct and somewhat opposite stances—scientific and economic—tend to blur the overall understanding of what scholarly publishing is and produces distortion on its working which in turn affect the scientific
activities. The outcome is thus a series of intended and unintended effects on the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge.
Conclusion: The article suggests that a substantial transformation
characterizes science today that seems more like a thrusting, entrepreneurial business than a contemplative, disinterested endeavor. In this essay, we provide a general overview of the pivotal role of the scholarly publishing in fostering this change and its pros and cons connected to the idiosyncratic interplay between social norms and market stances.
1) How are they impacting behavioral research, and, more precisely, our vision of what a human being is?
2) To what extent the development of new research paradigms takes into account this dimension and how? What we – researchers - want to measure when we measure difference?
3) How differences in epistemic cultures impact the way in which the gender difference is conceived by research and conceptualized in our folk psychology?
By gathering the results of one year of a research grant at the Institut Nicod in Paris on the epistemology of gender, my paper will explore how the gender dimension has impacted the practices of research in social psychology and cognitive neuroscience by challenging the received views coming from the classical “gender studies” about the gender distinction, the male/female dichotomy and the relation between nature and nurture
and a sociologist of health and human rights, both interested in
transdisciplinary approaches to social sciences. While working together in Porto Alegre and in Paris, we realized that sex, more than gender, is one of the most interesting transdisciplinary notions in contemporary social sciences and that the failure of treating it in transdisciplinary terms still has weighty consequences in political and legal decisions regarding the recognition of transsexual identity. In our analysis, we focus on the normative consequences
of ambiguous conceptions of sex by comparing legal sentences on sex change in Brazil and Europe and commenting on the recent Argentinian adoption of a jurisdiction that recognizes transgender rights by clearly distinguishing gender identity from the anatomical/biological sexual identity determined at birth.
We conclude that a fully developed consideration of transsexuality as a human and health right should normatively account for the distinction between sex and gender. This will improve the rights not only of transsexuals but also of all the transgender attitudes towards sexuality (that is attitudes aimed at weakening the sharp opposition between male and female) that struggle to be recognized because of the conceptual confusions between different interpretations of sexual identity.
They are cognitive facilitators that make a thesis more vivid by depicting an exemplar scenario. They are a form of exemplifications but are different from examples: they tend to exemplarity in a way that not any example does.
They are different from analogies. They are different from thought experiments.