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Ə, or ə, also called schwa, is an additional letter of the Latin alphabet. In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), minuscule ə is used to represent the mid central vowel or a schwa.
| Schwa | |
|---|---|
| Ə ə | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | alphabetic |
| Sound values | [æ] [ə] [ɨ] |
| In Unicode | U+018F, U+0259 |
| History | |
| Development | |
| Time period | ~1922 to 1939, 1992 to present |
| Descendants | • Ә |
| Other | |
| Writing direction | Left-to-right |
It was invented by Johann Andreas Schmeller for the reduced vowel at the end of some German words and first used in his 1820s works on the Bavarian dialects.
Usage
editIt is or was used in several languages around the world, including the Azerbaijani, Gottscheerish, Karay·a and Adyghe languages, the Abenaki language of Quebec, and in the hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ dialect of Halkomelem. Both the majuscule and minuscule forms of this letter are based on the form of a turned e, while in Balinese it is not written formally but the final orthographic -a is a schwa [ə] and sometimes represented by ǎ letter.[1][2] meanwhile in Pan-Nigerian alphabet pairs the same lowercase letter with Ǝ.
A superscript minuscule (U+1D4A ᵊ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL SCHWA) is used to modify the preceding consonant to have a mid central vowel release, though it is also commonly used to indicate possible syllabicity of the following sonorant, especially in transcriptions of English. The latter usage is non-standard.
In the Azerbaijani alphabet, ⟨Ə⟩ represents the near-open front unrounded vowel, /æ/, like the pronunciation of ⟨a⟩ in "cat". The letter was used in the 1992 Chechen Latin alphabet proposal where it represented the glottal stop, /ʔ/, like the pronunciation of ⟨tt⟩ in GA "button". It was also used in the Uniform Turkic Alphabet, for example in Janalif for the Tatar language in the 1920s–1930s. Also, in a romanization of Pashto, the letter ⟨Ə⟩ is used to represent [ə]. When some Roman orthographies in the Soviet Union were converted to use the Cyrillic script in the 1930s and 1940s, this letter has been adopted verbatim.
In the Karay·a alphabet, the letter represents /ə/.
In the Latin transliteration of Avestan, the corresponding long vowel is written as schwa-macron, ⟨Ə̄ ə̄⟩.
An R-colored vowel can be represented using ⟨ɚ⟩.
A schwa with a retroflex hook ⟨ᶕ⟩ is used in phonetic transcription.[3]
For gender neutrality in Italian
editIn the 2020s, the schwa has seen some usage in the Italian language, replacing the gendered suffixes of the language, in order to keep words gender neutral:[4] for example, the use of the schwa in the word tuttə (all/everyone), as opposed to tutti (all/everyone, masculine plural).
This niche usage is controversial—as well as mainly limited to written language, as there is no real consensus on how the -ə suffix should be pronounced—and has been criticized by the Accademia della Crusca. The president of the Accademia opposed its use,[5] and the Accademia replied unfavorably to an initiative by the Equal Opportunities Committee of the Supreme Court of Cassation for the introduction of the schwa in juridical language, stating that "juridical language is not the place to experiment with minority-led innovations that would lead to irregularity and idiolects".[6]
Unicode encodings
edit| Preview | Ə | ə | ᵊ | ₔ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SCHWA | LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA | MODIFIER LETTER SMALL SCHWA | LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER SCHWA | ||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 399 | U+018F | 601 | U+0259 | 7498 | U+1D4A | 8340 | U+2094 |
| UTF-8 | 198 143 | C6 8F | 201 153 | C9 99 | 225 181 138 | E1 B5 8A | 226 130 148 | E2 82 94 |
| Numeric character reference | Ə |
Ə |
ə |
ə |
ᵊ |
ᵊ |
ₔ |
ₔ |
Since the legacy fixed 8-bit ISO/IEC Turkish encoding contains neither Ə nor ə, Ä ä has sometimes been used for the Azerbaijani language instead, as in the Tatar and Turkmen languages.
In Windows, the characters can be generated by holding the ⎇ Alt key and pressing the respective decimal Unicode number, which can be found in the table (e.g. 399, 601), on the number pad preceded by a leading 0. With a Linux compose key, the lowercase letter is by default generated by Compose+e+e.
References
edit- ^ Yonatan, Agnes Z. "Belajar Angka dalam Bahasa Bali dan Cara Penyebutannya". detikbali (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (2022-12-14). "Penyebutan Angka 1 sampai 100 dalam Bahasa Bali Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ "Italiano Inclusivo - Una lingua che non discrimina per genere" (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-04-16.
- ^ Squires, Nick (2022-02-10). "'Politically correct' gender-neutral symbols 'endangering' the Italian language". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
- ^ "Risposta al quesito sulla scrittura rispettosa della parità di genere negli atti giudiziari posto all'Accademia della Crusca dal Comitato Pari opportunità del Consiglio direttivo della Corte di Cassazione" (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-03-20.
