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Albay

This article is about the Philippine province. For other uses, see Albay (disambiguation).

Albay (IPA: [ɐlˈbaɪ]), officially the Province of Albay (Central Bikol: Probinsya kan Albay; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Albay; ᜎᜎᜏᜒᜄᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜀᜎ᜔ᜊᜌ᜔), is a province in the Bicol Region of the Philippines, mostly on the southeastern part of the island of Luzon. Its capital (and largest city) is the city of Legazpi, the regional center of the whole Bicol Region, which is located in the southern foothill of Mayon Volcano.[3]

Albay
Province
Mayon Volcano
Daraga Church
Tabaco Church
SM City Legazpi
Bicol International Airport
Flag of Albay
Flag
Official seal of Albay
Seal
Anthem: "Albay Forever"
Location in the Philippines
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates: 13°14′N 123°38′E / 13.23°N 123.63°E / 13.23; 123.63
CountryPhilippines
RegionBicol Region
FoundedApril 3, 1574
Capital
and largest city		Legazpi
Government
 • GovernorEdcel Greco Lagman (PFP)[a]
Baby Glenda O. Bongao (Liberal)[b]
 • Vice GovernorRey Bragais (Liberal)[c]
 • LegislatureAlbay Provincial Board
Area
[1]
 • Total
2,575.77 km2 (994.51 sq mi)
 • Rank52nd out of 82
Highest elevation
(Mount Mayon)
2,463 m (8,081 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[2]
 • Total
1,374,768
 • Rank21st out of 81
 • Density530/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
  • Rank12th out of 81
DemonymAlbayano
Divisions
 • Independent cities0
 • Component cities
3
 • Municipalities
15
 • Barangays720
 • DistrictsLegislative districts of Albay
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP Code
4500–4517
IDD : area code +63 (0)52
ISO 3166 codePH-ALB
Spoken languages
Websitealbay.gov.ph

The province was added to the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves in March 2016.[4]

History

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Early history

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Long before the Spaniards arrived, Albay had a thriving civilization. Formerly called Ibat, and then Libog, Albay was once ruled by Gat Ibal, an old chief who also founded the old barangay of Sawangan, now part of the City of Legazpi. Historian William Henry Scott wrote that in the local epic called siday entitled "Bingi of Lawan", an Albay datu by the name of Dumaraog went to Lawan (present-day Laoang, Northern Samar) to ask for the hands of Bingi bringing with him 100 ships. Datu Iberein came from the settlement of Lawan. He was described by Scott as a “Samar datu by the name of Iberein was rowed out to a Spanish vessel anchored in his harbor in 1543 by oarsmen collared in gold; while wearing on his own person earrings and chains.”[5]

Spanish colonial era

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In July 1569, Luis Enriquez de Guzman, a member of the expedition led by Maestro de Campo Mateo de Saz and Captain Martin de Goiti, led a group that crossed from Burias and Ticao islands and landed on a coastal settlement called Ibalon in what is now the province of Sorsogon. From this point, another expedition was sent to explore the interior and founded the town of Camalig.

In 1573, Juan de Salcedo penetrated the Bicol Peninsula from the north as far south as Libon, establishing the settlement of Santiago de Libon. Jose Maria Peñaranda, a military engineer, was made “corregidor” of the province on May 14, 1834. He constructed public buildings and built roads and bridges.

The entire Bicol peninsula was organized as one province with two divisions, Camarines in the northwest and Ibalon in the southeast. In 1636, the two partidos were separated, and Ibalon became a separate province with Sorsogon as the capital. In the 17th century, Moro slave raiders from the southern Philippines ravaged the northeastern coastal areas of the province of Albay.[6] By the end of the 1700s, Albay had 12,339 native families and 146 Spanish Filipino families.[7]: 539 [8]: 31, 54, 113 

Mayon Volcano, in one of its most violent eruptions, destroyed the five towns surrounding its base on February 1, 1814. This eruption forced the town of Cagsawa to relocate to its present site, Legazpi.

A decree was issued by Governor-General Narciso Claveria in 1846 separating Masbate, Ticao, and Burias from Albay to form the comandancia of Masbate. Albay was then divided into four districts: Iraya, Cordillera or Tabaco, Sorsogon, and Catanduanes.

Philippine revolution

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Glicerio Delgado, a condemned insurecto (insurgent), started revolutionary activities in the province. With a headquarters in the mountain of Guinobatan town, he joined the revolutionary government of Albay as a lieutenant in the infantry.

A unit of the Philippine Militia was then organized by the Spanish military authorities. Mariano Riosa was appointed major of the Tabaco Zone, which comprised all the towns along the seacoast from Albay to Tiwi while Anacieto Solano was appointed major for the Iraya Zone, which was made up of the towns from Daraga to Libon. Each town was organized into sections of fifty men under the command of a lieutenant.

During the Philippine Revolution on September 22, 1898, the provisional revolutionary government of Albay was formed with Anacieto Solano as provisional president. Major General Vito Belarmino, the appointed military commander, reorganized the Filipino Army in the province.

American invasion era

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Following the Spanish–American War, the new colonial power the United States did not recognize the country's independence, which had been declared in June 1898, and the Americans subsequently acquired direct control of the country as a de facto colony, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1898), over which the Filipinos had no say.[9] During the Philippine–American War, Brigadier General William August Kobbé headed the expedition that landed at the ports of Sorsogon, Bulan and Donsol. From there, the Americans marched to Legazpi and captured it.

Although a civil government was established in Albay on April 26, 1901, Colonel Harry Hill Bandholtz, Commanding Officer of the Constabulary in the Bicol Region, said that General Simeon Ola, with a thousand men, continued to defy American authority after the capture of Belarmino in 1901. Ola was later captured with about six hundred of his men.

Japanese occupation era

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Following the December 12, 1941, Japanese invasion of Legazpi during the Second World War, the Kimura Detachment of the Imperial Japanese Army occupied Albay Province. The region was defended only by the Philippine Constabulary unit under the command of Major Francisco Sandico.[10]

During the Japanese Occupation, the military general headquarters of the Commonwealth Army of the Philippines remained active from January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946, and the 5th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary was established from October 28, 1944, to June 30, 1946, and stationed in Albay. Then came the clearing operations and anti-Japanese insurgency in the Bicol Peninsula, helped by the local Bicolano resistance. Some Bicolano guerrilla groups invaded around the province of Albay during the Japanese Insurgencies between 1942 and 1944 and were supported by local Filipino troops under the Philippine Commonwealth Army and pre-war Philippine Constabulary 5th Infantry Regiments attacking the enemy soldiers of the Japanese Imperial Army. In the aftermath of three years of siege and conflicts, many Bicolano guerrillas were forced to retreat by the Japanese around the province before liberation in 1945 by Allied forces.

Marcos dictatorship

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Main article: Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship

Oas, Albay, was one of the localities particularly harmed by the Dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos; in the waning days of the dictatorship, Oas was hit by a series of political killings targeting those who dared to speak out against the abuses of the Military and against Ferdinand Marcos.[11]

The most prominent of the victims was Clemente Ragragio, the municipal sanitation inspector of Ligao who was later also assigned to Oas. Known for his effectiveness, he had been awarded the 1983 Best Sanitary Inspector for Albay.[12] However, this led the dictatorship's local administrators suspecting him of being a rebel sympathizer, because his close relationship with locals in far-flung barangays allowed him to move around fearlessly, and because he expressed disagreements with the dictatorship's governance. A killer shot him three times in front of his house in the early evening of August 21, 1985, and the government did not investigate his murder. He was later honored by having his name inscribed on the wall of remembrance at the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani (lit. Monument of Heroes), which honors the martyrs and heroes who fought to restore democracy in the wake of the Marcos dictatorship.[11]

Geography

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The Mayon Volcano dominates the geography of Albay.

Albay has a total land area of 2,575.77 square kilometres (994.51 sq mi),[13] which makes it the 53rd biggest province. The province is bordered by the provinces of Camarines Sur to the north and Sorsogon to the south. To the northeast lies Lagonoy Gulf, which separates the province from Catanduanes. To the southwest of the province is the Burias Pass with the island of Burias of Masbate province located about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) offshore.

In 2016, an area of 250,000 hectares (620,000 acres) was declared a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The Albay Biosphere Reserve is home to 182 terrestrial plant species, of which 46 are endemic to the Philippines. Its marine waters and coastal area also provide habitat to five of the world's seven marine turtle species, as well as mangrove, seagrass and seaweed ecosystems.[14]

Topography

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The province is generally mountainous with scattered fertile plains and valleys. On the eastern part of the province is a line of volcanic mountains starting with the northernmost Malinao in Tiwi, followed by Mount Masaraga and the free-standing Mayon Volcano. Separated by the Poliqui Bay is the Pocdol Mountains in the town of Manito.

The stratovolcano of Mayon standing at around 2,462 metres (8,077 ft), is the highest point of the province. It is the most famous landform in Albay and in the whole Bicol Region. This active volcano falls under the jurisdiction of eight municipalities and cities of Albay: Camalig, Daraga, Guinobatan, Legazpi City, Ligao City, Malilipot, Santo Domingo, and Tabaco City.

The western coast of the province is mountainous but not as prominent as the eastern range with the highest elevation at around 490 metres (1,610 ft).[15] Among these mountains are Mount Catburawan in Ligao and Mount Pantao in Oas.

Administrative divisions

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Albay comprises 15 municipalities/towns and three component cities (Legazpi, Ligao and Tabaco).

 
Political map of Albay

Demographics

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Population census of Albay
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 237,621—    
1918 323,234+2.07%
1939 432,465+1.40%
1948 394,694−1.01%
1960 514,980+2.24%
1970 673,981+2.72%
1975 728,827+1.58%
1980 809,177+2.11%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1990 903,785+1.11%
1995 1,005,315+2.01%
2000 1,090,907+1.77%
2007 1,187,185+1.17%
2010 1,233,432+1.40%
2015 1,314,826+1.22%
2020 1,374,768+0.88%
Figures before 1948 exclude areas that became part of Catanduanes.
Sources: PSA[17][18][19][20][21]

The population of Albay in the 2020 census was 1,374,768 people,[2], making it the 20th most populous province in the country. It had a density of 530 inhabitants per square kilometre or 1,400 inhabitants per square mile. Based on the 2007 census, there were 208,640 households in the province with an average size of 5.22 persons, significantly higher than the national average of 4.99.

Religion

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Prior to colonization, the region had a complex religious system that involved various deities. These deities include: Gugurang, the supreme god who dwells inside of Mount Mayon where he guards and protects the sacred fire that his brother Aswang was trying to steal. Whenever people disobey his orders, wishes and commit numerous sins, he would cause Mount Mayon to burst lava as a sign of warning for people to mend their crooked ways. Ancient Bikolanos had a rite performed for him called Atang.[22][23] Asuang, the evil god who always tries to steal the sacred fire of Mount Mayon from his brother, Gugurang. Addressed sometimes as Aswang, he dwells mainly inside Mount Malinao. As an evil god, he would cause the people to suffer misfortunes and commit sins.[22][23] Enemy of Gugurang and a friend of Bulan the god of the Moon; Haliya, the masked goddess of the moonlight and the archenemy of Bakunawa and protector of Bulan. Her cult is composed primarily of women. There is also a ritual dance named after her as it is performed to be a countermeasure against Bakunawa.;[24] Bulan, the god of the pale moon, he is depicted as a pubescent boy with uncommon comeliness that made savage beast and the vicious mermaids (Magindara) tame. He has deep affection towards Magindang, but plays with him by running away so that Magindang would never catch him. The reason for this is because he is shy to the man that he loves. If Magindang manages to catch Bulan, Haliya always comes to free him from Magindang's grip; Magindang, the god of the sea and all its creatures. He has deep affection to the lunar god Bulan and pursues him despite never catching him. Due to this, the Bicolanos reasoned that it is to why the waves rise to reach the Moon when seen from the distant horizon. Whenever he does catch up to Bulan, Haliya comes to rescue Bulan and free him immediately; Okot, god of forest and hunting; and Bakunawa, a gigantic sea serpent deity who is often considered as the cause of eclipses, the devourer of the Sun and the Moon, and an adversary of Haliya as Bakunawa's main aim is to swallow Bulan, who Haliya swore to protect for all of eternity.[25]

Catholicism

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Nuestra Señora de la Porteria Church in Daraga, built in 1773

Catholicism is the predominant religion in the province, affiliated by 96.1% of the men and 95.7% of the women of Albay.[26] Each town has its own fiesta for their patrons and patronesses.

Others

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Other religious denominations are the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) has 2 percent of the province, other Protestant churches such as the Baptist Church, Methodist, other Evangelical Christians, Seventh-day Adventists, Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses as well as Islam.

Languages

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Albay is home to several languages and host to different native languages of Bicol Region. Out of seven Bikol languages (excluding the Bisakol languages, which are Bisayan languages), only Pandan Bikol of northern Catanduanes is not used or which the origin is not from Albay. The languages in the province are very diverse which includes the languages of Albay Bikol group which comprises the languages of West Miraya, East Miraya, Libon and Buhinon. Of the four Albay Bikol languages, Buhinon is the only one not used in Albay but rather in Buhi, Camarines Sur.

Rinconada Bikol is a minority language in the province and used by people in barangays of Libon and Polangui that are near the boundary of Bato and Iriga in Camarines Sur. Another primary language used in the province is Central Bikol which is the native tongue of the population on the eastern coast of the Bicol Peninsula. Both Albay Bikol languages and Rinconada Bikol are members of Inland Bikol group of languages while Central Bikol is a language member of Coastal Bikol. The Tabaco - Legazpi - Sorsogon dialect of Central Bikol is spoken in Legazpi, Tabaco and neighboring municipalities on the east side of Albay, and some parts of northern Sorsogon (especially in Sorsogon City).

The majority of the inhabitants also understand English and Filipino as second languages.

Economy

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Poverty incidence of Albay

10
20
30
40
50
2006
36.43
2009
36.71
2012
40.96
2015
26.20
2018
21.17
2021
15.40

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]

 
Pili nuts (unshelled)

Agriculture is the main industry in Albay, which produces crops like coconut, rice, sugar and abacá. Handicrafts are the major source of rural income and comprises a fairly large share in the small-scale industries of the province. Forestry, cement production and paper-making are other sources of livelihood. The manufacture of abacá products such as Manila hemp, hats, bags, mats, furniture, home decors,[35] and slippers is one of the main sources of income in the rural areas. Production of abaca fiber experienced a boom from the late 1800s until the American period.[36] Fishing is the main livelihood along both shores of the province. Tourism, especially related to Mayon Volcano, also creates income for Albay. For the year 2013, Albay had a total of 339,445 foreign tourist arrivals.

In the December, 2023 Pili Fiesta, Director Marita A. Carlos of DOST-PCAARRD introduced technologies on pili (C. ovatum tree) production in Albay, Bicol Region. She aimed to promote pili as a flagship industry.[37]

Government

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Albay has three congressional districts encompassing its 18 municipalities and 3 component cities.

District Representative[38] City or municipality District population (2015)
1st (Coastal District) Edcel C. Lagman
373,947
2nd (Capital District) Jose Sarte Salceda
451,765
3rd (Miraya District) Fernando T. Cabredo
489,114

Transportation

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Roads

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Albay has 383.22 kilometers (238.12 mi) of national roads, mostly paved with asphalt, with 5.25 kilometers (3.26 mi) remaining unpaved.[39] Maharlika Highway (N1/AH26) serves as the principal road connection between other provinces. Most of the province is served by secondary national roads, assigned route numbers in the series, namely Bicol-630 and Bicol-640. Almost all of the cities and municipalities are connected by national roads, except for Rapu-Rapu.

In order to spur development in the province, the Toll Regulatory Board declared Toll Road 5 the extension of South Luzon Expressway.[40] A 420-kilometer, four lane expressway starting from the terminal point of the now under construction SLEX Toll Road 4 at Barangay Mayao, Lucena City in Quezon to Matnog, Sorsogon, near the Matnog Ferry Terminal. On August 25, 2020, San Miguel Corporation announced that they will invest the project which will reduce travel time from Lucena to Matnog from 9 hours to 5.5 hours.[41]

Water transport

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Legazpi harbour and port

Albay is the region's principal trans-shipment point with its ports: Tabaco International Port, Legazpi National Port, Pio Duran Provincial Port, and the Pantao Regional Port.

Air transport

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Traveling to the province by air is served by the Bicol International Airport in the municipality of Daraga, adjacent municipality of Legazpi City. The airport is the province's gateway from Manila and Cebu City in the Visayas. The province was formerly served by the now defunct Legazpi Airport.

Railroads

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Albay is served by the mainline of the Philippine National Railways (PNR), and has commuter service between Naga in Camarines Sur. Trains to Manila (Tutuban), the Mayon Limited, is suspended from November 2012. Four stations serve Polangui, Ligao, Guinobatan, and Legazpi, respectively.

  •  
    Aerial view of the Legazpi Grand Central Terminal
  •  
    Front area of the Bicol International Airport Terminal Buildling
  •  
    A PNR train in Ligao railway station

Notable people

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ suspended since October 18, 2024
  2. ^ acting since October 18, 2024
  3. ^ acting since October 18, 2024

References

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  1. ^ "The province of Albay". Overview of the Region. Makati City, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
  2. ^ a b c Census of Population (2020). "Region V (Bicol Region)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  3. ^ Facts about Mayon Volcano" Archived April 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Albay Tourism. Retrieved on May 27, 2012.
  4. ^ "20 sites added to UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserve". United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. March 19, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
  5. ^ Scott, William Henry (1985). Cracks in the parchment curtain and other essays in Philippine history. New Day Publishers. p. 93. ISBN 978-971-10-0073-8.
  6. ^ source?
  7. ^ ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)
  8. ^ ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)
  9. ^ McKinley, William (1898). "The Acquisition of the Philippines from Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs"[permanent dead link‍]. Vincent Ferraro, Mount Holyoke College. Retrieved on May 18, 2012.
  10. ^ "History of Albay" Archived August 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Royal quest Tour.
  11. ^ a b "Martyrs & Heroes: Clemente Ragragio". Bantayog ng mga Bayani. June 26, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
  12. ^ Abergos, Althea (November 2, 2016). "Ode to the Faceless". The Pillars: The Official Student Publication of Ateneo de Naga University. Vol. LV, no. 2. p. 12.
  13. ^ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  14. ^ UNESCO Press (March 19, 2016). "20 sites added to UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  15. ^ "Mount Pantao, Oas". Google Maps. Retrieved on May 27, 2012.
  16. ^ "Province: Albay". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  17. ^ a b Census of Population (2015). "Region V (Bicol Region)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  18. ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region V (Bicol Region)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  19. ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities (PDF). National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  20. ^ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region V (Bicol Region)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.
  21. ^ "Census 2000; Population and Housing; Region V" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority (Philippine Statistics Authority - Region V). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  22. ^ a b "Asuang Steals Fire from Gugurang by Damiana L. Eugenio". Archived from the original on May 26, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
  23. ^ a b Clark, Jordan (2011) The Aswang Phenomenon Animation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goLgDpSStmc
  24. ^ "Inquirer NewsInfo: Bicol Artist protest Natl. Artist awardees". Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
  25. ^ "GMANews: Eclipse; Bakunawa eats the sun behind a curtain of clouds". January 15, 2010. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
  26. ^ Brondial, Cecil (March 14, 2022) [March 14, 2022]. "Albay Men and Women" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 2022 (6): 4.
  27. ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  28. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005.
  29. ^ "2009 Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. February 8, 2011.
  30. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  31. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  32. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  33. ^ "Updated Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population with Measures of Precision, by Region and Province: 2015 and 2018". Philippine Statistics Authority. June 4, 2020.
  34. ^ "2021 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 15, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  35. ^ Valmero, Anna (September 15, 2011). "Bicolano entrepreneur finds success in abaca furniture". loQal.ph. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  36. ^ Prosperity Without Progress: Manila Hemp and Material Life in the Colonial Philippines, p. 108, at Google Books
  37. ^ Camacho, Gian Carlo (December 24, 2023). "Maryland weather: Two mostly dry days, then rain returns Preakness weekend". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  38. ^ "House Members; 17th Congress". House of Representatives of the Philippines. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
  39. ^ Figures tabulated from data by the Department of Public Works and Highways district engineering offices in Albay. See 2015 DPWH Atlas for Region V[permanent dead link‍]
  40. ^ "SLEX Toll Road 5 to connect Quezon province to Sorsogon". YugaTech. August 18, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  41. ^ "San Miguel investing P122B for SLEX Toll Road 5, Pasig River Expressway projects". GMA News Online. August 25, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  42. ^ "'Mabuhay! We are your BINIbinis!'". The Freeman. June 23, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  43. ^ "Manila Standard – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  44. ^ "William Adornado Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  45. ^ "Merlinda Bobis – Biography". www.merlindabobis.com.au. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  46. ^ "Justice Irene R. Cortes Memorial Scholarship". academic-clinic.com. October 17, 2014. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  47. ^ "Legazpi City – The Games of the XXX Olympiad (London 2012)..." Facebook. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  48. ^ a b Legislative districts of Albay#3rd District
  49. ^ "Past Governors of Bicol – Albay". June 16, 2008.
  50. ^ Joey Salceda
  51. ^ Chief of Staff (Philippines)
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