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CC-BY REF: [1]

AFGHANISTAN

Although Afghanistan has contributed minimally to global greenhouse gas emissions, it is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change and the least prepared to cope with its impacts.[2] Climate change in Afghanistan is causing more frequent and severe droughts.[3][4] Severe drought conditions affect 25 of the country's 34 provinces, impacting over half of the population.[5] These droughts cause desertification[6][7], reduce food[8] and water security[9], disrupt agriculture and cause internal displacement.[10] Extreme rainfall over short periods is more likely, increasing the risk of floods and landslides.[11] Due to rising temperatures, almost 14% of Afghanistan's glacier coverage was lost between 1990 and 2015[12] increasing the risk of glacial lake outburst floods.[13] By 2050, climate change could displace an additional 5 million people within Afghanistan.[14][15]

FINANCING?

ALBANIA

Albania is one of the European countries most at risk and vulnerable to natural disasters.[16] Natural disasters, such as floods and forest fires, are increasing in Albania, causing significant damage. Albania experiences nearly one natural disaster annually on average, each disaster causing damage equivalent to 1.3% of the country’s GDP and impacting around 5% of the population.[17] Rising sea levels are anticipated to negatively impact coastal communities and the tourism industry.[17]

By 2050, Albania's average annual temperature is projected to rise by between 1.3°C and 2.2°C, with more frequent extreme heat events. Rainfall is expected to decrease by between 2.1% and 4.3%, while heavy rain events are predicted to become more frequent and intense.[17]

Increasing risks of river floods and droughts due to climate change is expected to put electricity generation at risk, given the country's reliance on hydropower.[17]

In 2023 Albania emitted 7.67 million tonnes of greenhouse gases[18], equivalent to 2.73 tonnes per person[19], making it a relatively low emitting country. Albania has pledged a 20.9% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 and net zero by 2050[20]

ANDORRA

As a small mountainous country, Andorra is highly vulnerable to climate change. Temperatures in its high-altitude regions have risen by about 0.17°C per decade, while annual rainfall has decreased by 49 mm. These shifts are impacting water resources and snow cover—key elements for Andorra's tourism-driven economy.[21] The number of days with enough snow for skiing is declining, and the snow line is retreating to higher altitudes.[22]

Although its greenhouse gas emissions are one of the lowest in the world (534 thousand tonnes emitted in 2023)[23], Andorra has a strong climate change mitigation strategy, with a focus on renewable energy and energy efficiency. In its Nationally Determined Contribution, Andorra has committed to reducing its emissions by 55% by 2030, and to carbon neutrality by 2050.[24] However, the adaptation part of the strategy is still in early stages and may be difficult and costly to implement. Given the country's reliance on tourism, speeding up adaptation is essential for building a more resilient economy.[22]

ANGOLA

The annual mean temperature has increased by 1.4.°C since 1951 and is expected to keep rising.[25] The rate of warming is expected to be faster in Angola's continental interior and eastern regions, while the western coastal areas are likely to experience slower warming. Extremely hot days are projected to occur 2 - 4 times more often by the 2060s while rainfall is becoming more variable.[26] Angola is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts.[27] Natural hazards that hinder development, such as like floods, erosion, droughts, and epidemics (e.g.: malaria, cholera and typhoid fever) are expected to worsen with climate change. Southern Angola has experience several severe droughts over the last decade, resulting in food and water scarcity.[28] Rising sea levels also pose a significant risk to Angola's coastal areas, where around 50% of the population lives.[29]

In 2023, Angola emitted 174.71 million tonnes of greenhouse gases, around 0.32% of the world's total emissions, making it the 46th highest emitting country.[30] In its Nationally Determined Contribution, Angola has pledged by 2025 a 14% reduction in its greenhouse gas emissions and additional 10% reduction conditional on international support.[31] According to the World Bank, achieving climate resilience in Angola requires diversifying its economy away from its dependence on oil.[25]

AUSTRIA

Climate change in Austria has already caused temperature rises of almost 2°C since 1880, and temperatures are expected to increase further while heat waves become more common. Extreme precipitation events have become more frequent, and associated floods and landslides could threaten Austria’s electricity supply security.[32] Austria's mountainous regions are highly sensitive to climate change experiencing reduced snowfall, earlier snowmelt and glacier loss.[33][34]

BAHAMAS

See also: Climate change in the Caribbean

Climate change is causing temperature increases in the Bahamas. The rate of the temperature increase varies seasonally - the average increase is 0.5°C since 1960, although the maximum temperature for June has increased recently at a rate of 2.6°C per 100 years.[35] Global temperature rise of 2°C above preindustrial levels can increase the likelihood of extreme hurricane rainfall by four to five times in the Bahamas.[36][37] The IPCC expects the 20-year average global temperature to exceed +1.5 °C in the early 2030s.[38] The Bahamas is expected to be the highly affected by sea level rise because at least 80% of the total land is below 10 meters elevation.[39][40]

Although the country's greenhouse gas emissions are comparatively small[23], the Bahamas is reliant on imported fossil fuels for energy generation.[41] The government plans to increase solar energy capacity to 30% of the country's total energy production by 2033.[42] The Bahamas has pledged to reduce it's emissions by 30% by 2030, if international support is received.[43]

Q FOR FEMKE - PHRASING

As a small island developing state, the Bahamas is vulnerable to worsengin disease outbreaks[44]

BELGIUM

add to CC in Belgium.

Climate change in Belgium has caused temperatures rises and more frequent and intense heatwaves, increases in winter rainfall and decreases in snowfall.[45] By 2100, sea levels along the Belgian coast are projected to rise by 60 to 90 cm with a maximum potential increase of up to 200 cm in the worst-case scenario.[46] The costs of climate change are estimated to amount to €9.5 billion a year in 2050 (2% of Belgian GDP), mainly due to extreme heat, drought and flooding, while economics gains due to milder winters amount to approximately €3 billion a year (0.65% of GDP).[46] In 2023, Belgium emitted 106.82 million tonnes of greenhouse gases (around 0.2% of the global total emissions), equivalent to 9.12 tonnes per person.[30][47]

BELIZE

Belize is highly vulnerable to climate change due to its low-lying coastal areas, diverse ecosystems, and reliance on tourism and agriculture.[48] The country faces rising sea levels, and coastal erosion which threaten coastal communities and coral reefs.[49][50] Warming ocean temperatures are causing coral bleaching, impacting biodiversity and fisheries.[51] Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and floods, have become more frequent and intense, damaging infrastructure and livelihoods.[48]

As a country, Belize's 2023 greenhouse gas emissions are relatively low (7.46 million tonnes), however, it ranks as the 13th highest country for per capita emissions, at 18.13 tonnes per person.[30][52] Land use change and forestry together is the highest source of emissions in Belize.[53] The government has committed to net zero emissions by 2050 and has developed climate resilience and adaptation plans.[53]

LATIN AMERICA

As of 2023, Latin America and the Caribbean generates 60% of its electricity from renewable energy - double the global average of 30%. Despite this, fossil fuels still play a substantial role, especially in transportation and industry, with oil and gas constituting a notable portion. Approximately two-thirds of the region's energy mix comes from fossil fuels,[54][55] Of the region's total energy production, 43% is hydroelectric, 8% wind and 6% is solar.[56]

ADD ENERGY COMMITMENTS


An essential aspect of successful afforestation efforts lies in the careful selection of tree species that are well-suited to the local climate and soil conditions. By choosing appropriate species, afforested areas can better withstand the impacts of climate change.[57]

Earth offers enough room to plant an additional 0.9 billion ha of tree canopy cover.[58] Planting and protecting them would sequester 205 billion tons of carbon[58] which is about 20 years of current global carbon emissions.[59] This level of sequestration would represent about 25% of the atmosphere's current carbon pool.[58] Although this is true for some degraded areas, there has been debate about whether afforestation is beneficial for the sustainable use of natural resources,[60][61] with some researchers pointing out that tree planting is not the only way to enhance climate mitigation and CO2 capture.[60] Non-forest areas, such as grasslands and savannas, also benefit the biosphere and humanity, and they need a different management strategy - they are not supposed to be forests.[62][63]

Australia, Canada, China, India, Israel, United States and Europe have afforestation programs to increase carbon dioxide removal in forests and in some cases to reduce desertification. Carbon sequestration estimates in those areas often do not include the full amount of carbon reductions in soils and slowing tree growth over time. Also, afforestation can negatively affect biodiversity through increasing fragmentation and edge effects for the habitat remaining outside the planted area.


FOREST MANAGEMENT

ONE

Although this is true for some degraded areas, there has been a debate about whether afforestation is beneficial for the sustainable use of natural resources.[64][65] Comments on recent research have pointed out that planting trees is not the only way to enhance climate mitigation and CO2 capture.[66] Non-forest areas, such as grasslands and savannas, also benefit the biosphere and humanity, and they need a different management strategy - they are not supposed to be forests.[67][68]

TWO

Opponents of afforestation argue that ecosystems without trees are not necessarily degraded, and many of them can store carbon as they are; for example, savannas and tundra store carbon underground.[69][70] Carbon sequestration estimates in these areas often do not include the total amount of carbon reductions in soils and slowing tree growth over time. Afforestation can also negatively affect biodiversity by increasing fragmentation and edge effects on the habitat outside the planted area.

THREE [CITATION]? [71][72]

Afforestation - Impact on biodiversity

ASIAN HORNET

NOT GA, GEORGIA

This was followed by the first report of the species from South Carolina in November 2023, and the discovery of nests in 2024.[73][74]



BENTHOS

1. Microbenthos

Add esturine environments Benthos community composititon in subtitle environments varies according to vary temporally due to variations in temperature, currents, upwelling, pelagic productivity, rainfall, and river runoff.[75]

Threats

edit

Benthos are negatively impacted by fishing, pollution and litter, deep-sea mining, oil and gas activities, tourism, shipping, invasive species, climate change (and its impacts such as ocean acidification, ocean warming and changes to ocean circulation) and construction such as coastal development, undersea cables, and wind farm construction.[76]

Fishing

[77]

Deep sea-mining


Climate change


HOW ABOUT A THREATS SECTION IN BENTHOS?

FLOOD CONTROL

Terminology

edit

Flood management is a broad term that includes measures to control or mitigate flood waters, such as actions to prevent floods from occuring or to minimise their impacts when they do occur.[78][79]

Flood management methods can be structural or non-structural:

  • Structural flood management (i.e: flood control) is the reduction of the effects of a flood using physical solutions, such as reservoirs, levees, dredging and diversions.
  • Non-structural flood management includes land-use planning, advanced warning systems and flood insurance. Further examples are: "zoning ordinances and codes, flood forecasting, flood proofing, evacuation and channel clearing, flood fight activities, and upstream land treatment or management to control flood damages without physically restraining flood waters".[80]

There are several related terms that are closely connected or encompassed by flood management.

Flood management can include flood risk management, which focuses on measures to reduce risk, vulnerability and exposure to flood disasters and providing risk analysis through, for example, flood risk assessment.[81] In the context of natural hazards and disasters, risk management involves "plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce the likelihood and/or magnitude of adverse potential consequences, based on assessed or perceived risks".[82]

Flood control, flood protection, flood defence and flood alleviation are all terms that mean "the detention and/or diversion of water during flood events for the purpose of reducing discharge or downstream inundation".[83] Flood control methods manage water to prevent floodwaters from reaching a particular area.

Flood mitigation is a related but separate concept describing a broader set of strategies taken to reduce flood risk and potential impact while improving resilience against flood events. These methods include prevention, prediction (which enables flood warnings and evacuation), proofing (e.g.: zoning regulations), physical control (nature-based solutions and physical structures like dams and flood walls) and insurance (e.g.: flood insurance policies).[84][85]

Flood relief methods are used to reduce the effects of flood waters or high water levels during a flooding event.[86] They include evacuation plans and rescue operations.


DON'T FORGET - UPDATE EXAMPLES TO BE ABOUT CONTROL

NOT TO INCLUDE

Flood alleviation refers to methods taken to lessen the impacts of flooding on infrastructure, communities, and the environment. (REF)


https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-what-is-climate-justice/


Globally premature deaths due to fine particulate and ozone air pollution are estimated at 8.34 million deaths per year.[87]

Cumulative results

edit

Results Oct 2022 - April 2024 (just over 1.5 years)

  • more than 120 editors have been trained over 13 editathon events.
  • more than 450 articles have been edited to varying degrees (as a cumulative effort from both trainers (4) and trainees).
  • Cumulatively, these articles have been viewed 53.2 million times since they were first edited.
  • Of these, 20 articles have undergone completed expert review.

Edit analysis

edit

From a 6% sample (28 of 450 articles edited),

96% of edits stick (only 1 edit in the sample remained reverted)

Types of edits (per article) & approx %s:

36.6% adding information

16,6% removing information (of this, 40% removing misinformation)

36,6% Structural rearrangements/copy editing

10% other

Length of edits (per article) & approx %s:

21,4% add more than a paragraph

32% add less than a paragraph

28,6% 0-1 words added

10,7% remove less than a paragraph

7% remove more than a paragraph

(paragraph = 100 words)

Edit analysis

edit

Year 2 Results

edit

more than 40 editors have been trained to edit Wikipedia’s climate change articles, and 64 climate change-related articles have been improved. These articles have been viewed over 3.74 million times since they were edited.

Over 4 editathon events, 64 articles were improved. These articles have been viewed over 3.47M times since they were edited.

Spanish.

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