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The 1944 Democratic National Convention was held at the Chicago Stadium in Chicago, Illinois from July 19 to July 21, 1944. The convention resulted in the nomination of President Franklin D. Roosevelt for an unprecedented fourth term. Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri was nominated for vice president. Including Roosevelt's nomination for the vice-presidency in 1920, it was the fifth time Roosevelt had been nominated on a national ticket. The keynote address was given by Governor Robert S. Kerr of Oklahoma, in which he "gave tribute to Roosevelt's war leadership and New Deal policies."[1]
| 1944 presidential election | |
  Nominees Roosevelt and Truman | |
| Convention | |
|---|---|
| Date(s) | July 19–21, 1944 |
| City | Chicago, Illinois |
| Venue | Chicago Stadium |
| Candidates | |
| Presidential nominee | Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York |
| Vice-presidential nominee | Harry S. Truman of Missouri |
| Voting | |
| Total delegates | 1,176 |
| Votes needed for nomination | 589 (majority) |
| Results (president) | Roosevelt (NY): 1,086 (92.35%) Byrd (VA): 89 (7.56%) Farley: 1 (0.09%) |
| Results (vice president) | Truman (MO): 1,031 (87.67%) Wallace (IA): 105 (8.93%) Cooper (TN): 26 (2.21%) Barkley (KY): 6 (0.51%) Others: 7 (0.6%) |
Presidential nomination
editPresidential candidates
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Unlike the previous convention, President Roosevelt faced no serious opposition for a fourth term, with the country's active involvement in World War II and the consequent need for stable leadership considered a more pressing issue than any concerns about his remaining in office. Several Southern delegates who were opposed to Roosevelt's racial policies tried to draft Virginia senator Harry F. Byrd to run for the presidential nomination, but Byrd decided against actively campaigning against the President. In the end, Byrd did win more delegates than any of the candidates who had tried to run against Roosevelt four years prior, but still fell far short of seriously challenging for the nomination.[2]
Balloting
editRoosevelt was nominated on the first ballot:
| Presidential Balloting[3] | |
|---|---|
| Candidate | 1st |
| Roosevelt | 1,086 |
| Byrd | 89 |
| Farley | 1 |
Presidential Balloting / 2nd Day of Convention (July 20, 1944)
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1st Presidential Ballot
Acceptance speech
editRoosevelt delivered his acceptance speech remotely, from a Pacific Coast naval base.[4] This was the last time a major party presidential candidate accepted that person's nomination remotely for a period of 76 years until Joe Biden accepted his nomination in 2020 from a set in his home town of Wilmington, Delaware due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.[4]
Vice Presidential nomination
editVice Presidential candidates
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Despite the obvious physical decline in the president's appearance, as well as rumors of secret health problems, Roosevelt's fourth nomination as president was largely unchallenged. The contention lay in the vice-presidential nomination. Henry A. Wallace had been elected vice president in 1940. He was FDR's preferred choice and was very popular with rank and file Democratic voters. However, conservative party leaders, such as Southerner James F. Byrnes, strongly opposed his renomination. They regarded Wallace as being too far to the left, too "progressive" and too friendly to labor to be next in line for the presidency. Fighting to keep Wallace off the ticket were outgoing Democratic National Committee chairman Frank C. Walker, incoming chairman Robert E. Hannegan, party treasurer Edwin W. Pauley, strategist Edward J. Flynn, Chicago Mayor Edward Joseph Kelly and lobbyist George E. Allen, who dubbed the group "The Conspiracy of the Pure in Heart."[5] The anti-Wallace forces were divided over who to support. Southern conservatives supported Byrnes, but the Congress of Industrial Organizations opposed him. Flynn opposed Byrnes due to his conversion from Catholicism to Protestantism and lack of appeal to black voters.[6]
They privately told Roosevelt that they would fight Wallace's renomination, and they proposed Missouri Senator Harry S. Truman as FDR's new running mate. Truman had entered the Senate in January 1935 with a reputation as "the senator from Pendergast". Then he had become well known during the war as the chairman of a Senate investigating committee. Roosevelt personally liked Wallace and knew little about Truman, but he reluctantly agreed to accept Truman as his new running mate to preserve party unity.
Roosevelt sent a letter to Samuel D. Jackson in which he stated that he support Wallace if he was a delegate, but had "no desire to appear to dictate to the convention". Roosevelt sent another letter a few days later stating that he would support having either Truman or William O. Douglas as his running mate. Wallace's supporters attempted to save his nomination under the leadership of U.S. Senator Joseph F. Guffey.[7] Wallace's supporters were made up of Rexford Tugwell, Ellis Arnall, Claude Pepper, Helen Gahagan Douglas, Robert F. Wagner, black leaders opposed to Byrd and Byrnes, and the political action committees of the CIO and United Auto Workers. The Michigan delegation's support for Wallace was maintained by the CIO and UAW.[8]
President Roosevelt was absent from the convention, as he traveled to the South Pacific in order to discuss military strategy with General Douglas MacArthur. This was the last time that a presidential nominee failed to attend a national convention during the 20th century. Even so, many delegates refused to abandon Wallace. In the first ballot, with a pool of 17 candidates vying for 1143.5 votes, Wallace led with 429.5 votes, while Truman got 319.5 votes, but Wallace was short of the majority. The party leaders went to work talking to delegates, cutting deals and applying pressure to persuade them to select Truman. Truman won the second ballot by 1031 votes to 105. The maneuverings over the 1944 vice presidential nomination proved to be historic, as FDR died in April 1945, and Truman, not Wallace, thus became the nation's 33rd president.[9]
Jackson, who had worked feverishly to secure Truman's nomination, later said he wanted his tombstone inscribed with the words "Here lies the man who stopped Henry Wallace from becoming President of the United States."[10]
| Vice Presidential Balloting | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate | 1st | 2nd (Before Shifts) | 2nd (After Shifts) |
| Truman | 319.5 | 477.5 | 1,031 |
| Wallace | 429.5 | 473 | 105 |
| Bankhead II | 98 | 23.5 | 0 |
| Lucas | 61 | 58 | 0 |
| Barkley | 49.5 | 40 | 6 |
| Broughton | 43 | 30 | 0 |
| McNutt | 31 | 28 | 1 |
| O'Mahoney | 27 | 8 | 0 |
| Cooper | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Kerr | 23 | 1 | 0 |
| O'Conor | 18 | 0 | 0 |
| Thomas | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| Douglas | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Pepper | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| Murphy | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Rayburn | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Timmons | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Not Voting | 29.5 | 4 | 0 |
| Absent | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Vice Presidential Balloting / 3rd Day of Convention (July 21, 1944)
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1st Vice Presidential Ballot -
2nd Vice Presidential Ballot (Before Shifts) -
2nd Vice Presidential Ballot (After Shifts)
In popular culture
editThe events of the Chicago convention were dramatized in the second episode of the popular Showtime documentary series Oliver Stone's Untold History of the United States which looks at how close Henry Wallace came to the US presidency.[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Kerr Exhibit, 1944 Democratic National Convention". Archived from the original on 2007-02-07. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ Turner Catledge, "Roosevelt Nominated for Fourth Term", The New York Times (July 21, 1944).
- ^ For the Fourth Time – TIME
- ^ a b Walker, Hunter (5 August 2020). "Biden won't travel to Milwaukee to accept presidential nomination as coronavirus scuttles both political conventions". ca.news.yahoo.com. Yahoo News. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ McCullough, David (1992). Truman, pp373-378. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-86920-5
- ^ Schmidt 1960, p. 3.
- ^ Schmidt 1960, pp. 2–3.
- ^ Schmidt 1960, p. 5.
- ^ ""Henry Agard Wallace, 33rd Vice President (1941–1945)"". Archived from the original on 2006-01-27. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
- ^ What If 2? Edited by Robert Crowley. 'The Presidency of Henry Wallace', by James Chace, page 394
Works cited
edit- Schmidt, Karl (1960). Henry A. Wallace: Quixotic Crusade 1948. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0020-6.
Bibliography
edit- Robert H. Ferrell, Choosing Truman: The Democratic Convention of 1944 (1994), Columbia: University of Missouri Press, ISBN 0-8262-1308-1
External links
edit- Democratic Party Platform of 1944 at The American Presidency Project
- Roosevelt Nomination Acceptance Speech for President at DNC (transcript) at The American Presidency Project
| Preceded by 1940 Chicago, Illinois |
Democratic National Conventions | Succeeded by 1948 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |