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Wikipedia

Anthony Henday Drive

Highway 216, better known by its official name of Anthony Henday Drive, is a 78-kilometre (48 mi) freeway that encircles Edmonton, Alberta. It is a heavily travelled commuter and truck bypass route with the southwest quadrant serving as a portion of the CANAMEX Corridor that links Canada to the United States and Mexico. Henday is one of the busiest highways in Western Canada, carrying over 105,000 vehicles per day in 2022 at its busiest point near West Edmonton Mall. Rush hour congestion is common on the four-lane section in southwest Edmonton, where traffic levels have risen due to rapid suburban development. Work began in fall 2019 to widen this section to six lanes by the end of 2023.

Anthony Henday Drive marker
Anthony Henday Drive
Highway 216
Map
Anthony Henday Drive highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by Volker Stevin, Carmacks, Lafarge[a]
Length77.954 km[5] (48.438 mi)
Existed1990–present
Component
highways		 Highway 216[b]
Major junctions
Ring road around Edmonton
Major intersections
Location
CountryCanada
ProvinceAlberta
Specialized and rural municipalitiesStrathcona County
Major citiesEdmonton, St. Albert, Sherwood Park
Highway system
← Highway 201→ Highway 500
Looking west on Henday toward Gateway Blvd from 91 Street. At the left, eastbound traffic from Highway 2 mixes with traffic destined to 91 Street before joining the freeway.

Calgary Trail in south Edmonton is designated as the starting point of the ring, with exit numbers increasing clockwise as the freeway proceeds across the North Saskatchewan River to the Cameron Heights neighbourhood, then north past Whitemud Drive, Stony Plain Road and Yellowhead Trail to St. Albert. It continues east past 97 Street to Manning Drive, then south across the North Saskatchewan River a second time. Entering Strathcona County, it again crosses Yellowhead Trail and Whitemud Drive, passing the community of Sherwood Park. Continuing south to Highway 14, the road re-enters southeast Edmonton and turns west to complete the ring.

Late in its planning the freeway was named after English explorer Anthony Henday, who historians believe was one of the first Europeans to visit Edmonton. Its designation of 216 is derived from its bypass linkages to Edmonton's two major crossroads, Highways 2 and 16. Constructed over 26 years at a cost of $4.3 billion, Henday became the first freeway to surround a major Canadian city when the final segment opened on October 1, 2016. Planning of the ring began in the 1950s, followed by design work and initial land acquisition in the 1970s, and opening of the first expressway segment in 1990. Plans for Henday were developed in tandem with Stoney Trail, a similar ring road freeway around Calgary.

Route description

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Overview

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Alberta Transportation describes Anthony Henday Drive as a "barrier-free, illuminated, high speed, free-flow, fully access controlled facility" with a posted speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph) for its entire length around Edmonton,[8] the first ring road of its type in Canada.[9] The majority of Capital Region residents reside within the approximate 20-kilometre (12 mi) diameter of the ring and there is extensive suburban development close to Henday.[10] By physical size, Edmonton is larger than both Toronto and Montreal, but has a relatively low population density. Some have argued that the freeway is a significant contributor to urban sprawl in the region.[11] The city also lacks a free-flowing north–south route, further increasing traffic levels on Anthony Henday Drive.[7]

The road travels primarily through suburban residential areas in the south and west of the city, and rural farm lands and wetlands in the north.[12]: i  The eastern section of the road separates the Sherwood Park portion of Refinery Row and other industrial and commercial developments in Edmonton to the west, from the balance of Sherwood Park to the east.[7] At its widest point east of Edmonton between Whitemud Drive and Sherwood Park Freeway, Anthony Henday Drive is eight total lanes wide which includes three main travel lanes in each direction plus a fourth lane allowing traffic to merge onto and exit from the roadway. The highest number of through lanes is seven, between Aurum Road and 153 Avenue in northeast Edmonton.[7] Most of the road is paved with asphalt, except for an experimental 14.4 km (8.9 mi) concrete segment in southwest Edmonton, the first of its type in the province.[13] Alberta Transportation intended for the section to have lower long-term maintenance costs, but only six years after construction it required significant repairs.[14] Concrete was not considered for subsequent sections of the road, but overall it was deemed to be a successful experiment that would net long term savings.[10]

West and north Edmonton

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Twin four-span bridge structures each carry two lanes of Anthony Henday Drive over the North Saskatchewan River in southwest Edmonton; each can be widened to four lanes on the existing piers.[c]

Alberta Transportation considers the starting point of Anthony Henday Drive to be at Calgary Trail / Gateway Boulevard in south Edmonton, with mileage increasing clockwise around the ring.[6] At this major interchange, two westbound lanes of the freeway are joined by two lanes from northbound Gateway Boulevard and a third from southbound Calgary Trail.[7] All five lanes merge into two over a short distance, creating congestion in the afternoon rush hour.[10] Two westbound lanes continue across Blackmud Creek past 111 Street to 119 Street. Curving slightly to the southwest through the suburbs of south Edmonton, Henday crosses Whitemud Creek to an interchange at Rabbit Hill Road. Veering back to the northwest, the freeway passes beneath Terwillegar Drive before descending to cross the North Saskatchewan River on twin 360-metre (1,180 ft) bridges.[16]: 191 

 
Anthony Henday Drive south through west Edmonton, after the Whitemud Drive interchange. This four-lane section has reached above its designed capacity, and Alberta Transportation proposes widening the section from Calgary Trail to Whitemud Drive to six lanes.

West of the river, the four lane freeway passes Maskêkosihk Trail and Cameron Heights Drive on its way to Lessard Road and Callingwood Road. Curving north, traffic volume increases as the freeway reaches a major interchange at Whitemud Drive and widens to six lanes.[7] A northbound braided ramp helps reduce congestion between Whitemud Drive and 87 Avenue, with which an interchange immediately follows. Henday continues north to major interchanges at Stony Plain Road and Yellowhead Trail, providing access to Spruce Grove and Jasper respectively, before curving northeast toward the city of St. Albert.[6] Between Whitemud Drive and Yellowhead Trail, Henday is officially concurrent with Highway 2, but this is not indicated on any road signs.[7]

In northwest Edmonton, Anthony Henday Drive first crosses Ray Gibbon Drive before continuing northeast to pass St. Albert to the southeast.[7] After Ray Gibbon Drive, the freeway serves as the boundary between the cities of Edmonton and St. Albert. The six lane road continues over 137 Avenue and under 170 Street to Campbell Road where it reduces from three lanes each way to two.[17] It continues curving east across 127 Street to Highway 28, the most northerly point on the ring road. Now forming the approximate boundary between Edmonton and Sturgeon County,[18] the freeway passes south of CFB Edmonton before reaching 66 Street and a major interchange at Manning Drive/Highway 15, the former terminus of the freeway until the final section was completed in 2016.[7]

East and south Edmonton

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After Manning Drive, the freeway widens to six lanes and continues clockwise through northeast Edmonton past 153 Avenue to a second crossing of the North Saskatchewan River.[7] Four lanes cross the river southbound and three northbound on 304-metre (997 ft) bridges.[19] A pedestrian crossing was again included; it is slung underneath the southbound bridge and ties into the existing pathway system.[19] The seven lane freeway rises from the river valley into the Clover Bar area, crossing Aurum Road to a major interchange at Yellowhead Trail, crossing into Strathcona County.[18]

 
 
 
The interchange of Anthony Henday Drive Yellowhead Trail east of Edmonton is a hybrid design with braided ramps and high capacity third level flyovers

In Strathcona County, the fourth southbound lane is dropped and the six lane freeway immediately crosses over Petroleum Way en route to interchanges at Baseline Road and Sherwood Park Freeway, passing Refinery Row to the east.[7] South of Sherwood Park Freeway, Anthony Henday Drive forms the boundary between Strathcona County and the city of Edmonton. The freeway continues to a second interchange at Whitemud Drive after which it is briefly concurrent with Highway 14 until that route branches southeast 2 km (1.2 mi) later.[7] Four lanes of Anthony Henday Drive re-enter the city of Edmonton and turns west toward the starting point of the loop.[18] Before straightening out to a westerly heading, the freeway interchanges with 17 Street, then 50 Street after which it returns to a six lane freeway, crosses 91 Street, and returns to its starting point at Calgary Trail/Gateway Boulevard.[7]

Interchange design

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Alberta Transportation used several different interchange designs for the freeway, the most common being the partial cloverleaf, with between four and six ramps.[7] This type of interchange is ideal for connections between freeways and arterial roads; they have a higher capacity than diamond interchanges, but do not have the weaving and merging problems of full cloverleaf interchanges.[20] Loop ramps are also used to better conform to existing terrain or structures, or to increase merge/weave distances between closely spaced interchanges.[21] For example, they were used at 91 Street to achieve at least 600 m (2,000 ft) of separation to Gateway Boulevard, which would not have been possible with a conventional diamond.[22]

Anthony Henday Drive features several variations of the combination interchange, a common name for hybrid designs that allow for high speed left turns on elevated or depressed directional ramps.[7] They retain loop ramps for the lesser used left turn movements which significantly reduced the cost and overall size of the interchange because fourth level flyovers are not required as they are in a stack interchange.[23] Henday features two three-level interchanges; the one at Calgary Trail / Gateway Boulevard was the first three-level interchange to be constructed in Alberta.[24] Several of the bridges in this interchange use a "Trellis Beam" concept in which many perpendicular girders are used to carry the upper roadway at a high degree of skew.[24][25] Anthony Henday Drive's junction with the Yellowhead Highway east of Edmonton was reconstructed with two new two semi-directional flyovers and one loop ramp for the eastbound to northbound movement. The existing semi-directional ramp for the westbound to southbound movement that runs parallel to the railway line that bisects the interchange, which opened prior to the completion of the northeast leg of Anthony Henday Drive, has been retained in the reconfigured interchange.[7]

Traffic

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The busiest section of Anthony Henday Drive is in west Edmonton between 87 Avenue and Stony Plain Road where it carried over 108,000 vehicles per day in 2019,[5] second only to Whitemud Drive among Edmonton roadways.[26] The section carried over 115,000 vehicles per day during the summer months of 2019.[5] The 4-lane section of the southwest quadrant between Calgary Trail and Whitemud Drive is significantly over capacity and sees major delays during peak periods.[27] A contributing factor is the close proximity of interchanges between the North Saskatchewan River and Yellowhead Trail, which creates a problem known as "weaving" in which traffic is trying to simultaneously enter and exit within the same stretch of roadway.

Traffic levels on Henday have risen much more quickly than anticipated. Alberta Transportation concedes that in 2001 the southwest section was projected to reach 40,000 vehicles per day by 2020 but reached that mark in 2009.[10][28] as of 2019 it carries over 80,000 vehicles per day in the vicinity of 111 Street,[5] and Alberta committed to widening the section to six lanes by 2022 with work planned to have begun in fall 2019.[29][28] Prior to the announcement, project manager Bill van der Meer had stated that Henday is operating efficiently, aside from peak hour congestion.[10] Alberta Transportation generally considers widening four lane highways when volumes reach between 30,000 and 50,000 cars per day.[30] With the exception of a section in north Edmonton between Highway 28 and Manning Drive, by 2015, all four-lane sections of Henday each carried more than 40,000 vehicles per day.[26]

Traffic volumes

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Alberta Transportation publishes yearly traffic volume data for provincial highways.[26][5] The table below compares the average daily vehicle count over the span of a year (annual average daily traffic, AADT) at several locations along Anthony Henday Drive using data from 2000, 2010 and 2015.[26][5]

Location Edmonton
Section 127 St –
Highway 28 		Yellowhead Trail –
Ray Gibbon Dr 		87 Ave –
Stony
Plain Rd 		North
SK
River[d]
 Calgary Trail –
111 St 		50 St –
91 St
Traffic
volume
(AADT)
2000 21,980
2010 53,540 43,450 50,160 45,550
2015 42,700 59,350 105,370 76,340 80,050 64,430
2023[31] 59,160 63,720 105,920 82,460 79,400 73,100
Location Strathcona County
Section Yellowhead Tr –
Baseline Rd 		Sherwood Park Freeway –
Whitemud Dr
Traffic
volume
(AADT)
2000 26,200 19,590
2010 42,840 48,850
2015 45,510 50,380
2023[31] 92,020 90,870

Lane count

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The following table lists the number of lanes and distance of each segment as of April 2020.[32]

Location No. of lanes Segment length
Highway 2 to Whitemud Dr. 6 lanes 17.6 km (10.9 mi)
Whitemud Dr. to Campbell Rd. NW 6 lanes 15.3 km (9.5 mi)
Campbell Rd. NW to Manning Drive / Highway 15 4 lanes 14.7 km (9.1 mi)
Manning Dr / Highway 15 to 153 Ave NW 6 lanes 1.1 km (0.68 mi)
153 Ave NW to Highway 16 (TCH) 7 lanes 5.4 km (3.4 mi)
Highway 16 (TCH) to Baseline Rd. 6 lanes 3.3 km (2.1 mi)
Baseline Rd. to Whitemud Dr. / Highway 628 8 lanes 6.4 km (4.0 mi)
Whitemud Dr. to Highway 14 6 lanes 3.4 km (2.1 mi)
Highway 14 to 50 St. SW 4 lanes 6.6 km (4.1 mi)
50 St. SW to Highway 2 6 lanes 4.8 km (3.0 mi)

History

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Early plans

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Construction overview[6]
Quadrant Length
(km) 		Completed
(free-flowing)[e] 		Cost
(billions)
SE 10.5 2007 0.493
SW 24.5 2011 0.577
NW 21.4 2011 1.42
NE 21.5 2016 1.81
Total 78 2016 4.3

The road is named after Isle of Wight explorer Anthony Henday, who travelled up the North Saskatchewan River to the area now known as Edmonton in the 18th century on a mission for the Hudson's Bay Company.[34][35] Plans for a ring road around Edmonton began developing in the 1950s when the Edmonton Regional Planning Commission identified a need for the road to support future development in the Edmonton area, and the movement of goods and services around the province. Areas around the city that could potentially interfere with this growth were retained by the province and called Restricted Development Areas.[12]: 14  In 1972, Edmonton City Council recommended that the city ask for the province to pay for the ring road.[36] Shortly thereafter, in addition to the Restricted Development Areas that had already been retained, the Alberta government led by Premier Peter Lougheed continued land acquisitions to assemble a transportation utility corridor (TUC) for Edmonton and Calgary ring roads.[37] Plans had evolved to provide right of way for future overhead high-voltage transmission lines, underground gas and oil pipelines, and water/storm sewer lines.[38] By 1985, a study had been completed to plot an exact alignment of Anthony Henday Drive through the TUC and by the end of the decade most of the required land had been purchased from land owners.[12]: 14  Unused land within the corridor may be leased out by the government as a source of revenue,[39] but some landowners were unhappy that the province did not have a firm timeline for Henday's construction.[40]

 
The unique structure over Whitemud Creek in southwest Edmonton was constructed with wildlife in mind, and to allow for a pedestrian and bicycle path.

South construction

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The southwest quadrant of Anthony Henday Drive bypasses Edmonton to the southwest, connecting Highways 2 and 16.[41] It was deemed to be the highest priority for construction because of its designation as part of the CANAMEX Corridor, a trade route through Alberta that links Alaska to Mexico.[42] The first section of the bypass to be completed was from Whitemud Drive north to Stony Plain Road, constructed by the City of Edmonton beginning in 1990 and completed in 1992 prior to the province taking over responsibility of Henday.[43] An additional 4 km (2.5 mi) extending the road north to Yellowhead Trail was completed by 1998.

Construction then shifted south, with completion from Whitemud Drive south to 45 Avenue just north of what is currently the Lessard Road interchange. The next section extended the road on twin bridge structures across the North Saskatchewan River to Terwillegar Drive, opening on November 8, 2005.[44] In December 2003, during construction of the southbound bridge, a girder collapsed and had to be replaced, delaying construction.[45][15]: 9  An extension further east to Calgary Trail was completed by October 2006, creating a full southwest bypass of Edmonton.[46] It includes a semi-circular arch structure that spans Whitemud Creek, and three arch bridges over Blackmud Creek.[24] A $168 million interchange that included seven bridges was constructed at Stony Plain Road,[47] and the entire quadrant became free-flowing in late 2011 after the completion of smaller interchanges at Lessard Road, Callingwood Road, and Cameron Heights Drive.[33] A flyover was originally planned on the western leg at 69 Avenue before it was ultimately scrapped by Alberta Transportation.[48] The total cost of the entire 24 km (15 mi) southwest quadrant from Yellowhead Trail to Gateway Boulevard was $577 million.[10]

In 2003, Alberta began design work for the 11 km (6.8 mi) southeastern section from Gateway Boulevard to Highway 14. Unlike the southwest portion, the province announced its intention to construct the road via a public-private partnership (P3), also known as a design-build-operate project.[49] This method of construction presented millions of dollars in savings to Alberta taxpayers, and allowed the project to be completed on an accelerated timeline because the consolidation of various sub-contracts is managed by one entity allowing for increased efficiencies. On January 25, 2005, Alberta signed a $493 million contract with a consortium called Access Roads to build the road and maintain it for 30 years.[49] Construction began in April and was completed in October 2007. The new segment included 24 bridge structures and 5 interchanges, and connected Highway 14 to Yellowhead Trail in the west effectively creating a full southern bypass of Edmonton. It also provided an important link for the quickly growing southern communities of Ellerslie and Summerside to the rest of Edmonton's road network.[49]

North construction and completion

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Construction of an interim segment from Yellowhead Trail in the west to 137 Avenue was the first to be completed, as part of St. Albert's Ray Gibbon Drive project. Full work on the entire 21 km (13 mi) of the northwest leg from Yellowhead Trail to Manning Drive (Highway 15) was initiated in early 2008 after Alberta's signing of a $1.42 billion P3 agreement with Northwestconnect General Partnership to build and maintain the road for 30 years.[50] Construction began in September 2008, described by then Premier Ed Stelmach as "an important step in meeting our provincial goal of completing the ring roads to a freeway status by 2015."[51] The project included the construction of two large interchanges, one each at Yellowhead Trail and Manning Drive. Seven other smaller interchanges were also constructed, as well as five flyovers and two rail crossings. Three lanes each way were built from Yellowhead Trail to Campbell Road, and two lanes each way from Campbell Road to Manning Drive.[52] All work was completed on time, and the leg opened to traffic on November 1, 2011.[53]

 
Berms were used for construction of bridges over the environmentally sensitive North Saskatchewan River in northeast Edmonton, first on the river's south bank, then the north bank seen here in 2014.

In May 2012, Alberta signed a $1.81 billion P3 contract with Capital City Link General Partnership to build and maintain the final 9-kilometre (5.6 mi) northeast segment of Anthony Henday Drive for 30 years after construction, from Manning Drive to Yellowhead Trail east of Edmonton in Strathcona County.[54] A sod turning ceremony was held on July 16 and construction was underway,[54] at the time the largest transportation project in the history of the province.[19][f] Significant reconstruction was done to the existing section of the road east of Edmonton from Yellowhead Trail south to Highway 14 that had been in place since at least the early 1960s.[16]: 186  It was formerly known as Highway 14X, the "X" denoting that the route was an extension of Highway 14. Prior to the completion of Whitemud Drive at the end of the 1990s, Highway 14 followed a more northerly alignment through Edmonton on Sherwood Park Freeway.[56]

As part of the reconstruction, several bridges constructed between 1965 and 1974 were demolished.[16]: 186  They spanned Anthony Henday Drive at Yellowhead Trail, Baseline Road and Sherwood Park Freeway and were removed to make way for updated structures that would allow the freeway underneath to be widened to six lanes and further expanded to eight lanes or more in the future.[57][58]: 44  A bridge built in 1969 carrying Broadmoor Boulevard over Yellowhead Trail[16]: 93  was also demolished because it was not at the required elevation for the new interchange configuration.[59] Yellowhead Trail from the North Saskatchewan River to Clover Bar Road was significantly improved and widened, as was Sherwood Park Freeway from 17 Street to Ordze Road/Crescent in Sherwood Park.[60]

 
The interchange of Anthony Henday Drive and Yellowhead Trail east of Edmonton includes several braided ramps, connections to adjacent roads, and is bisected by a railway line.

Overall, the project included the construction of nine interchanges, two road flyovers, eight rail flyovers, and twin bridges over the North Saskatchewan River for a total of 47 bridge structures,[57] and the demolition of 13 existing bridges.[19] An extensive environmental assessment was also completed which identified the need for a wildlife crossing at the river, which was constructed. Noise analysis based on projected traffic volumes was also completed.[12]: 211  The complex interchange at Yellowhead Trail includes several braided ramps, connections to adjacent roads, and is bisected by a railway line.[7] On October 1, 2016, the northeast leg of the freeway was officially opened to traffic.[61]

Major construction on Sherwood Park Freeway and Yellowhead Trail was also largely complete including all new lanes and ramps. Only minor aesthetic work remained such as landscaping, completion of mechanically stabilized earth walls, and painting of wing walls, piers, and abutments.[62]

Future

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The entire freeway road was built with expansion in mind; almost all bridges were built wide enough for expansion to the ultimate stage which includes as many as six main travel lanes in one direction, depending on location.[63][64] In June 2018, Alberta committed $100 million to the widening of the southwest leg of the road.[29][65] The plans included widening both directions from two to three travel lanes in the congested southwest section between 111 Street and Whitemud Drive, and the more extensive work required to widen the bridges over the North Saskatchewan River and Wedgewood Ravine which are currently two lanes of travel per bridge each way.[66]: 53  In September 2019, Minister of Transportation Ric McIver announced that a contract for the work had been awarded, with work set to begin in fall 2019.[67][28] Capacity of the section will be increased to 120,000 vehicles per day.[67] In 2015, city councillor Michael Oshry had stated that he was unhappy with the way the road was initially constructed, and Alberta should have done a better job of anticipating the rapid growth in southwest Edmonton.[10] Project manager Bill van der Meer disagreed, saying, "If we built a six-lane divided road that was virtually empty for 10 years, that wouldn't be money well spent."[10]

 
The final section of Anthony Henday Drive to be completed is the widest, carrying no less than six lanes from Manning Drive to Highway 14. Between Aurum Rd and 153 Ave it is seven lanes wide.

As part of initial construction, grading has been completed for several future interchanges/flyovers and higher capacity directional ramps at existing interchanges, to reduce construction time and costs for those structures when traffic volumes require them.[52] For example, the directional ramps constructed at the northwest Henday/Yellowhead Trail interchange were built one lane wide initially, but all bridge decks are wide enough to accommodate a second lane.[63] Edmonton proposes to upgrade Terwillegar Drive to a freeway at an estimated cost of $1 billion, after which two directional ramps are proposed; they would carry traffic from northbound Terwillegar Drive to westbound Anthony Henday Drive, and from southbound to eastbound.[68] On November 1, 2016, Alberta announced the intended closure of the right-in/right-out access at 127 Street in southwest Edmonton, citing safety concerns.[69] However, in the following days, the city requested that the access remain open indefinitely until alternatives were explored, and the province agreed.[70] It was ultimately closed in May 2019, and a new right-in/right-out connection several hundred metres to the west opened at 135 Street in October 2019.[71] In the southeast, a directional ramp from eastbound Whitemud Drive to northbound Anthony Henday Drive is proposed, when traffic volumes warrant its construction.[72]

To meet long-term requirements, Alberta Transportation also proposes to construct a high capacity directional ramp carrying traffic from eastbound Anthony Henday Drive to northbound Ray Gibbon Drive after the latter is twinned and upgraded to a freeway.[73] Ray Gibbon Drive is proposed as a major corridor that will carry the Highway 2 designation in the future.[74] One kilometre further down the road at 137 Avenue, grading was initially completed for a partial cloverleaf interchange but in 2008 Alberta elected not to spend $7 million to complete paving of the ramps because development did not yet require it. St. Albert mayor Nolan Crouse was unhappy with the decision, stating that his city would not pay for it either. "It's going to sit there until there's another plan, and right now we don't have a plan... we have taken the position that we think it's the province's responsibility, and they say they won't," Crouse said.[75] As of 2018, there is no timeline for completion of the interchange. Grading was also completed for a partial cloverleaf interchange at 50 Street in the northeast,[7] but no timeline has been set for construction.

Alberta proposes to construct a second ring road around Edmonton to support future growth, approximately 8 km (5 mi) beyond Anthony Henday Drive.[76] The road would not be constructed for roughly 40 years, and could cost upwards of $11 billion. Parkland County mayor Rod Shaigec voiced his support for the plan in 2014, stating, "if we don't implement and have another ring road, it's going to be further traffic congestion and have environmental impacts as well."[77] Edmonton mayor Don Iveson called the plan a bad idea, instead favouring expansion to the LRT and upgrades to existing roadways in the Edmonton area such as Yellowhead Trail. Both projects could be completed for the cost of the proposed outer ring road, he argued,[76] and in 2016 the city announced that Yellowhead Trail would be upgraded to a freeway after the federal and provincial governments agreed to fund half of the $1 billion project.[78] In May 2017, Edmonton Police Chief Rod Knecht expressed his support for an increase in the speed limit on Anthony Henday Drive from 100 km/h to 110 km/h (68 mph).[8]

Exit list

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Exit numbering begins at Calgary Trail and increases clockwise.

Locationkm[7][16]miExitDestinationsNotes
Edmonton0.00.0  Anthony Henday Drive (Highway 216) continues east
78   Calgary Trail / Gateway Boulevard (Highway 2) – Airport, Red Deer, CalgaryCombination interchange; signed as exits 78A (north) and 78B (south)
1.50.93Crosses Blackmud Creek
2.01.22111 StreetPartial cloverleaf interchange; recommended eastbound access to Ellerslie Road
3.32.13119 StreetRight-in/right-out (westbound only); permanently closed
3127 StreetRight-in/right-out (eastbound only); permanently closed[79]
3.92.44135 StreetRight-in/right-out (eastbound only)
5.03.1Crosses Whitemud Creek
6.44.06Rabbit Hill RoadPartial cloverleaf interchange
8.35.28Terwillegar DriveDiamond interchange;
Combination interchange proposed as part of Terwillegar Drive upgrade to a freeway[68]
10.1–
10.5		6.3–
6.5		Crosses the North Saskatchewan River
11.77.312Maskêkosihk Trail / Cameron Heights DrivePartial cloverleaf interchange; to Highway 627 west
14.18.814Lessard RoadPartial cloverleaf interchange
15.69.716Callingwood Road / 62 AvenuePartial cloverleaf interchange
17.610.918Whitemud Drive (Highway 2 south)Partial cloverleaf interchange; signed as exits 18A (east) and 18B (west); to Highway 628 west
18.811.719Webber Greens Drive / 87 Avenue – West Edmonton MallPartial cloverleaf interchange
20.5–
20.9		12.7–
13.0		21  Stony Plain Road (Highway 16A west) / 100 Avenue east – Spruce Grove, Stony PlainCombination interchange
22.413.922109 AvenueRight-in/right-out (southbound only)
22.514.0111 AvenueRight-in/right-out (northbound only)
24.515.225   Yellowhead Trail (Highway 16 (TCH/YH)) – JasperCombination interchange; Hwy 16 exit 378
26.716.627Ray Gibbon Drive / 184 Street – St. AlbertPartial cloverleaf interchange;
Combination interchange proposed[63]
30.819.131  St. Albert Trail / Mark Messier Trail (Highway 2) – St. AlbertPartial cloverleaf interchange
32.920.433Campbell Road – St. AlbertDiamond interchange
35.321.935127 StreetPartial cloverleaf interchange
39.024.239  97 Street (Highway 28) – Cold Lake, Fort McMurrayPartial cloverleaf interchange
42.426.34366 StreetPartial cloverleaf interchange
45.728.446  Manning Drive (Highway 15) – Fort SaskatchewanCombination interchange
48.730.349153 AvenuePartial cloverleaf interchange
49.7–
50.0		30.9–
31.1		Crosses the North Saskatchewan River
52.232.452Aurum RoadPartial cloverleaf interchange
Strathcona County54.1–
54.7		33.6–
34.0		54   Yellowhead Trail (Highway 16 (TCH/YH)) – LloydminsterCombination interchange; Hwy 16 exit 400
57.435.758Baseline Road / 101 Avenue – Sherwood Park, EdmontonPartial cloverleaf interchange
60.437.561Wye Road / Sherwood Park Freeway – Sherwood Park, EdmontonCombination interchange; signed as exits 61A (west) and 61B (east); to Highway 630 east
63.839.664  Whitemud Drive (Highway 14 west) / Highway 628 east (Township Road 522)Full cloverleaf interchange; signed as exits 64A (west) and 64B (east); north end of Hwy 14 concurrency
66.7–
67.5		41.4–
41.9		67  Highway 14 east (Poundmaker Trail) – Camrose, WainwrightBretona Interchange[16]: 80 
Semi-directional T interchange; south end of Hwy 14 concurrency
Edmonton69.443.17017 StreetPartial cloverleaf interchange
72.845.27350 StreetPartial cloverleaf interchange
76.047.27691 StreetPartial cloverleaf interchange; recommended westbound access to Ellerslie Road
77.6
0.0		48.2
0.0		78   Calgary Trail / Gateway Boulevard (Highway 2) – Airport, Red Deer, CalgaryCombination interchange; signed as exits 78A (north) and 78B (south)
  Anthony Henday Drive (Highway 216) continues west
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Various consortiums were awarded public–private partnership (P3) contracts for construction of the southeast, northwest, and northeast legs of Anthony Henday Drive. For the duration of the contracts, a maintenance subcontractor of each consortium is responsible for the highway. Lafarge Infrastructure is responsible for the southwest and southeast quadrants,[1] Volker Stevin the northeast section,[2] and Carmacks Enterprises the northwest section.[3] The southwest leg was not constructed via a P3 contract, so maintenance is directly contracted by Alberta Transportation to Lafarge.[4]
  2. ^ The entire freeway is designated as Highway 216. There are two short concurrencies with Highways 2 and 14, both of which are unsigned. In west Edmonton, Anthony Henday Drive is designated as Highway 2 (in addition to 216) between Whitemud Drive and Yellowhead Trail (exits 18-25). In Strathcona County east of Edmonton, Anthony Henday Drive is designated as Highway 14 between Whitemud Drive and Highway 14 (exits 64-67).[6][7]
  3. ^ A paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada in 2005 has additional details of the bridge structures, and analyzed the construction process.[15]
  4. ^ North Saskatchewan River refers to the crossing of the North Saskatchewan River in southwest Edmonton.
  5. ^ Portions of the southwest leg had been open since 1992, but it was not a freeway for the entire length of the segment until completion of the final interchange in 2011.[33]
  6. ^ In 2016, Alberta committed over $2 billion to construction of Stoney Trail in southwest Calgary.[55]

References

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  1. ^ "Roadways". Lafarge Infrastructure. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016. Lafarge Infrastructure is responsible for the operations and maintenance of the West, South, and East legs of Anthony Henday Drive Ring Road.
  2. ^ "Volker Stevin Highways part of JV that reaches financial close on next leg of Ring Road project". Volker Stevin. June 15, 2012. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
  3. ^ "Highway Maintenance". Carmacks. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016. The 30 year contract to maintain the NW Anthony Henday in Edmonton commenced November 1, 2011.
  4. ^ "Ring Roads - Edmonton & Calgary". Alberta Transportation. 2016. Archived from the original on December 7, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016. Anthony Henday Drive... used both conventional (SW) delivery and public-private partnership (P3) delivery (SE/NW).
  5. ^ a b c d e f "ALBERTA HIGHWAYS 1 TO 986 / TRAFFIC VOLUME, VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION, TRAVEL and ESAL STATISTICS REPORT / 2019" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. March 10, 2020. pp. 39–40. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d "2016 Provincial Highway 1-216 Progress Chart" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. March 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Anthony Henday Drive in Edmonton, Alberta" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
  8. ^ a b Ramsay, Caley (May 8, 2017). "110km/h speed limit on Anthony Henday Drive? Edmonton police chief supports the idea". Global News. Archived from the original on May 9, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  9. ^ Taylor, Aaron (August 15, 2013). "A year of Henday construction done". Fort Saskatchewan Record. Sun Media. Retrieved September 15, 2016. ...the Henday into a complete ring, making it the first road of its kind in Canada.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Barnes, Dan (September 26, 2015). "Weekend read: Life in the slow lane, the saga of the Southwest Henday". Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  11. ^ For a 2012 report analyzing the construction of infrastructure near the outskirts of the city, see Hoang, Linda (May 10, 2012). "Urban sprawl to cost city $1.2 billion: report". CTV News. Archived from the original on October 15, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016. ...there has been an increased [real estate] interest in areas on the fringes of the city. Urban sprawl... is set to cost the city $1.2 billion, according to a new report...
  12. ^ a b c d "Northeast Leg – Anthony Henday Drive - Environmental Assessment - Final Report" (PDF). June 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  13. ^ "First concrete roadway built by the province". Alberta Transportation. October 16, 2006. p. 2. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. The concrete... is approximately 14 kilometres in length and is the first... built by the province.
  14. ^ Ramsay, Caley (August 15, 2012). "Traffic nightmare on Anthony Henday Drive". Global News. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  15. ^ a b Nima, Mekdam; Bassi, Paul; Middleton, David; Spratlin, Matthew (2005). "Constructability of the North Saskatchewan River Bridge" (PDF). Calgary. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 8, 2016.
  16. ^ a b c d e f "Transportation Infrastructure Management System - Existing Structures in the Provincial Highway Corridor" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. September 28, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
  17. ^ "Schedule 18 - Technical Requirements (Northwest)" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. July 29, 2008. p. 16. Retrieved December 7, 2016. Construction of Anthony Henday Drive mainlines from Highway 16 (West) to Manning Drive, with paving of three lanes in each direction from Highway 16 (West) to Campbell Road and two lanes in each direction from Campbell Road to Manning Drive.
  18. ^ a b c "Map of Strathcona County and capital region (994.7 KB)" (PDF). Strathcona County. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  19. ^ a b c d "Northeast Anthony Henday: A Look at the Numbers" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. August 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  20. ^ "Project Development and Design Guide (Chapter 7)" (PDF). Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT). January 2006. pp. 14–15. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 14, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016. However, [cloverleaf] interchanges introduce several undesirable operational features such as double exits and entrances from the mainline, weaving between entering and exiting vehicles, lengthy travel time and distance for left-turning vehicles, and large amounts of required right-of-way.
  21. ^ "A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets" (PDF). American Association of State Highway and Transportation. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
    • p. 823. "...interchange designs that eliminate weaving entirely or at least remove it from the main facility are desirable."
    • p. 794. "...at a particular interchange site, topography and culture may be the factors that determine the quadrants in which the ramps and loops can be developed."
  22. ^ "Schedule 18 - Technical Requirements (Southeast)" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. October 22, 2004. p. 19. Retrieved October 12, 2016. The absolute minimum weaving distance on the mainline facility will be 600 m, based on attaining a minimum Level of Service C (as defined in Alberta Transportation Highway Geometric Design Guide).
  23. ^ "A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets" (PDF). American Association of State Highway and Transportation. 2001. p. 844. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2016. A combination of directional, semidirectional, and loop ramps may be appropriate where turning volumes are high for some movements and low for others...
  24. ^ a b c Associated Engineering (January 1, 2008). "Three Crossings On Henday". Canadian Consulting Engineer. Archived from the original on December 7, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  25. ^ ""Trellis Beam" structure over Calgary Trail in Edmonton". Google Street View. June 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  26. ^ a b c d "Alberta Highways 1 to 986 - Traffic Volume History 1962 - 2017" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. February 18, 2018. p. 27. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  27. ^ Barnes, Dan (September 25, 2015). "Ring of ire: Edmonton's clogged southwest Henday fires up drivers". Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  28. ^ a b c Bartko, Karen (September 5, 2019). "Southwest Anthony Henday Drive widening construction to begin this fall". Global Edmonton. Archived from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
  29. ^ a b Alam, Hina (June 12, 2018). "Southwest leg of Anthony Henday Drive to be widened to six lanes". Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  30. ^ Pike, Helen; Tumilty, Ryan (October 1, 2015). "Province looks at expanding Highway 2 between Calgary and Edmonton". Metro News. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016. Highways typically get an expansion to between six or eight lanes when volumes reach between 30,000 and 50,000 cars per day, the [Alberta Transportation] document states.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  31. ^ a b "Traffic Data Mapping". Alberta Transportation. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  32. ^ "Anthony Henday Drive". Google Maps. Google LLC. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  33. ^ a b For Lessard Road and Callingwood Road, see "Three more interchanges open on Southwest Henday for safer, smoother traffic". Alberta Transportation. November 4, 2011. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  34. ^ Aubrey, Merrily K.; Brugeyroux; Christie-Milley; Field; Fitzsimonds (2004). Naming Edmonton: From Ada to Zoie (1 ed.). Edmonton: University of Alberta. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-88864-423-7. Retrieved October 15, 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  35. ^ Wilson, Clifford (2003). "Henday, Anthony". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  36. ^ Bettison, David George; Kenward, John K.; Taylor, Larrie (1975). Urban Affairs in Alberta. University of Alberta. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-88864-009-3. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  37. ^ "Paula Simons: After 26 years, Anthony Henday ring road finally comes full circle". Edmonton Journal. September 30, 2016. Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  38. ^ "Transportation/Utility Corridors" (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  39. ^ "TUC Program Policy" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. April 16, 2004. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016. Depending on the characteristics of a project and the authorizations required, [Alberta] may charge an individual or organization one or more fees for using provincial Crown lands within a TUC. [Alberta] will charge a lessee rent for a lease of provincial Crown lands within a TUC...
  40. ^ Hobshawn-Smith (April 3, 2012). Foodshed: An Edible Alberta Alphabet. Touchwood Editions. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-927129-16-6. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  41. ^ "Intelligent Transportation Systems Study for the Edmonton and Calgary Ring Roads" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. March 1, 2004. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 5, 2010. AHD is part of Alberta Transportation's initiative to provide a high standard highway trade corridor linking Alberta to the United States and Mexico. In addition, the roadway forms an important part of Edmonton's overall transportation system and is included in the City's Transportation Master Plan..
  42. ^ "CANAMEX Trade Corridor". Alberta Transportation. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016. Many projects have contributed to the overall efficiency of the CANAMEX/North-South Trade Corridor, some examples include: ... The completion of the southwest quadrant of the Edmonton Ring Road.
  43. ^ "1990/1991 Annual Report". Edmonton: Alberta Transportation and Utilities. 1992. p. 20. Retrieved November 4, 2016 – via University of Alberta Libraries. Completed construction of a four-lane arterial road from Whitemud Drive to Stony Plain Road.
  44. ^ "Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation Annual Report 2005-2006" (PDF). Alberta Infrastructure. 2006. p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016. This section includes new twin bridges over the North Saskatchewan River... the bridges are designed to accommodate four lanes of traffic in the future.
  45. ^ "Groat Road Bridge: Five bridge failures, past and present". CBC News. March 17, 2015. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2016. On Dec.14, 2003, a 100-tonne steel girder that was designed to support a southbound vehicle deck... twisted and collapsed. The girder had to be replaced.
  46. ^ "Drivers caught in traffic as bridge work continues". CBC News. October 12, 2006. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  47. ^ "Governments of Canada and Alberta fund Edmonton ring road interchange" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. March 6, 2009. p. 1 (of PDF). Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
  48. ^ "City opts to add signage along contested Ormsby Road". CBC News. September 13, 2013. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
  49. ^ a b c "P3 enables Anthony Henday Drive S.E. to open in 2007" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. January 25, 2005. pp. 1–2 (of PDF). Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  50. ^ "Construction set to begin on north Edmonton ring road" (PDF). Government of Alberta. July 30, 2008. p. 1 (of PDF). Retrieved August 28, 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  51. ^ "Construction officially starts on Northwest Anthony Henday Drive". Alberta Transportation. September 25, 2008. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  52. ^ a b "Schedule 13 - New Infrastructure (Northwest)" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  53. ^ "Open road beckons drivers in northwest Edmonton". Government of Alberta. November 1, 2011. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
  54. ^ a b For financial terms of the deal, see "P3 project reaches financial close". Alberta Transportation. May 18, 2012. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016. ...contract is worth $1.81 billion in 2012 dollars...
    • For the sod turning, see Tumilty, Ryan (July 18, 2016). "Alberta kicks off Northeast Henday project". St. Albert Gazette. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016. The province started closing the loop on Anthony Henday Drive Monday [July 16, 2012]...
  55. ^ Slimm, Justin (September 15, 2016). "Alberta NDP awards contract to build missing piece of southwest Calgary ring road". Global News. Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. About $2.1 billion was allocated for the southwest Calgary ring road. The total cost of the massive project is expected to be around $2.2 billion.
  56. ^ 1969 Alberta Official Highway Road Map (Map) (1969 ed.). Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  57. ^ a b "Updated timeline: Baseline bridge demolition". Alberta Transportation. May 17, 2013. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
  58. ^ "Schedule 18 - Technical Requirements (Northeast)" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  59. ^ Martell, Krysta (June 5, 2015). "Broadmoor bridge to be demolished". Sherwood Park News. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016. "We need to shut down a section of the Yellowhead Trail to allow for the [Brooadmoor] bridge demolition... because we need to bring the entire interchange onto a higher elevation" - Vanessa Urkow/Alberta Transportation
  60. ^ "Construction digs-in on final leg of Edmonton ring road" (PDF). Government of Alberta. July 16, 2012. p. 1 (of PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  61. ^ "Northeast Anthony Henday Drive". Alberta Transportation. 2016. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016. The northeast leg of Anthony Henday Drive opened on October 1, 2016, after five years of construction...
  62. ^ "Ring road around Edmonton opens today". Alberta Transportation. October 1, 2016. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016. Now that Alberta's first ring road is complete, drivers have 80 kilometres of free-flow traffic around Edmonton...
    • For final work, see "Alberta's first ring road now open". Journal of Commerce. October 11, 2016. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. ...drivers will continue to see work being completed off the highway on such things as landscaping, seeding and final bridge work.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  63. ^ a b c "Schedule 18 - Technical Requirements (Northwest)" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. July 29, 2008. p. 26. Retrieved October 11, 2016. 10 Lane Ultimate Stage.
  64. ^ Ramsay, Caley (September 14, 2016). "'It's getting close to full': Southwest leg of Anthony Henday Drive reaching capacity". Global News. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  65. ^ "Widening of southwest leg of Anthony Henday Drive to start next year". CBC News. June 12, 2018. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
  66. ^ "Fiscal Plan/Capital Plan 2016" (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  67. ^ a b Dyer, Kelsey (September 5, 2019). "Widening of southwest Anthony Henday Drive will begin this fall". CTV Edmonton. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
  68. ^ a b ISL Engineering / Al-Terra Engineering (March 2010). "170 Street" (PDF). Concept Planning Study. City of Edmonton. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2011.
  69. ^ Stolte, Elise (November 1, 2016). "Edmonton protests province's closure of 127 Street access to Henday, key south-side link". Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on November 1, 2016.
  70. ^ Mertz, Emily (November 10, 2016). "Closure of Henday exit at 127 Street postponed". Global News. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  71. ^ Dyer, Kelsey (October 21, 2019). "135 Street exit on Anthony Henday now open". CTV Edmonton. Archived from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  72. ^ "North East Edmonton Ring Road Advanced Functional Plan - Bridge Planning Summary Report" (PDF). ISL Engineering and Land Services. March 2010. p. 87 (of PDF). Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  73. ^ "Schedule 18, Appendix A – Drawings Issued for Agreement (Northwest)" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. July 29, 2008. p. 9 (of PDF). Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  74. ^ "Alberta Transportation: Planning in the Capital Region" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016. [Ray Gibbon Drive is] identified [as] an ultimate freeway corridor, which includes limited highway access & interchange locations.
  75. ^ "Henday's exit to nowhere". Edmonton Journal. November 25, 2008. Archived from the original on October 4, 2009. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  76. ^ a b Parrish, Julia (July 10, 2014). "Capital Region leaders talk about building new outer ring road, Edmonton mayor calls it a 'lousy' idea". CTV News. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014.
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  79. ^ Gurney, Breann (May 23, 2019). "127 Street access at Anthony Henday Drive permanently closed". Global News. Corus Entertainment Inc. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved July 1, 2019.
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