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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by TatjanaClimate (talk | contribs) at 09:43, 9 December 2024 (Austria). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

AFGHANISTAN

Although Afghanistan has cotributed minimally to global greenhouse gas emissions, it is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change and the least prepared to cope with its impacts.[1] Climate change in Afghanistan is causing more frequent and severe droughts.[2][3] Severe drought conditions affect 25 of the country's 34 provinces, impacting over half of the population.[4] These droughts cause desertification[5][6], reduce food[7] and water security[8], disrupt agriculture and cause internal displacement.[9] Extreme rainfall over short periods is more likely, increasing the risk of floods and landslides.[10] Due to rising temperatures, almost 14% of Afghanistan's glacier coverage was lost between 1990 and 2015[11] increasing the risk of glacial lake outburst floods.[12] By 2050, climate change could displace an additional 5 million people within Afghanistan.[13][14]

FINANCING?

ALBANIA

Albania is one of the European countries most at risk and vulnerable to natural disasters.[15] Natural disasters, such as floods and forest fires, are increasing in Albania, causing significant damage. Albania experiences nearly one natural disaster annually on average, each disaster causing damage equivalent to 1.3% of the country’s GDP and impacting around 5% of the population.[16] Rising sea levels are anticipated to negatively impact coastal communities and the tourism industry.[16]

By 2050, Albania's average annual temperature is projected to rise by between 1.3°C and 2.2°C, with more frequent extreme heat events. Rainfall is expected to decrease by between 2.1% and 4.3%, while heavy rain events are predicted to become more frequent and intense.[16]

Increasing risks of river floods and droughts due to climate change is expected to put electricity generation at risk, given the country's reliance on hydropower.[16]

In 2023 Albania emitted 7.67 million tonnes of greenhouse gas[17], equivalent to 2.73 tonnes per person.[18] COMPARISON Albania's NDC to the UNFCCC, submitted in 2016 and revised in 2021, outlines efforts to enhance climate resilience across key sectors, including energy, agriculture, public health, and biodiversity. The country is prioritizing adaptation through policies, research, and investments in areas such as coastal protection, urban planning, and climate awareness. Albania's climate action is guided by its National Adaptation Planning and its Third National Communication. The country is dedicated to creating a long-term strategy for low-carbon development and reducing its greenhouse gas emissions.[19] Albania has pledged a 20.9% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030.[20]

ANDORRA

As a small mountainous country, Andorra is highly vulnerable to climate change. Temperatures in its high-altitude regions have risen by about 0.17°C per decade, while annual rainfall has decreased by 49 mm. These shifts are impacting water resources and snow cover—key elements for Andorra's tourism-driven economy.[21] The number of days with enough snow for skiing is declining, and the snow line is retreating to higher altitudes.[22]

Although its greenhouse gas emissions are one of the lowest in the world (just 534 thousand tonnes emitted in 2023)[23], Andorra has a strong climate change mitigation strategy, with a focus on renewable energy and energy efficiency. In its Nationally Determined Contribution, Andorra has committed to reducing its emissions by 55% by 2030, and to carbon neutrality by 2050.[24] However, the adaptation part of the strategy is still in early stages and may be difficult and costly to implement. Given the country's reliance on tourism, speeding up adaptation is essential for building a more resilient economy.[22]

ANGOLA

The annual mean temperature has increased by 1.4.°C since 1951 and is expected to keep rising.[25] The rate of warming is expected to be faster in Angola's continental interior and eastern regions, while the western coastal areas are likely to experience slower warming. Extremely hot days are projected to occur 2 - 4 times more often by the 2060s while rainfall is becoming more variable.[26] Angola is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts.[27] Natural hazards that hinder development, such as like floods, erosion, droughts, and epidemics (e.g.: malaria, cholera and typhoid fever) are expected to worsen with climate change. Southern Angola has experience several severe droughts over the last decade, resulting in food and water scarcity.[28] Rising sea levels also pose a significant risk to Angola's coastal areas, where around 50% of the population lives.[29]

In 2023, Angola emitted 174.71 million tonnes of greenhouse gases, around 0.32% of the world's total emissions, making it the 46th highest emitting country.[30] In its Nationally Determined Contribution, Angola has pledged by 2025 a 14% reduction in its greenhouse gas emissions and additional 10% reduction conditional on international support.[31] According to the World Bank, achieving climate resilience in Angola requires diversifying its economy away from its dependence on oil.[25]


AUSTRIA

Climate change in Austria has already caused temperature rises of almost 2°C since 1880, and temperatures are expected to increase further while heat waves become more common. Extreme precipitation events have become more frequent, and associated floods and landslides could threaten Austria’s electricity supply security.[32] Austria's mountainous regions are highly sensitive to climate change experiencing reduced snowfall, earlier snowmelt and glacier loss.[33][34]


LATIN AMERICA

As of 2023, Latin America and the Caribbean generates 60% of its electricity from renewable energy - double the global average of 30%. Despite this, fossil fuels still play a substantial role, especially in transportation and industry, with oil and gas constituting a notable portion. Approximately two-thirds of the region's energy mix comes from fossil fuels,[35][36] Of the region's total energy production, 43% is hydroelectric, 8% wind and 6% is solar.[37]

ADD ENERGY COMMITMENTS


An essential aspect of successful afforestation efforts lies in the careful selection of tree species that are well-suited to the local climate and soil conditions. By choosing appropriate species, afforested areas can better withstand the impacts of climate change.[38]

Earth offers enough room to plant an additional 0.9 billion ha of tree canopy cover.[39] Planting and protecting them would sequester 205 billion tons of carbon[39] which is about 20 years of current global carbon emissions.[40] This level of sequestration would represent about 25% of the atmosphere's current carbon pool.[39] Although this is true for some degraded areas, there has been debate about whether afforestation is beneficial for the sustainable use of natural resources,[41][42] with some researchers pointing out that tree planting is not the only way to enhance climate mitigation and CO2 capture.[41] Non-forest areas, such as grasslands and savannas, also benefit the biosphere and humanity, and they need a different management strategy - they are not supposed to be forests.[43][44]

Australia, Canada, China, India, Israel, United States and Europe have afforestation programs to increase carbon dioxide removal in forests and in some cases to reduce desertification. Carbon sequestration estimates in those areas often do not include the full amount of carbon reductions in soils and slowing tree growth over time. Also, afforestation can negatively affect biodiversity through increasing fragmentation and edge effects for the habitat remaining outside the planted area.


FOREST MANAGEMENT

ONE

Although this is true for some degraded areas, there has been a debate about whether afforestation is beneficial for the sustainable use of natural resources.[45][46] Comments on recent research have pointed out that planting trees is not the only way to enhance climate mitigation and CO2 capture.[47] Non-forest areas, such as grasslands and savannas, also benefit the biosphere and humanity, and they need a different management strategy - they are not supposed to be forests.[48][49]

TWO

Opponents of afforestation argue that ecosystems without trees are not necessarily degraded, and many of them can store carbon as they are; for example, savannas and tundra store carbon underground.[50][51] Carbon sequestration estimates in these areas often do not include the total amount of carbon reductions in soils and slowing tree growth over time. Afforestation can also negatively affect biodiversity by increasing fragmentation and edge effects on the habitat outside the planted area.

THREE [CITATION]? [52][53]

Afforestation - Impact on biodiversity

ASIAN HORNET

NOT GA, GEORGIA

This was followed by the first report of the species from South Carolina in November 2023, and the discovery of nests in 2024.[54][55]



BENTHOS

1. Microbenthos

Add esturine environments Benthos community composititon in subtitle environments varies according to vary temporally due to variations in temperature, currents, upwelling, pelagic productivity, rainfall, and river runoff.[56]

Threats

Benthos are negatively impacted by fishing, pollution and litter, deep-sea mining, oil and gas activities, tourism, shipping, invasive species, climate change (and its impacts such as ocean acidification, ocean warming and changes to ocean circulation) and construction such as coastal development, undersea cables, and wind farm construction.[57]

Fishing

[58]

Deep sea-mining


Climate change


HOW ABOUT A THREATS SECTION IN BENTHOS?

FLOOD CONTROL

Terminology

Flood management is a broad term that includes measures to control or mitigate flood waters, such as actions to prevent floods from occuring or to minimise their impacts when they do occur.[59][60]

Flood management methods can be structural or non-structural:

  • Structural flood management (i.e: flood control) is the reduction of the effects of a flood using physical solutions, such as reservoirs, levees, dredging and diversions.
  • Non-structural flood management includes land-use planning, advanced warning systems and flood insurance. Further examples are: "zoning ordinances and codes, flood forecasting, flood proofing, evacuation and channel clearing, flood fight activities, and upstream land treatment or management to control flood damages without physically restraining flood waters".[61]

There are several related terms that are closely connected or encompassed by flood management.

Flood management can include flood risk management, which focuses on measures to reduce risk, vulnerability and exposure to flood disasters and providing risk analysis through, for example, flood risk assessment.[62] In the context of natural hazards and disasters, risk management involves "plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce the likelihood and/or magnitude of adverse potential consequences, based on assessed or perceived risks".[63]

Flood control, flood protection, flood defence and flood alleviation are all terms that mean "the detention and/or diversion of water during flood events for the purpose of reducing discharge or downstream inundation".[64] Flood control methods manage water to prevent floodwaters from reaching a particular area.

Flood mitigation is a related but separate concept describing a broader set of strategies taken to reduce flood risk and potential impact while improving resilience against flood events. These methods include prevention, prediction (which enables flood warnings and evacuation), proofing (e.g.: zoning regulations), physical control (nature-based solutions and physical structures like dams and flood walls) and insurance (e.g.: flood insurance policies).[65][66]

Flood relief methods are used to reduce the effects of flood waters or high water levels during a flooding event.[67] They include evacuation plans and rescue operations.


DON'T FORGET - UPDATE EXAMPLES TO BE ABOUT CONTROL

NOT TO INCLUDE

Flood alleviation refers to methods taken to lessen the impacts of flooding on infrastructure, communities, and the environment. (REF)

Campaign tracker

Kindly note this is a working list and is subject to frequent updates.

Currently, there are 30 individual researchers from 11 different institutions on the list, who have cumulatively proposed edits to 34 different articles.

Date Name Article Affiliation
2-Aug Arne Scheire List of weather records University of Exeter
3-Aug Arne Scheire List of weather records University of Exeter
4-Aug Josh Buxton redirect: Tipping points University of Exeter
5-Aug Ian Burton* Integrated assessment modelling University of Exeter
6-Aug Ashish Ghadiali Climate justice University of Exeter
7-Aug Ashish Ghadiali Climate justice University of Exeter
8-Aug Oscar Kennedy-Blundell Biochar University of Exeter
9-Aug Oscar Kennedy-Blundell Biochar University of Exeter
10-Aug Oscar Kennedy-Blundell Biochar University of Exeter
11-Aug Jyoti Narsude Soil carbon University of Leeds
12-Aug Reza Zamani Air pollution University of Exeter
13-Aug Reza Zamani Air pollution University of Exeter
14-Aug Alastair Baker* Renewable Energy University of Leeds
15-Aug Reza Zamani Air pollution University of Exeter
16-Aug Reza Zamani Air pollution University of Exeter
17-Aug Reza Zamani Air pollution University of Exeter
18-Aug Reza Zamani Air pollution University of Exeter
19-Aug Luke Surl* Ozone depletion and climate change University of Exeter
20-Aug Luke Surl* Ozone depletion and climate change University of Exeter
21-Aug Luke Surl* Ozone depletion and climate change University of Exeter
22-Aug Reza Zamani Air pollution University of Exeter
23-Aug Reza Zamani Air pollution University of Exeter
24-Aug Reza Zamani Air pollution University of Exeter
25-Aug Reza Zamani Air pollution University of Exeter
26-Aug Reza Zamani Air pollution University of Exeter
27-Aug Reza Zamani Air pollution University of Exeter
28-Aug Reza Zamani Air pollution University of Exeter
29-Aug Kevin Flynn Phytoplankton Plymouth Marine Lab
30-Aug Kevin Flynn Coccolithophores Plymouth Marine Lab
31-Aug Rebecca Millington Benthos Plymouth Marine Lab
1-Sep Rebecca Millington Benthos Plymouth Marine Lab
2-Sep Neill MacKay Ocean current University of Exeter
3-Sep Neill MacKay Ocean current University of Exeter
4-Sep Neill MacKay Ocean current University of Exeter
ONE THIRD COMPLETE!
5-Sep Neill MacKay Ocean current University of Exeter
6-Sep Neill MacKay Ocean current University of Exeter
7-Sep Neill MacKay Ocean current University of Exeter
8-Sep Neill MacKay Ocean current University of Exeter
9-Sep Neill MacKay Ocean current (made on 8 September) University of Exeter
10-Sep Neill MacKay Ocean current University of Exeter
11-Sep Andrew Cox* Carbon sequestration Met Office
12-Sep Neill MacKay Ocean current University of Exeter
13-Sep Prahelika Deka Flood control > Flood management University of Leeds
14-Sep Neill MacKay Ocean current University of Exeter
15-Sep Neill MacKay Oceanic carbon cycle University of Exeter
16-Sep Neill MacKay Oceanic carbon cycle University of Exeter
17-Sep Noah Smith* Permafrost University of Exeter
18-Sep Noah Smith* Palsa University of Exeter
19-Sep Neill MacKay Oceanic carbon cycle (made on 18 September) University of Exeter
20-Sep Neill MacKay Oceanic carbon cycle University of Exeter
21-Sep Neill MacKay Oceanic carbon cycle University of Exeter
CAMPAIGN HALFWAY MARK!
22-Sep Rebecca Millington Benthos Plymouth Marine Lab
23-Sep Rebecca Millington Benthos Plymouth Marine Lab
24-Sep Rebecca Millington Benthos Plymouth Marine Lab
25-Sep Femke Njisse* Grid energy storage University of Exeter
26-Sep Guy Lomax Holistic management (agriculture) University of Exeter
27-Sep Guy Lomax Holistic management (agriculture) University of Exeter
28-Sep Guy Lomax Holistic management (agriculture) University of Exeter
29-Sep Femke Njisse* Grid energy storage University of Exeter
30-Sep Guy Lomax Holistic management (agriculture) University of Exeter
31-Sep Guy Lomax Holistic management (agriculture) University of Exeter
1-Oct Prahelika Deka Flood control (now Flood management) University of Leeds
2-Oct Virginia Thomas* Rewilding (made on 30th September) AgResearch
3-Oct Virginia Thomas* Rewilding (made on 1st October) AgResearch
4-Oct Virginia Thomas* Rewilding (made on 3rd October due to time difference) AgResearch
5-Oct Femke Njisse* Grid energy storage University of Exeter
6-Oct Femke Njisse* Grid energy storage University of Exeter
7-Oct Tyler Hallman Bird migration Bangor University
8-Oct Tyler Hallman Bird migration Bangor University
TWO THIRDS COMPLETE!
9-Oct Sam Hampton Business action on climate change University of Oxford
10-Oct Sam Hampton Business action on climate change University of Oxford
11-Oct Sam Hampton Business action on climate change University of Oxford
12-Oct Doris Wendt Drought University of Bristol
13-Oct Doris Wendt Drought University of Bristol
14-Oct David Armstrong McKay* Tipping points in the climate system University of Sussex
15-Oct David Armstrong McKay* Tipping points in the climate system University of Sussex
16-Oct David Armstrong McKay* Tipping points in the climate system University of Sussex
17-Oct Doris Wendt Drought University of Bristol
18-Oct John Harvey Pet food University of Exeter
19-Oct John Harvey Pet food University of Exeter
20-Oct John Harvey Pet food University of Exeter
21-Oct Johan Viljoen* Phytoplankton University of Exeter
22-Oct Glen Jonata 3D printing Cranfield University
23-Oct Glen Jonata 3D printing Cranfield University
24-Oct Johan Viljoen* Phytoplankton University of Exeter
25-Oct Glen Jonata 3D printing Cranfield University
26-Oct Glen Jonata 3D printing Cranfield University
27-Oct Alex Mason Climate engineering University of Exeter
28-Oct Alex Mason Climate engineering University of Exeter
29-Oct Alex Mason Climate engineering University of Exeter
30-Oct John Harvey Dog food University of Exeter
31-Oct John Harvey Pet food University of Exeter
1-Nov Femke Njisse* Climate change University of Exeter
2-Nov Juan P. Benavides-Tocarruncho Afforestation (& edits automatically carried to Forest management) University of Exeter
3-Nov Juan P. Benavides-Tocarruncho Forest management University of Exeter
4-Nov Juan P. Benavides-Tocarruncho Forest management University of Exeter
5-Nov Thomas O-Shea-Wheller Asian hornet University of Exeter
6-Nov Trisha Lomax Ecological restoration University of Exeter
7-Nov Trisha Lomax Ecological restoration University of Exeter
8-Nov Trisha Lomax Ecological restoration University of Exeter
9-Nov Trisha Lomax Ecological restoration University of Exeter
10-Nov Trisha Lomax Ecological restoration University of Exeter
END OF CAMPAIGN!

A * indicates the participant has chosen to make their own edit.


https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-what-is-climate-justice/


Globally premature deaths due to fine particulate and ozone air pollution are estimated at 8.34 million deaths per year.[68]

Cumulative results

Results Oct 2022 - April 2024 (just over 1.5 years)

  • more than 120 editors have been trained over 13 editathon events.
  • more than 450 articles have been edited to varying degrees (as a cumulative effort from both trainers (4) and trainees).
  • Cumulatively, these articles have been viewed 53.2 million times since they were first edited.
  • Of these, 20 articles have undergone completed expert review.

Edit analysis

From a 6% sample (28 of 450 articles edited),

96% of edits stick (only 1 edit in the sample remained reverted)

Types of edits (per article) & approx %s:

36.6% adding information

16,6% removing information (of this, 40% removing misinformation)

36,6% Structural rearrangements/copy editing

10% other

Length of edits (per article) & approx %s:

21,4% add more than a paragraph

32% add less than a paragraph

28,6% 0-1 words added

10,7% remove less than a paragraph

7% remove more than a paragraph

(paragraph = 100 words)

Edit analysis

Year 2 Results

more than 40 editors have been trained to edit Wikipedia’s climate change articles, and 64 climate change-related articles have been improved. These articles have been viewed over 3.74 million times since they were edited.

Over 4 editathon events, 64 articles were improved. These articles have been viewed over 3.47M times since they were edited.

Spanish.

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