I am a retired professor of history working in the field of French history. My research interest focuses on working women in 18th century France, with an emphasis on guilds, pre industrial manufacture, and the legal and social status of women. Address: Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
Charles Coulston Gillispie has justified his place as dean of historians of science and technolog... more Charles Coulston Gillispie has justified his place as dean of historians of science and technology with these two magisterial books. Science and Polity in France: The End of the Old Regime, published twenty-five years ago, demonstrates how intellectuals in Paris developed science and technology as the expression of the Enlightenment's use of reason to resolve social problems. Through networks of talented individuals benefiting from state support, experimental information was exchanged and standards developed. The recently published (2004) Science and Polity in France: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Years, shows how the embryonic science became professional as scientists earned a living through their expertise. This volume presents the debate over educational plans submitted to Revolutionary committees. It shows the bumpy adoption of the metric system and the perilous measurement of the Meridian of Paris. And while acknowledging that interchangeable parts and steel making were known, Gillispie asserts that the French Revolution did not create an industrial revolution. Meticulously documented, engagingly written, these volumes are definitive reference works for scholar and general reader alike.
In this prize-winning study, Thomas Dublin explores, in carefully researched detail, the lives an... more In this prize-winning study, Thomas Dublin explores, in carefully researched detail, the lives and experiences of the first generation of American women to face the demands of industrial capitalism. Dublin describes and traces the strong community awareness of these women ...
List of figures and tables Acknowledgements List of abbreviations and units of measurement Introd... more List of figures and tables Acknowledgements List of abbreviations and units of measurement Introduction 1. The limits of money 2. Images of artisans 3. Journeymen and the law 4. The world of the trades 5. Patterns of employment: the economy of the trades and the economy of the bazaar 6. Work, wages and customs 7. The Parisian luxury trades and the workshop economy 8. Conflict and the courts 9. Journeymen's migrations and the mythology of the 'compagnonnages' 10. Artisans, 'sans-culottes' and the politics of Republicanism Conclusion Appendix Bibliography Index.
622 an excellent counterexample, however: it shows clearly that power is exerted by real people, ... more 622 an excellent counterexample, however: it shows clearly that power is exerted by real people, each of whom claims to have legitimacy (often of different sorts—political, technical, etc.), and who all need little hands to execute their “will.” Inevitably, they have to make these coworkers invisible, though the latter perfectly know they share a part of authorship. In this history of the construction of an “impossible” canal, then, Mukerji gives us an original, if contestable, perspective on knowledge, power, and authority in the early modern world. These are topics very familiar to historians of the state and of administration. The tension between administration (the power of doing things without having the legitimacy to order them) and sovereignty (the legitimacy to order things without the power to enforce them) is classic. Mukerji’s book thus raises an important sociological question: what it means to act and work in the name of others, and ultimately in the name of collective or abstract bodies, such as the state.
... READHO-WEAR READY-TO-PRK A CENTURY OF INDUSTRY AND IMMIGRANTS IN PARIS AND NEW YORK ... CONTE... more ... READHO-WEAR READY-TO-PRK A CENTURY OF INDUSTRY AND IMMIGRANTS IN PARIS AND NEW YORK ... CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 IFashion as Industry 13 1 Fashion and Flexibility: The Garment Industry between Haute Couture and Jeans 15 ...
213 Rouen. Hafter is not nostalgic about this—here was privilege accorded to a small group, in he... more 213 Rouen. Hafter is not nostalgic about this—here was privilege accorded to a small group, in her eyes, and not some “golden age” of women’s work—but it is clear that the newer opportunities are on a smaller scale, and that gender is an increasing determinant of women’s work status. This book focuses on women’s work, but it is about far more than that and will be of great interest to readers of this journal for its discussion of the technology of cloth production, the culture of the workshop, France’s distinctive economic history, and the relationship between large-scale economic changes and personal and family decisions. Sadly, those who cataloged the book for the Library of Congress did not view it as contributing to any of those bodies of knowledge, for the only subject headings under which it appears are “women” and “sex discrimination,” the latter a term that not only does not appear in Hafter’s book, but undercuts her central argument about the privileges accorded to some women by the institutions of the ancien régime.
Lynn Hunt, Annenberg Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania and the author of sev... more Lynn Hunt, Annenberg Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania and the author of several books and articles on the French Revolution, states in this new book that the term ''Family Romance” is Freudian. Stripping the term of its more neurotic connotations, Hunt ...
... Labor's Struggle with Management's Machine DARYL M. HAFTER ... 7. Behagg (n. 1 abov... more ... Labor's Struggle with Management's Machine DARYL M. HAFTER ... 7. Behagg (n. 1 above), 123-24. 8. For an important French example of workers using their skill for leverage over their bosses, see Leonard N. Rosenband, Papermaking in Eighteenth-Century France: Manage ...
Dans le monde du travail d’Ancien Regime, les femmes ont longtemps ete considerees comme des tâch... more Dans le monde du travail d’Ancien Regime, les femmes ont longtemps ete considerees comme des tâcherons non qualifiees privees aussi bien de pouvoir juridique que d’acces a la formation professionnelle ou technique. Mais l’examen attentif du cas des femmes de Rouen et de Lyon met en question cette vision. A Rouen, les maitresses des corporations representent 10 % des effectifs des communautes de metier et ne se distinguent guere de leurs equivalents masculins. S’appuyant sur le statut juridique exceptionnel que represente le cas des «marchandes publiques», qui procure une pleine capacite d’action economique, les maitresses ont defendu avec succes leurs droits et monopoles techniques, accru leur savoir-faire par l’amalgame avec d’autres communautes, et opere une integration verticale de leurs metiers. En obtenant le droit de vendre des matieres premieres aussi bien que des produits finis, elles se sont imposees en tant qu’acteurs economiques sur les marches en gros comme au detail. A Lyon, d’un autre cote, la maind’œuvre feminine employee dans la soierie, etant sans espoir d’acceder a la maitrise, c’est sa qualification, indispensable a la survie du secteur, qui la protegeait. Quoique mal payees, les femmes trouverent des revenus substantiels dans une participation active a l’economie souterraine de la sous-traitance. Dans les deux cas, soit par les privileges corporatifs acquis, soit par la qualification et l’astuce, les femmes surent trouver des opportunites et des moyens de prosperer.
... I 1/ i, Fig. 11. A modern replica of Philippe de Lasalle's removable semple showing wood... more ... I 1/ i, Fig. 11. A modern replica of Philippe de Lasalle's removable semple showing wooden grill and semple cords. (Photo, the author, courtesy M. Jacquelin, Lyons.) 150 Page 13. Phillippe de Lasalle: From Mise-en-carte to Industrial Design 1 " 1i_ __,_i 'i __ _ Fig. 12. ...
This is the first full examination of women and industrialization since Ivy Pinchbeck's Women... more This is the first full examination of women and industrialization since Ivy Pinchbeck's Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution. Valenze's book is a wide-ranging analytical synthesis, which is based on original research as well.
Charles Coulston Gillispie has justified his place as dean of historians of science and technolog... more Charles Coulston Gillispie has justified his place as dean of historians of science and technology with these two magisterial books. Science and Polity in France: The End of the Old Regime, published twenty-five years ago, demonstrates how intellectuals in Paris developed science and technology as the expression of the Enlightenment's use of reason to resolve social problems. Through networks of talented individuals benefiting from state support, experimental information was exchanged and standards developed. The recently published (2004) Science and Polity in France: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Years, shows how the embryonic science became professional as scientists earned a living through their expertise. This volume presents the debate over educational plans submitted to Revolutionary committees. It shows the bumpy adoption of the metric system and the perilous measurement of the Meridian of Paris. And while acknowledging that interchangeable parts and steel making were known, Gillispie asserts that the French Revolution did not create an industrial revolution. Meticulously documented, engagingly written, these volumes are definitive reference works for scholar and general reader alike.
In this prize-winning study, Thomas Dublin explores, in carefully researched detail, the lives an... more In this prize-winning study, Thomas Dublin explores, in carefully researched detail, the lives and experiences of the first generation of American women to face the demands of industrial capitalism. Dublin describes and traces the strong community awareness of these women ...
List of figures and tables Acknowledgements List of abbreviations and units of measurement Introd... more List of figures and tables Acknowledgements List of abbreviations and units of measurement Introduction 1. The limits of money 2. Images of artisans 3. Journeymen and the law 4. The world of the trades 5. Patterns of employment: the economy of the trades and the economy of the bazaar 6. Work, wages and customs 7. The Parisian luxury trades and the workshop economy 8. Conflict and the courts 9. Journeymen's migrations and the mythology of the 'compagnonnages' 10. Artisans, 'sans-culottes' and the politics of Republicanism Conclusion Appendix Bibliography Index.
622 an excellent counterexample, however: it shows clearly that power is exerted by real people, ... more 622 an excellent counterexample, however: it shows clearly that power is exerted by real people, each of whom claims to have legitimacy (often of different sorts—political, technical, etc.), and who all need little hands to execute their “will.” Inevitably, they have to make these coworkers invisible, though the latter perfectly know they share a part of authorship. In this history of the construction of an “impossible” canal, then, Mukerji gives us an original, if contestable, perspective on knowledge, power, and authority in the early modern world. These are topics very familiar to historians of the state and of administration. The tension between administration (the power of doing things without having the legitimacy to order them) and sovereignty (the legitimacy to order things without the power to enforce them) is classic. Mukerji’s book thus raises an important sociological question: what it means to act and work in the name of others, and ultimately in the name of collective or abstract bodies, such as the state.
... READHO-WEAR READY-TO-PRK A CENTURY OF INDUSTRY AND IMMIGRANTS IN PARIS AND NEW YORK ... CONTE... more ... READHO-WEAR READY-TO-PRK A CENTURY OF INDUSTRY AND IMMIGRANTS IN PARIS AND NEW YORK ... CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 IFashion as Industry 13 1 Fashion and Flexibility: The Garment Industry between Haute Couture and Jeans 15 ...
213 Rouen. Hafter is not nostalgic about this—here was privilege accorded to a small group, in he... more 213 Rouen. Hafter is not nostalgic about this—here was privilege accorded to a small group, in her eyes, and not some “golden age” of women’s work—but it is clear that the newer opportunities are on a smaller scale, and that gender is an increasing determinant of women’s work status. This book focuses on women’s work, but it is about far more than that and will be of great interest to readers of this journal for its discussion of the technology of cloth production, the culture of the workshop, France’s distinctive economic history, and the relationship between large-scale economic changes and personal and family decisions. Sadly, those who cataloged the book for the Library of Congress did not view it as contributing to any of those bodies of knowledge, for the only subject headings under which it appears are “women” and “sex discrimination,” the latter a term that not only does not appear in Hafter’s book, but undercuts her central argument about the privileges accorded to some women by the institutions of the ancien régime.
Lynn Hunt, Annenberg Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania and the author of sev... more Lynn Hunt, Annenberg Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania and the author of several books and articles on the French Revolution, states in this new book that the term ''Family Romance” is Freudian. Stripping the term of its more neurotic connotations, Hunt ...
... Labor's Struggle with Management's Machine DARYL M. HAFTER ... 7. Behagg (n. 1 abov... more ... Labor's Struggle with Management's Machine DARYL M. HAFTER ... 7. Behagg (n. 1 above), 123-24. 8. For an important French example of workers using their skill for leverage over their bosses, see Leonard N. Rosenband, Papermaking in Eighteenth-Century France: Manage ...
Dans le monde du travail d’Ancien Regime, les femmes ont longtemps ete considerees comme des tâch... more Dans le monde du travail d’Ancien Regime, les femmes ont longtemps ete considerees comme des tâcherons non qualifiees privees aussi bien de pouvoir juridique que d’acces a la formation professionnelle ou technique. Mais l’examen attentif du cas des femmes de Rouen et de Lyon met en question cette vision. A Rouen, les maitresses des corporations representent 10 % des effectifs des communautes de metier et ne se distinguent guere de leurs equivalents masculins. S’appuyant sur le statut juridique exceptionnel que represente le cas des «marchandes publiques», qui procure une pleine capacite d’action economique, les maitresses ont defendu avec succes leurs droits et monopoles techniques, accru leur savoir-faire par l’amalgame avec d’autres communautes, et opere une integration verticale de leurs metiers. En obtenant le droit de vendre des matieres premieres aussi bien que des produits finis, elles se sont imposees en tant qu’acteurs economiques sur les marches en gros comme au detail. A Lyon, d’un autre cote, la maind’œuvre feminine employee dans la soierie, etant sans espoir d’acceder a la maitrise, c’est sa qualification, indispensable a la survie du secteur, qui la protegeait. Quoique mal payees, les femmes trouverent des revenus substantiels dans une participation active a l’economie souterraine de la sous-traitance. Dans les deux cas, soit par les privileges corporatifs acquis, soit par la qualification et l’astuce, les femmes surent trouver des opportunites et des moyens de prosperer.
... I 1/ i, Fig. 11. A modern replica of Philippe de Lasalle's removable semple showing wood... more ... I 1/ i, Fig. 11. A modern replica of Philippe de Lasalle's removable semple showing wooden grill and semple cords. (Photo, the author, courtesy M. Jacquelin, Lyons.) 150 Page 13. Phillippe de Lasalle: From Mise-en-carte to Industrial Design 1 " 1i_ __,_i 'i __ _ Fig. 12. ...
This is the first full examination of women and industrialization since Ivy Pinchbeck's Women... more This is the first full examination of women and industrialization since Ivy Pinchbeck's Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution. Valenze's book is a wide-ranging analytical synthesis, which is based on original research as well.
In the eighteenth century, French women were active in a wide range of employments from printmaki... more In the eighteenth century, French women were active in a wide range of employments from printmaking to running wholesale businesses although social and legal structures frequently limited their capacity to work independently. The contributors to Women and Work in Eighteenth-Century France reveal how women at all levels of society negotiated these structures with determination and ingenuity in order to provide for themselves and their families.
Recent historiography on women and work in eighteenth-century France has focused on the model of the family economy, in which women's work existed as part of the communal effort to keep the family afloat, usually in support of the patriarch's occupation. The ten essays in this volume offer case studies that complicate the conventional model: wives of ship captains managed family businesses in their husbands extended absences; high-end prostitutes managed their own households; female weavers, tailors, and merchants increasingly appeared on eighteenth-century tax rolls and guild membership lists; and female members of the nobility possessed and wielded the same legal power as their male counterparts.
Examining female workers within and outside of the context of family, Women and Work in Eighteenth-Century France challenges current scholarly assumptions about gender and labor. This stimulating and important collection of essays broadens our understanding of the diversity, vitality, and crucial importance of women s work in the eighteenth-century economy.
"L'inventeur et l’entrepreneur innovant sont devenus les symboles du progrès de l’humanité. Pourt... more "L'inventeur et l’entrepreneur innovant sont devenus les symboles du progrès de l’humanité. Pourtant, l'innovation a longtemps été redoutée parce qu’elle remettait en question l’ordre ou peut-être même l’ordre du monde. Faire du neuf était implicitement, voire explicitement, une forme de transgression.
L'un des enjeux de cet ouvrage est de comprendre comment la nouveauté est ou non acceptée. Les contributions montrent comment les institutions et les pratiques d'expertises, le marché ou encore l'appréciation esthétique ont légitimé la novation en imbriquant leurs effets.
Il est habituel de penser l'invention comme une percée radicale et individuelle. La remise en cause de ce "topos" est le second enjeu de cette publication. Invention et innovation sont donc en définitive le fruit d'une dynamique essentielle, d'une synthèse constante entre l'individuel et le collectif. Les formes complexes de la nouveauté, la multiplicité des pratiques inventives et innovantes sont les fruits de l'histoire, au gré de la nécessité réelle ou ressentie, des choix accomplis, des cultures et des usages."
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Papers by Daryl M Hafter
Recent historiography on women and work in eighteenth-century France has focused on the model of the family economy, in which women's work existed as part of the communal effort to keep the family afloat, usually in support of the patriarch's occupation. The ten essays in this volume offer case studies that complicate the conventional model: wives of ship captains managed family businesses in their husbands extended absences; high-end prostitutes managed their own households; female weavers, tailors, and merchants increasingly appeared on eighteenth-century tax rolls and guild membership lists; and female members of the nobility possessed and wielded the same legal power as their male counterparts.
Examining female workers within and outside of the context of family, Women and Work in Eighteenth-Century France challenges current scholarly assumptions about gender and labor. This stimulating and important collection of essays broadens our understanding of the diversity, vitality, and crucial importance of women s work in the eighteenth-century economy.
L'un des enjeux de cet ouvrage est de comprendre comment la nouveauté est ou non acceptée. Les contributions montrent comment les institutions et les pratiques d'expertises, le marché ou encore l'appréciation esthétique ont légitimé la novation en imbriquant leurs effets.
Il est habituel de penser l'invention comme une percée radicale et individuelle. La remise en cause de ce "topos" est le second enjeu de cette publication. Invention et innovation sont donc en définitive le fruit d'une dynamique essentielle, d'une synthèse constante entre l'individuel et le collectif. Les formes complexes de la nouveauté, la multiplicité des pratiques inventives et innovantes sont les fruits de l'histoire, au gré de la nécessité réelle ou ressentie, des choix accomplis, des cultures et des usages."