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Moving from Category:People from the Dutch East Indies to Category:20th-century Dutch East Indies people Diffusing per WP:DIFFUSE and/or WP:ALLINCLUDED using Cat-a-lot |
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|birth_place = [[Semarang]], [[Central Java]], [[Dutch East Indies]]
|death_date = {{death year and age|1992|1889}}
|death_place = [[New York City]],
|citizenship = {{hlist|[[Dutch East Indies|Indonesian]]|[[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Chinese]]}}
|party = [[Kuomintang]]
|parents = [[Oei Tiong Ham
|spouse = {{marriage|Forde Beauchamp Stoker
|children = 3
|residence = {{hlist|[[Semarang]]| [[London]]| [[Paris]]| [[Beijing]]| [[Shanghai]]| [[New York City]]}}
▲| module = {{Infobox Chinese
|child=yes
|t=黃蕙蘭
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}}
'''Oei Hui-lan''' ({{zh|t=黃蕙蘭|first=poj|poj=Ûiⁿ Hūi-lân}};
Both the parents of Oei Hui-lan hailed from the establishment: her father stemmed from one of the wealthiest families in [[Java]], while her mother came from the [[Cabang Atas|'Cabang Atas' aristocracy]] as a descendant of a [[Kapitan Cina|''Luitenant der Chinezen'']] in [[Semarang]]'s 18th-century [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch bureaucracy]]. After an unsuccessful marriage with Caulfield-Stoker, she met Wellington Koo while in [[Paris]] in 1920. They married in [[Brussels]] the following year and first lived in [[Geneva]] in connection with the establishment of the [[League of Nations]]. In 1923, she moved with her husband to [[Beijing]] where he served as Acting Premier in the evolving republican Chinese state. During his second term (October 1926—June 1927), Wellington Koo also acted as [[List of presidents of the Republic of China|President of the Republic of China]] for a brief period, making Oei Hui-lan the First Lady of China. The couple then spent time in [[Shanghai]], [[Paris]] and [[London]] where Oei Hui-lan became a celebrated hostess. In 1941, she moved to [[New York City|New York]] where she died in 1992.
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[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Semarang Midden-Java de Heerenstraat TMnr 60018406.jpg|thumb|left|Colonial Semarang, where Madame Wellington Koo grew up]]
Oei Hui-lan was born on
Her mother, [[Goei Bing-nio]], was her father's senior wife<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1410_2009-01-06.html|title=Oei Tiong Ham|publisher=National Library Board|access-date=20 March 2019 }}</ref> and – unlike the [[New money|''nouveau riche'']] Oei family – came from the ''[[Cabang Atas]]'', the traditional Chinese establishment of colonial Indonesia.<ref name="Salmon (1991)">{{cite journal|last1=Salmon|first1=Claudine|title=A Critical View of the Opium Farmers as Reflected in a Syair by Boen Sing Hoo (Semarang, 1889)|journal=Indonesia|volume=51|date=1991|pages=25–51|doi=10.2307/3351253|jstor=3351253|url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/54719/1/INDO_Special_Issue_1991_0_1106972014_25_52.pdf|hdl=1813/54719|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Ong (2003)">{{cite book|last1=Ong|first1=Hok Ham|title=Power, Politics, and Culture in Colonial Java|date=2003|publisher=Metafor Pub.|location=Jakarta|isbn=9789793019116|pages=182, 223, 241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CD9yAAAAMAAJ&q=ong+hok+ham+curtain|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lee (2013)">{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Khoon Choy|title=Golden Dragon and Purple Phoenix: The Chinese and Their Multi-ethnic Descendants in Southeast Asia|date=2013|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789814383448|pages=167–179 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGe6CgAAQBAJ&q=%22GOEI+FAMILY%22+SEMARANG|access-date=24 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> Through her mother, Hui-lan was descended from the merchant-[[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarin]] [[Goei Poen Kong]] (1765–1806),<ref name="Post (2009-10)">{{cite journal |last1=Post |first1=Peter |title=Java's Capitan Cina and Javanese Royal families: Status, Modernity and Power- Major Titular be Kwat Koen and Mungkunegoro VII › KNAW Research Portal |journal=International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies |date=2009–2010 |volume=13 |pages=49–66 |hdl=20.500.11755/310b5f38-3ee5-49d0-af87-7b5987e9eedf }}</ref> who served as estate master or ''Boedelmeester'',<ref name="Medhurst1845">{{cite book|last=Medhurst|first=Walter Henry|title=A Glance at the Interior of China: Obtained During a Journey Through the Silk and Green Tea Districts Taken in 1845|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6I1EAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA4|year=1845|publisher=Printed at the Mission Press|pages=1–}}</ref> then [[Kapitan Cina|''Luitenant der Chinezen'']] in Semarang in the late eighteenth century.<ref name="Liem (2004)">{{cite book|last1=Liem|first1=Thian Joe|title=Riwayat Semarang|date=2004|publisher=Hasta Wahana|isbn=9789799695215|pages=33, 75, 169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6xwAAAAMAAJ&q=%22GOEI+Poen%22|access-date=19 April 2018|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Haryono (2017)">{{cite book|last1=Haryono|first1=Steve|title=Perkawinan Strategis: Hubungan Keluarga Antara Opsir-opsir Tionghoa Dan 'Cabang Atas' Di Jawa Pada Abad Ke-19 Dan 20|date=2017|publisher=Steve Haryono|location=Jakarta|isbn=9789090302492|pages=39–45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IoDgswEACAAJ&q=PERKAWINAN+STRATEGIS|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en}}</ref> The Chinese officership, consisting of the ranks of Majoor, Kapitein and Luitenant der Chinezen, was a civil government position in the Dutch colonial bureaucracy of Indonesia.<ref name="Blussé & Chen (2003)">{{cite book |last1=Blussé |first1=Leonard |last2=Chen |first2=Menghong |title=The Archives of the Kong Koan of Batavia |date=2003 |publisher=BRILL |location=Amsterdam |isbn=9004131574 |pages=1–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTnrUMIpwIYC&q=kong+koan |access-date=28 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Oei's maternal Goei family traces its roots and prominence in Semarang back to the 1770s. Goei Bing-nio's family had initially resisted Oei Tiong Ham's social and economic rise.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" />
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Hui-lan, who used the name Angèle in her youth, had an elder sister, [[Oei Tjong-lan]], aka Gwendoline, from the same mother.<ref name="Haryono (2017)" /> In addition, her father had 18 junior wives and acknowledged [[Nyai|concubines]], as well as some 42 acknowledged children, including her half-brother [[Oei Tjong Hauw]].<ref name="Suryadinata (2015)" />
The two Oei sisters{{spaced ndash}} as daughters of Oei's senior wife{{spaced ndash}} lived with their father and were educated at home by a string of European tutors and governesses in Semarang, receiving a thoroughly modern upbringing by the standards of the times.<ref name="Kratanada (2017)">{{cite journal |last1=Kwartanada |first1=Didi |title=Bangsawan prampoewan. Enlightened Peranakan Chinese women from early twentieth century Java |journal=Wacana |date=2017 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=422–454|doi=10.17510/wacana.v18i2.591 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This mirrored the westernization of the ''Cabang Atas'' in colonial Indonesia from the late nineteenth century onwards.<ref name="Govaars-Tjia">{{cite book|last1=Govaars-Tjia|first1=Ming Tien Nio|title=Dutch colonial education: the Chinese experience in Indonesia, 1900–1942|date=2005|publisher=Chinese Heritage Centre|location=Leiden|isbn=9789810548605|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K86eAAAAMAAJ&q=colonial+chinese+education+dutch+east+indies|language=en}}</ref> In addition to her native [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]), Hui-lan acquired fluent [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]], and decent [[Hokkien language|Hokkien]], [[Mandarin
In 1905, Hui-lan and her sister were part of a recital in Singapore, where they were studying music. It was publicized in a local newspaper, as was a recital she gave in Semarang:<ref name="Kratanada (2017)"/>
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===Marriage to Beauchamp Caulfield-Stoker (1909–1920)===
In 1909, in Semarang, Indonesia,<ref>''The Straits Times'' 10 November 1909</ref> Hui-lan (using the surname Oeitiongham) married Beauchamp Forde Gordon Caulfield-Stoker (1877–1949), an Anglo-Irishman who was the British consular agent in Semarang, and eventually represented his father-in-law's sugar interests in London.<ref name="Suryadinata (2015)" /><ref name="Nee Hao (2016)" /><ref name="UK National Archives">{{cite web |title=Captain Beauchamp Forde Gordon CAULFIELD-STOKER. Royal Army Service Corps. |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C1077969?descriptiontype=Full&ref=WO+339/24054 |website=UK National Archives |publisher=UK National Archives |access-date=13 January 2019 |language=en }}</ref><ref name="A Boycotted Wife 1920, page 8">"A Boycotted Wife: Chinese Lady Obtains Service in England, Married to Englishman in Java", ''Malaya Tribune'', 24 May 1920, page 8</ref><ref>Chamion Caballero and Peter J. Aspinall, ''Mixed Race in Britain in the Twentieth Century'' (Springer, 2018), page 164–165</ref> The following year they moved to England,<ref name="The Washington Post 1920, page 1">''The Washington Post'', 16 May 1920, page 1</ref> where they lived first at 33 Lytton Grove and then at Graylands, Augustus Road, Wimbledon Common, which had been purchased for them by her father in 1915.<ref name="A Boycotted Wife 1920, page 8"/> The couple had one son, Lionel Montgomery Caulfield-Stoker (1912–1954), and divorced in London on 19 April 1920. Hui-lan then lived with her mother and sister at their townhouse in [[Mayfair, London]].<ref name="Koo & Taves, 1975" /> This period of her life—when she was known in the society pages as Countess Hoey [an Anglicization of Oei] Stoker<ref>"From the Far East", ''Tatler'', 24 March 1920, page 19</ref><ref>"The Beautiful Daughter of the Rockefeller of Japan", ''Tatler'', 28 August 1918, page 19</ref><ref>"A Chic and Charming Chinese Lady", ''Tatler'', 28 May 1924, page 25</ref> (presumably because her father had been called a count by some) and preferred to be called Lady Stoker<ref>''The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser'', 4 October 1919, Page 12</ref>—she omitted from her memoirs.
[[File:HuiLanAndLionel1920 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Oei Hui-lan, then Mrs Beauchamp Caulfield-Stoker, {{aka}} Countess Hoey Stoker, and her eldest son, Lionel Montgomery Caulfield-Stoker, in 1920]]
It had not been an easy marriage, with published reports indicating that Hui-lan's personality, pretensions, and social ambitions had driven her husband to distraction, to the point that by World War I they had become incompatible.<ref name="A Boycotted Wife
In 1915, Stoker took a commission in the [[Royal Army Service Corps]] and endeavored to keep Hui-lan at a distance, retreating to a separate bedroom when at home and rebuffing her desire to join him in Devonport, where he was posted: "It is quite ridiculous for you to come down here as you could not stick it for more than two or three days. In fact, if you came I should have to apply for leave as I could not possibly stop here".<ref name="A Boycotted Wife 1920, page 8"/> Their "lives and ideas were so far apart that it makes it impossible for [me to return home]". Hui-lan filed for divorce in 1919, claiming that her husband had refused to introduce her to his family<ref name="A Boycotted Wife 1920, page 8"/> and on grounds of cruelty and misconduct.<ref name="The Washington Post 1920, page 1"/><ref name="A Boycotted Wife 1920, page 8"/> The ''Birmingham Daily Gazette'' noted that the couple's marital travails bore a resemblance to the plot of [[Joseph Hergesheimer]]'s "striking novel" ''Java Head'', a 1918 best-seller, in which, the paper stated, "the theme of which was the bringing home by an American of a Chinese wife of noble family, and their gradual alienation because of the lack of communion between the two".<ref>"The Chinese Wife", ''Birmingham Daily Gazette'', 22 April 1920, page 4</ref>
===Marriage to Wellington Koo (1920–1958)===
[[File:Dr. Chung-hui-Wang, Mrs. Koo, Wellington Koo LCCN2016822865.tif|thumb|From left: [[Wang
Hui-lan's mother encouraged her daughter, now divorced, to make the acquaintance of the promising, [[Columbia University|Columbia-educated]] Chinese diplomat and politician [[V K Wellington Koo|V. K. Wellington Koo]], himself a divorcé and a recent widower with two small children.<ref name="Columbia University Website">{{cite web|title=V.K. Wellington Koo|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/v_k_wellington_koo.html|website=Columbia University|access-date=24 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="Australian Centre on China in the World">{{cite web|title=V. K. Wellington Koo (Gu Weijun)|url=https://www.thechinastory.org/ritp/v-k-wellington-koo-gu-weijun-%E9%A1%A7%E7%B6%AD%E9%88%9E/|website=Australian Centre on China in the World|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928200949/https://www.thechinastory.org/ritp/v-k-wellington-koo-gu-weijun-%E9%A1%A7%E7%B6%AD%E9%88%9E/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Suryadinata (2015)" /><ref name="Craft (2015)">{{cite book |last1=Craft |first1=Stephen G. |title=V.K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China |date=2015 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |location=Kentucky |isbn=9780813157566 |pages=28, 61, 71, 80–94, 147–157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y70eBgAAQBAJ&q=oei+hui+lan |access-date=28 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Through machinations by Hui-lan's mother and sister and others—the parents of Koo's late wife, May Tang, among them—the heiress and the politician met in Paris at a dinner party in August 1920.<ref>Jonathan Clements, ''Wellington Koo: China''</ref> They announced their engagement on 10 October, during a ball in honor of the anniversary of the Chinese Republic, and were married at the Chinese Legation in [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]], on 9 November.<ref name="Koo & Van Rensselaer Thayer (1943)" /><ref>"Wellington Koo '09 Married", ''Columbia Alumni News'', 19 November 1920, page 103</ref> The bride wore an antique veil and an ivory gown by [[Callot Soeurs]].<ref name="DNA (2016)" /><ref name="Vogue Italia" /> Later that year, for a State Ball at Buckingham Palace, the new Madame Wellington Koo wore a dress by [[Charles Frederick Worth]] and a [[Cartier (jeweler)|Cartier]] diamond tiara.<ref name="DNA (2016)" /><ref name="Vogue Italia" />
[[File:Gu Weijun.JPG|thumb|left|Chinese statesman [[V. K. Wellington Koo]] in court uniform]]
The couple began their married life in [[Geneva]], where Koo had been involved in the formation of the [[League of Nations]].<ref name="Columbia University Website" /><ref name="Australian Centre on China in the World" /><ref name="Craft (2015)" /> Hui-lan followed her husband in 1923 to [[Beijing]], where she supported him in his role as Foreign Minister and Finance Minister of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].<ref name="Columbia University Website" /><ref name="Australian Centre on China in the World" /><ref name="Suryadinata (2015)" /><ref name="Finnane (2008)" /> Her father, Majoor Oei Tiong Ham, acquired in 1923 a Ming palace compound for the Koos, in his daughter's name, that had been constructed in the 17th century for the courtesan [[Chen Yuanyuan]], mistress of General [[Wu Sangui]].<ref name="Finnane (2008)">{{cite book |last1=Finnane |first1=Antonia |title=Changing Clothes in China: Fashion, History, Nation |date=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=Columbia |isbn=9780231512732 |pages=78, 145–154, 326–329 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ju3N4VeiQ28C&q=oei+hui+lan&pg=PA145 |access-date=28 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Susanna Hoe, ''Chinese Footprints: Exploring Women's History in China'', Hong Kong and Macau (Roundhouse Publications (Asia) Limited, 1996), page 86</ref><ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /> In 1924, Madame Koo returned to her native Semarang for the funeral of her father, who had recently died in Singapore; she acted as mourner-in-chief, representing her absent mother as senior wife.<ref name="Koo & Van Rensselaer Thayer (1943)" /><ref name="Koo & Taves (1975)" /> In 1925, the Koos hosted the Chinese elder statesman [[Sun Yat-sen]] and his wife, [[Soong Ching-ling]], for a long stay at their Beijing residence, where Sun later died.<ref name="Finnane (2008)" /><ref name="Setyautama (2008)" />
During Hui-lan's time in China, the country was undergoing a very turbulent period in its political history{{spaced ndash}} the so-called [[Warlord Era|warlord era]], in which different military and political factions sought supremacy in the new, republican Chinese state.<ref name="Chan (2010)">{{cite book|last1=Chan|first1=Anthony B.|title=Arming the Chinese: The Western Armaments Trade in Warlord China, 1920–28, Second Edition|date=2010|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=9780774819923|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6eXCgAAQBAJ&q=anhui+1919+mongolia&pg=PA69|access-date=24 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> Wellington Koo served twice as Acting [[List of premiers of the Republic of China|Premier]], first in 1924, then again from 1 October 1926 until 16 June 1927.<ref name="Columbia University Website" /><ref name="Australian Centre on China in the World" /><ref name="Craft (2015)" /> During his second term, Koo also acted as [[List of presidents of the Republic of China|President of the Republic of China]], which made Hui-lan – for a very brief period – [[First Lady of the Republic of China|First Lady of China]].<ref name="Columbia University Website" /><ref name="Australian Centre on China in the World" /><ref name="Craft (2015)" />
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She was featured several times by ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue Magazine]]'' on its list of best-dressed women in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s.<ref name="Nee Hao (2016)" /><ref name="Vogue" /><ref name="Getty Images" /> ''Vogue'' saluted Madame Koo in 1942 as "a Chinese citizen of the world, an international beauty", for her enlightened approach to promoting goodwill between East and West.<ref name="National Portrait Gallery" />
An astute and avant-garde art connoisseur, Madame Wellington Koo sat for portraits by [[Federico Beltrán Masses]], [[Edmund Dulac]], [[Leon Underwood]] [[Olive Snell]], [[Olive Pell]], and [[Charles Tharp]], and had her photographs taken by the fashion and society photographers [[Henry Walter Barnett]], [[E. O. Hoppé]], [[Horst P. Horst]], [[Alexander Bassano|Bassano]], and [[George Hoyningen-Huene]].<ref name="Nee Hao (2016)" /><ref name="DNA (2016)" /><ref name="Getty Images">{{cite web|title=Hoyningen-Huene – Vogue 1929|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/mme-vi-kuyuin-wellington-koo-wife-to-former-prime-minister-news-photo/592322931#/mme-vi-kuyuin-wellington-koo-wife-to-former-prime-minister-and-of-picture-id592322931|website=Getty Images|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209072523/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/mme-vi-kuyuin-wellington-koo-wife-to-former-prime-minister-news-photo/592322931#/mme-vi-kuyuin-wellington-koo-wife-to-former-prime-minister-and-of-picture-id592322931|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="National Portrait Gallery">{{cite web|title=Madame Wellington Koo (née Hui-lan Oei) – National Portrait Gallery|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw196705/Madame-Wellington-Koo-ne-Hui-lan-Oei|website=National Portrait Gallery|access-date=24 February 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Europeana Collections">{{cite web|title=Madame Wellington Koo sitting for her portrait by Mr Edmund Dulac at his studio
Her portraits, photographs and dresses are today part of the collections of the [[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]] in London, the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York, and the [[Peranakan Museum]] in Singapore.<ref name="National Portrait Gallery" /><ref name="VCM">{{cite web|title=VCM|url=http://masterpieces.asemus.museum/masterpiece/detail.nhn?objectId=14129|website=masterpieces.asemus.museum|access-date=24 February 2018|language=ko}}</ref>
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[[Category:Cabang Atas]]
[[Category:Women in China]]
[[Category:Chinese Civil War refugees]]
[[Category:Chinese socialites]]
[[Category:Indonesian socialites]]
[[Category:First
[[Category:Indonesian people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:
[[Category:People from Semarang]]
[[Category:Family of
[[Category:Indonesian women centenarians]]
[[Category:Indonesian women writers]]
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