Aeshnidae, also called aeshnids, hawkers, or darners, is a family of dragonflies, found nearly worldwide, with more than 50 genera and over 450 species.[2][3]
| Aeshnidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Tasmanian darner (Austroaeschna tasmanica) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Infraorder: | Anisoptera |
| Superfamily: | Aeshnoidea |
| Family: | Aeshnidae Leach, 1815[1] |
| Genera | |
|
See text. | |
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The family includes some of the largest dragonflies.
Description
editCommon worldwide or nearly worldwide genera are Aeshna and Anax. Anax includes some of the largest dragonflies, including the North American A. walsinghami, Hawaiian A. strenuus, European A. imperator and A. immaculifrons, and African A. tristis, but these are all exceeded by another member of the family, the Asian Tetracanthagyna plagiata, which by wingspan and weight is the world's largest dragonfly.
There are 41 North American species in 11 genera in this family. Most European species belong to Aeshna. Their American name "darner" stems from the female abdomens looking like a sewing needle, as they cut into plant stem when they lay their eggs through the ovipositor.
The dragonflies mate in flight. The eggs are deposited in water or close by. The larvae (nymphs or naiads) are generally slender compared to those of other families, with a long and flat extensible lower lip (labium). The larvae are aquatic predators, feeding on other insects and even small fish.
The adults spend large amounts of time in the air and seem to fly tirelessly with their four large and powerful wings. They can fly forwards or backwards or hover like a helicopter. The wings are always extended horizontally.
Their abdomens are long and thin. Most are colored blue and or green, with black and occasionally yellow. Their large, hemispherical, compound eyes touch in the midline and nearly cover their heads. They have an extremely good sight, and are voracious insect predators, using their sharp, biting mouthparts. They are therefore very beneficial to mankind.
All are extremely hard to catch because of their flying abilities and keen sight.
Taxonomy and genera
editThe name Aeshnidae was first proposed as a family by Elford Leach in 1815.[1]
The spelling of Aeshnidae may have resulted from a printer's error in spelling the Greek Aechma, "a spear".[4] The spelling Aeschnidae has been intermittently used over a period of time, but is now abandoned for the original name Aeshnidae. However, derived genus names (such as Rhionaeschna) retain the 'sch' spelling, as this is how they were first cited.
- Acanthaeschna Selys, 1883
- Adversaeschna Watson, 1992
- Aeschnophlebia Selys, 1883
- Aeshna Fabricius, 1775
- Afroaeschna Peters & Theischinger, 2011
- Agyrtacantha Lieftinck, 1937
- Allopetalia Selys, 1873
- Amphiaeschna Selys, 1871
- Anaciaeschna Selys, 1878
- Anax Leach, 1815
- Andaeschna De Marmels, 1994
- Antipodophlebia Fraser, 1960
- †Antiquiala Archibald & Cannings, 2019
- Austroaeschna Selys, 1883
- Austrogynacantha Tillyard, 1908
- Austrophlebia Tillyard, 1916
- Basiaeschna Selys, 1883
- Boyeria McLachlan, 1895
- Brachytron Evans, 1845
- Caliaeschna Selys, 1883
- Castoraeschna Calvert, 1952
- Cephalaeschna Selys, 1883
- Coryphaeschna Williamson, 1903
- Dendroaeschna Tillyard, 1916
- Dromaeschna Förster, 1908
- †Eoshna Archibald & Cannings, 2019
- Epiaeschna Hagen in Selys, 1883
- Gomphaeschna Selys, 1871
- Gynacantha Rambur, 1842
- Gynacanthaeschna Fraser, 1921
- Heliaeschna Selys, 1882
- †Idemlinea Archibald & Cannings, 2019
- Indaeschna Fraser, 1926
- Limnetron Förster, 1907
- Linaeschna Martin, 1908
- Nasiaeschna Selys in Förster, 1907
- Neuraeschna Hagen, 1867
- Notoaeschna Tillyard, 1916
- Oligoaeschna Selys, 1889
- Oplonaeschna Selys, 1883
- Oreaeschna Lieftinck, 1937
- Periaeschna Martin, 1908
- Petaliaeschna Fraser, 1927
- Pinheyschna Peters & Theischinger, 2011
- Planaeschna McLachlan, 1896
- Plattycantha Förster, 1908
- Polycanthagyna Fraser, 1933
- Racenaeschna Calvert, 1958
- Remartinia Navás, 1911
- Rhionaeschna Förster, 1909
- Sarasaeschna Karube & Yeh, 2001
- Spinaeschna Theischinger, 1982
- Staurophlebia Brauer, 1865
- Telephlebia Selys, 1883
- Tetracanthagyna Selys, 1883
- Triacanthagyna Selys, 1883
- †Ypshna Archibald & Cannings, 2019
- Zosteraeschna Peter & Theischinger, 2011
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Leach, W.E. (1815). "Entomology". In Brewster, D. (ed.). The Edinburgh Encyclopedia. Vol. 9 (reprint 1830 ed.). Edinburgh: William Blackburn. pp. 57–172 [136]. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.30911.
- ^ Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B.; Bechly, Günter; Bybee, Seth M.; Dow, Rory A.; Dumont, Henri J.; Fleck, Günther; Garrison, Rosser W.; Hämäläinen, Matti; Kalkman, Vincent J.; Karube, Haruki; May, Michael L.; Orr, Albert G.; Paulson, Dennis R.; Rehn, Andrew C.; Theischinger, Günther; Trueman, John W.H.; Van Tol, Jan; von Ellenrieder, Natalia; Ware, Jessica (2013). "The classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata). In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)". Zootaxa. 3703 (1): 36–45. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.9. hdl:10072/61365. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ^ Paulson, D.; Schorr, M.; Abbott, J.; Bota-Sierra, C.; Deliry, C.; Dijkstra, K.-D.; Lozano, F. (2024). "World Odonata List". OdonataCentral, University of Alabama.
- ^ "Dragonflies of the Family Aeshnidae in British Columbia" (PDF). Retrieved 25 August 2009.[permanent dead link]
- Silsby, Jill (2001). Dragonflies of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
External links
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